| 1. |
- Lundberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Age and sex differences in cause-specific excess mortality and years of life lost associated with COVID-19 infection in the Swedish population
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 33:5, s. 916-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Estimating excess mortality and years of life lost (YLL) attributed to coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection provides a comprehensive picture of the mortality burden on society. We aimed to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on age- and sex-specific excess mortality and YLL in Sweden during the first 17 months of the pandemic. Methods In this population-based observational study, we calculated age- and sex-specific excess all-cause mortality and excess YLL during 2020 and the first 5 months of 2021 and cause-specific death [deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, other causes and deaths excluding COVID-19] in 2020 compared with an average baseline for 2017-19 in the whole Swedish population. Results COVID-19 deaths contributed 9.9% of total deaths (98 441 deaths, 960 305 YLL) in 2020, accounting for 75 151 YLL (7.7 YLL/death). There were 2672 (5.7%) and 1408 (3.0%) excess deaths, and 19 141 (3.8%) and 3596 (0.8%) excess YLL in men and women, respectively. Men aged 65-110 years and women aged 75-110 years were the greatest contributors. Fewer deaths and YLL from CVD, cancer and other causes were observed in 2020 compared with the baseline adjusted to the population size in 2020. Conclusions Compared with the baseline, excess mortality and YLL from all causes were experienced in Sweden during 2020, with a higher excess observed in men than in women, indicating that more men died at a younger age while more women died at older ages than expected. A notable reduction in deaths and YLL due to CVD suggests a displacement effect from CVD to COVID-19.
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| 2. |
- Rosengren, Annika, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 in people aged 18–64 in Sweden in the first year of the pandemic: Key factors for severe disease and death
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1133. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies on risk factors for severe COVID-19 in people of working age have generally not included non-working persons or established population attributable fractions (PAFs) for occupational and other factors. Objectives: We describe the effect of job-related, sociodemographic, and other exposures on the incidence, relative risks and PAFs of severe COVID-19 in individuals aged 18–64. Methods: We conducted a registry-based study in Swedish citizens aged 18–64 from 1 January 2020 to 1 February 2021 with respect to COVID-19-related hospitalizations and death. Results: Of 6,205,459 persons, 272,043 (7.5%) were registered as infected, 3399 (0.05%) needed intensive care, and 620 (0.01%) died, with an estimated case fatality rate of 0.06% over the last 4-month period when testing was adequate. Non-Nordic origin was associated with a RR for need of intensive care of 3·13, 95%CI 2·91–3·36, and a PAF of 32·2% after adjustment for age, sex, work, region and comorbidities. In a second model with occupation as main exposure, and adjusted for age, sex, region, comorbidities and origin, essential workers had an RR of 1·51, 95%CI, 1·35–1·6, blue-collar workers 1·18, 95%CI 1·06–1·31, school staff 1·21, 95%CI 1·01–1·46, and health and social care workers 1·89, 95%CI 1·67–2·135) compared with people able to work from home, with altogether about 13% of the PAF associated with these occupations. Essential workers and blue-collar workers, but no other job categories had higher risk of death, adjusted RRs of 1·79, 95%CI 1·34–2·38 and 1·37, 95%CI 1·04–1·81, with adjusted PAFs of altogether 9%. Conclusion: Among people of working age in Sweden, overall mortality and case fatality were low. Occupations that require physical presence at work were associated with elevated risk of needing intensive care for COVID-19, with 14% cases attributable to this factor, and 9% of deaths.
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| 3. |
- Rosengren, Annika, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Severe COVID-19 in people 55 and older during the first year of the pandemic in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796 .- 0955-7873. ; 292:4, s. 641-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Exposure to many contacts is the main risk factor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, while risk of serious disease and death is chiefly determined by old age and comorbidities. Relative and population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of multiple medical and social exposures for COVID-19 outcomes have not been evaluated among older adults. Objectives We describe the effect of multiple exposures on the odds of testing positive for the virus and of severe disease (hospital care or death) and PAFs in Swedish citizens aged 55 years and above. Methods We used national registers to follow all citizens aged 55 years and above with respect to (1) testing positive, (2) hospitalization, and (3) death between 31 January 2020 and 1 February 2021. Results Of 3,410,241 persons, 156,017 (4.6%, mean age 68.3 years) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, while 35,999 (1.1%, mean age 76.7 years) were hospitalized or died (12,384 deaths, 0.4%, mean age 84.0 years). Among the total cohort, the proportion living without home care or long-term care was 98.8% among persons aged 55-64 and 22.1% of those aged 95 and above. After multiple adjustment, home care and long-term care were associated with odds ratios of 7.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.8-9.1) and 22.5 (95% CI 19.6-25.7) for mortality, with PAFs of 21.9% (95% CI 20.9-22.9) and 33.3% (95% CI 32.4-34.3), respectively. Conclusion Among Swedish residents aged 55 years and above, those with home care or long-term care had markedly increased risk for COVID-19 death during the first year of the pandemic, with over 50% of deaths attributable to these factors.
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| 4. |
- Aradhya, Siddartha, et al.
(författare)
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Intermarriage and COVID-19 mortality among immigrants. A population-based cohort study from Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To evaluate the role of language proficiency and institutional awareness in explaining excess COVID-19 mortality among immigrants. Design Cohort study with follow-up between 12 March 2020 and 23 February 2021. Setting Swedish register-based study on all residents in Sweden. Participants 3 963 356 Swedish residents in co-residential unions who were 30 years of age or older and alive on 12 March 2020 and living in Sweden in December 2019. Outcome measures Cox regression models were conducted to assess the association between different constellations of immigrant-native couples (proxy for language proficiency and institutional awareness) and COVID-19 mortality and all other causes of deaths (2019 and 2020). Models were adjusted for relevant confounders. Results Compared with Swedish-Swedish couples (1.18 deaths per thousand person-years), both immigrants partnered with another immigrant and a native showed excess mortality for COVID-19 (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.58 and HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.40, respectively), which translates to 1.37 and 1.28 deaths per thousand person-years. Moreover, similar results are found for natives partnered with an immigrant (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.29), which translates to 1.29 deaths per thousand person-years. Further analysis shows that immigrants from both high-income and low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) experience excess mortality also when partnered with a Swede. However, having a Swedish-born partner is only partially protective against COVID-19 mortality among immigrants from LMIC origins. Conclusions Language barriers and/or poor institutional awareness are not major drivers for the excess mortality from COVID-19 among immigrants. Rather, our study provides suggestive evidence that excess mortality among immigrants is explained by differential exposure to the virus.
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| 5. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 mortality across occupations and secondary risks for elderly individuals in the household : A population register-based study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 48:1, s. 52-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This is the first population-level study to examine inequalities in COVID-19 mortality according to working-age individuals' occupations and the indirect occupational effects on COVID-19 mortality of older individuals who live with them.Methods We used early-release data for the entire population of Sweden of all recorded COVID-19 deaths from 12 March 2020 to 23 February 2021, which we linked to administrative registers and occupational measures. Cox proportional hazard models assessed relative risks of COVID-19 mortality for the working-aged population registered in an occupation in December 2018 and the older population who lived with them.Results Among working aged-adults, taxi/bus drivers had the highest relative risk of COVID-19 mortality: over four times that of skilled workers in IT, economics, or administration when adjusted only for basic demographic characteristics. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors (education, income and country of birth), there are no occupational groups with clearly elevated (statistically significant) COVID-19 mortality. Neither a measure of exposure within occupations nor the share that generally can work from home were related to working-aged adults' risk of COVID-19 mortality. Instead of occupational factors, traditional socioeconomic risk factors best explained variation in COVID-19 mortality. Elderly individuals, however, faced higher COVID-19 mortality risk both when living with a delivery or postal worker or worker(s) in occupations that generally work from home less, even when their socioeconomic factors are taken into account.Conclusions Inequalities in COVID-19 mortality of working-aged adults were mostly based on traditional risk factors and not on occupational divisions or characteristics in Sweden. However, older individuals living with those who likely cannot work from home or work in delivery or postal services were a vulnerable group.
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| 6. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Boendesituationen och risken att avlida avcovid-19 för äldre individer i Stockholm
- 2020
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Ingår i: Svepet- Medlemstidning för Svensk Epidemiologisk Förening. - : Svensk Epidemiologisk förening. ; :4, s. 12-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vi har undersökt hur äldre stockholmares risk att avlida av covid-19 mellan 12 mars och 7 maj 2020 var associerad med boendesituation och bostadsområde. Individer som bodde med någon iarbetsför ålder löpte högre risk att dö av covid-19 jämfört med äldre som endast bodde medandra äldre, och detsamma gällde individer som bodde på äldreboenden och individer boende itätt befolkade grannskap eller stadsdelar med utbredd smittspridning.
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| 7. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Does school segregation lead to poor educational outcomes? : evidence from fifteen cohorts of swedish ninth graders
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the impact of ethnic school segregation on the educational outcomes of students, using Swedish population register data. Through a school fixed effects, family fixed effects, and a two-way school- and family fixed effects design, we adjust for selection effects related to variation in the student composition across schools. The analyses show that students’ grades are relatively unaffected by the proportion of immigrant schoolmates. However, it has a small negative effect on levels of eligibility for upper secondary school. Furthermore, immigrants’ educational outcomes are weakly positively affected by the proportion of peers with the same national background as themselves.
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| 8. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Escaping one’s disadvantage? Neighbourhoods, socioeconomic origin and children’s adult life outcomes
- 2022
-
Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 39:4, s. 601-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates if neighbourhoods can alter the strong relationship between parental background and children’s adult outcomes. In particular, we examine if neighbourhood effects are heterogeneous in such a way that they are particularly important for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, and if school quality has a mediating effect in this equation. Using register data and individualized neighbourhoods, we follow five full birth cohorts of individuals born from 1983 to 1987. We examine the interaction between social background and neighbourhoods in shaping (i) the risk of children relying on social welfare when they are aged 30, and (ii) the probability of belonging to the highest income decile at age 30–34. Growing up in a resource-rich neighbourhood is associated with better life outcomes. Contrary to what several neighbourhood theories predict, we find that neighbourhood effects operate similarly regardless of social background. Differences in peer composition of schools does not explain these local neighbourhood effects, whereas own school results attenuate neighbourhood effects substantially. Our findings are in contrast to results from the United States studies but are in line with historical Swedish studies; and contribute to further disentangling the various mechanisms through which the neighbourhood operates.
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| 9. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Family Migration and Gender Differentials in Earnings : The Impact of Occupational Sex Segregation
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Family migration is often associated with an increase in men’s income and a decrease in women’s income. Attempts have been made to explain this gender imbalance with gender differences in economic bargaining power and gender traditional ideology. This study addresses a far less studied underlying mechanism, namely the impact of occupational sex segregation. Female-dominated occupations have been suggested to have a secondary migration status, which may be why women do not gain as much as men from moving. I test this hypothesis using unique Swedish population register data, including all dual-earner couples aged 20 to 55 with at least one common child in any of the years 1998-2001, and follow how their annual earnings trajectories and changes in the women’s economic dependency in the household are associated with their migration status. Results reveal that it is not until after six years that men gain from moving. A substantial part of these gains stems from moving men working in occupations with high earnings potential. In the first few years after a move, women’s earnings trajectories suffer, to some extent because of additional children being born. Six years after a move, moving women’s earnings trajectories have recovered and are similar to those of staying women. Women’s gains, however, are still lower than men’s even after adjusting for occupational differences. Women and men gain more from moving if they are working in occupations that exist all over the country. Men also have steeper earnings trajectories if partnered with women in these types of occupations, regardless of whether the couple moves.
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| 10. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Förlust av familjemedlemmar i covid-19 : skillnader mellan sociodemografiska grupper och områden
- 2020
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sex gånger så många som har dött i covid-19 har förlorat en familjemedlem i sjukdomen, och i Stockholm är låginkomsttagare, lågutbildade och individer med invandrarbakgrund överrepresenterade i denna grupp. Stadsdelar med hög andel låginkomsttagare eller utrikesfödda är särskilt drabbade. Att förlora en familjemedlem kan innebära en förlust av socialt och ekonomiskt stöd och att förlora en familjemedlem i just covid-19 antas vara extra traumatiskt. Individer som drabbats av detta kan därför vara i behov av olika former av samhälleligt stöd.
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| 11. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Gender, Gender Ideology and Couples’ Migration Decisions
-
Ingår i: Journal of family issues. - 0192-513X .- 1552-5481.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Couples generally move to accommodate men’s, rather than women’s, career opportunities. Using Swedish panel data including 1039 married or cohabiting individuals, this study examines the importance of traditional gender ideology and behavior in explaining this pattern. Two dimensions of gender and migration are examined: (1) the willingness to move for a partner’s career, and (2) the likelihood of couple migration for one’s own work or educational opportunities. Findings show that women are more willing to move for their partner’s career. Childless women are more likely to move with their partners to pursue their own work or education than childless men, whereas mothers are less likely to report this than fathers. Gender ideology and division of household responsibilities do not explain the gender differences in migration behavior. They are more important for individuals’ willingness to move for their partners, with particularly pronounced gender differences among non-egalitarian respondents.
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| 12. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Gendered Migration Patterns within a Sex Segregated Labor Market
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When a couple moves, the woman is often placed at a disadvantage. Moves are more often motivated by men’s career advancement opportunities, and men tend to gain more economically from moving. In this thesis, these patterns are examined with an eye on the role of sex segregation on the labor market. Results from the four studies indicate that there exist gender differences in couples’ migration patterns in Sweden. These differences cannot be completely explained by occupational sex segregation or by traditional gender ideologies.I. Compared to men, women are more willing to move for the sake of their partner’s employment opportunities. Further, fathers move for the sake of their own career more often than mothers. Gender differences in these patterns are greater among individuals with gender traditional attitudes, but also exist in more egalitarian relationships.II. In a couple, the man’s educational attainment affects couples’ mobility more than the woman’s. This is because highly educated men’s occupations have more career advancement opportunities and larger differences in wages between regions, whereas women’s occupations have higher geographic ubiquity. Both partners’ occupational characteristics have an equal impact on the couple’s mobility.III. When a couple moves, the man benefits more financially than the woman. This differential cannot be wholly explained by occupational differences. Some of the lag in women’s earnings development can be accounted for by childbearing following a move. Occupations’ with greater geographic ubiquity correlate with more positive financial outcomes for both men and women following a move.IV. At the start of co-residence, it is more common that the woman moves to the man than vice versa, and women generally move longer distances than men. Age differentails between partners explain part of these migration differences. Furthermore, men’s migration propensities and distance moved are more affected by labor market ties than women’s.
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| 13. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Grannskapseffekter : en forskningsöversikt om boendesegregation och bostadsområdets betydelse
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Människor i Sverige lever segregerat med avseende på socioekonomisk status och invandrarbakgrund. Samtidigt varierar bland annat arbetslöshets- och utbildningsnivå samt grad av ohälsa mellan olika bostadsområden. Vilken roll spelar bostads- eller uppväxtområdet för en individs livschanser? Bidrar boendesegregationen i sig till att öka ojämlikheten? Denna forskningsöversikt visar att även om de flesta studier tyder på att grannskapet bidrar i att forma individers livsutfall, så skiljer sig resultaten ofta beroende på vilken metod eller mått som har använts.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Inrikes flyttningar
- 2017
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Ingår i: Demografi. - Stockholm : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144119038 ; , s. 115-132
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att lämna föräldrahemmet och skaffa sin första egna bostad, att flytta ihop och bilda ett gemensamt hem med sin partner, att lämna uppväxtorten, vänner och familj och flytta till storstaden, att flytta till ett hus med trädgård och att så småningom sälja huset och flytta därifrån när barnen flyttat ut. Alla är de exempel på hur inrikes flyttningar hänger samman med livets gång, och hur de både påverkas av och påverkar hur livet utvecklas. Inrikes flyttningar handlar om hur en befolkning flyttar inom ett lands gränser. Det kan handla om allt från en flytt till andra sidan gatan till flyttningar hundratals mil, från en stad till en annan. Oftast inbegrips någon form av varaktighet när vi studerar hur individer flyttar, det vill säga att en person flyttar till en ny bostad med intentionen att stanna där en längre period. Men det finns även andra typer av regional rörlighet som inte nödvändigtvis behöver betyda att personen stannar på den andra orten, såsom pendling mellan arbete och bostadsort, eller säsongsarbete där en person till exempel bor på en skidort under skidsäsongen och någon annanstans under resten av året. Denna typ av regional rörlighet brukar inte definieras som inrikes flyttningar.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Brandén, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Who Moves to Whom? : Gender Differences in the Distance Moved to a Shared Residence
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although family migration is a well examined topic, the migration that takes place at the start of co-residence of couples is so far hardly studied. This study examines gender differences in who moves to whom and who moves the longer distance when couples start a co-residential union. Analyses are performed based on Swedish register data, 1991-2008, including detailed longitudinal information on the residence of all couples in Sweden who married or had a child as cohabitants in 2008. The study reveals that even after adjusting for gender differences in age, local-, family-, and labor market ties, education, occupation, and economic bargaining power, it is more common for the woman to move to the man than vice versa, and the woman is on average moving longer distances than the man. Gender differences are especially pronounced when partners live far apart prior to union formation. Among these couples the woman on average moves 40 kilometers longer than the man. The proposed intervening factors explain half of this excess distance. Men’s likelihood to move and their distance moved is more affected by labor market ties than women’s, indicating that traditional gender ideologies matter for understanding migration patterns at the start of co-residence.
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| 18. |
- Eriksson, Helen, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental Leave within the Workplace : A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sociology. - : SAGE Publications. - 0038-0385 .- 1469-8684. ; 56:5, s. 1032-1044
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Educational gradients in parental leave length are opposite for women and men: highly educated women return to work faster than those with low education while highly educated men are absent longer than less educated men. Explanations for the opposite gradients are typically made at the individual- or couple-level. To date, no quantitative study has documented whether the opposite educational gradients hold also within workplaces. In this study, we use employer-employee matched Swedish register data with fixed-effects models to examine whether the educational gradient applies also among co-workers in the same workplace. The results show that three-quarters of the educational effect typically attributed to the individual father disappeared when comparing fathers within workplaces. The educational gradient of mothers remained largely unchanged. These findings provide the first population-level evidence for the primacy of the workplace in determining fathers' care choices.
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| 19. |
- Fürsich, Laura, 1993-
(författare)
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The Urban Tapestry : Essays on the Relationship Between Social Networks and Residential Segregation
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dominant explanations of segregation argue that patterns of spatial residential sorting are shaped by the aggregation of individual residential choices, guided by discrimination, differences in resources, and preference-based explanations of neighborhood ethnic composition. However, research on social networks indicates that social influence can serve as a driver of collective outcomes that result in social organization. I reconsider interactive behavior in line with the sociological literature on networks and social influence to advance the literature on how social contexts shape opportunities for interaction and how the social influence of social contexts may affect residential choices and subsequent segregation. To this end, I present three essays that address: 1) the macro implications of networked behavior in space, 2) the social influence effects of school peers during adulthood, and 3) how social contexts in neighborhoods, particularly in the form of local social infrastructure, modify the effects of social influence. In doing so, I demonstrate that network and institutional effects are empirically observable and show how they operate as mechanisms of segregation.In the introductory chapter, I address the emerging literature on social structural sorting and detail how it can benefit from the adoption of an Analytical sociology perspective. In particular, I highlight the importance of considering interactions in space and social contexts and their importance to an understanding of persistent patterns of spatial residential segregation.In Essay I, I provide an analytical account of how network features can shape residential segregation. I develop an Agent-based simulation similar to the seminal Schelling model but with the agents embedded in a social network structure. This allows me to experimentally manipulate network homophily, clustering, and degree to measure how each of these network features shapes segregation levels, patterns, and the stability of the social-spatial system. I show that depending on the combination of each of these features, network models can lead to even higher levels of residential sorting, driven by the interactive behavior of agents, than the seminal Schelling model. The results tie in with the classic sociological literature on social networks and highlight the importance of weak ties in tipping a social system into a segregated state.Essay II examines the role of social influence among school peers in young adulthood. Scholarship has previously highlighted the role of kin in residential choices. However, there is less evidence about how non-kin ties can affect intra-urban residential choices. Drawing on the push-pull and housing-search model, our hypothesis posits that school peers serve as a potential pool of friends that influence one’s residential decisions. To unravel the dynamics of social influence and selection into neighborhoods, we utilize population register data and employ a cross-cohort design. Using conditional logistic regression models, we see that the influence of school peers from both the 9th and 12th grades affects residential choices during adulthood. Moreover, our analysis demonstrates that various life stages have distinct social foci, but that the persistent influence of school peers remains evident throughout.Essay III examines how social contexts can modify social influence effects by providing an opportunity for interaction. We combine population register data with OpenStreetMap data to map the amenity landscape in Stockholm and test whether neighborhood-level infrastructure mitigates tendencies towards white flight behavior. We employ coarsened exact matching to address selection bias into neighborhoods and estimate weighted linear probability regressions to assess the probability of majority group members’ out-mobility. We find that local social amenities located on the city block can indeed reduce tendencies towards white flight behavior. However, with increasing amenity density in the neighborhoods, majority group members become more likely to engage in white flight. We conclude that amenity density allows neighborhood residents to sort into different establishments, which does not promote intergroup contact. However, if amenities are local, which presumably facilitates frequent contact with neighbors, opportunities for interaction can reduce intolerant behavior, highlighting how social contexts are important mechanisms of segregation.
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| 20. |
- Mutgan, Selcan, 1984-
(författare)
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Free to Choose? : Studies of Opportunity Constraints and the Dynamics of School Segregation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As a result of the negative consequences and persistence of school segregation, its causes have received a great deal of scholarly attention across a range of disciplines. However, the existing research has tended to overlook those aspects of the segregation process that lie beyond the choice of the individual. This thesis concerns itself with the way in which opportunities are influenced and thereby constrained by hard-to-change macro structures such as the spatial distribution of individuals and organizations, individuals’ social network characteristics, and population composition. To this end, the four chapters presented in the thesis focus on the key actors involved (i.e., parents, teachers, and organizations), their decisions, and how their actions are moderated by the structures in which they are embedded. All four chapters use Sweden as the empirical case, and they utilize the rich data provided by Swedish population registers.Essay I analyzes the role played by parents’ ethnicity-related school preferences in the ethnic segregation of the school system, and shows that opportunity structures are an important moderator of the effects of preferences on school segregation. By combining statistical analyses of the school choices made by all parents of compulsory school students in the Stockholm region during the years 2008 to 2017 with large-scale empirically calibrated agent-based simulations, the study shows that preferences tend to be trumped by opportunities. Although parents have ethnicity-related preferences, and although these preferences vary between different ethnic groups, parental preferences have little impact on the extent of school segregation. The main drivers of school segregation are rather to be found in the ethnic segregation of the housing market and the geographic location of schools.Given the importance of residential segregation for school segregation, Essay II examines how residential segregation has evolved in Sweden over the last three decades. Building on entropy-based segregation measures, the study analyzes patterns of income segregation between and within income groups along different socio-demographic dimensions —migration background and family type. The findings show that the rise in income inequality witnessed over the last 30 years has been accompanied by a sharp increase in income segregation, especially for those in the bottom quartile of the income distribution. Moreover, the results show that income segregation is more extensive, and has increased at a higher rate, among individuals with children than among individuals with no children.Essay III examines school segregation from an organizational point of view and focuses on “school closure” as a desegregation mechanism. Using large-scale simulation models calibrated using data on all schools and students in Stockholm municipality, the study examines how the closure of a school affects segregation levels, and how this effect varies with the characteristics of the closed school and the criteria used to allocate students from the closed school to other schools. The analyses show that the degree to which closing a school changes the level of segregation varies considerably between schools, and that the ethnic composition of nearby schools is an important moderator of the effect of a school closure.Essay IV examines network dependencies in the school choices of teachers in Stockholm’s upper secondary education market during the years 2000 to 2010. Using stochastic actor-oriented models, this study focuses on the factors associated with teachers’ labor market mobility between public- and private-sector schools. Controlling for various school characteristics, such as student and teacher composition, and the work environment, the results show that networks—defined as the affiliation networks formed via links to former and current co-workers—are important for the within- and between-sector school mobility of teachers.In summary, the four studies together show that individuals’ choices are considerably constrained by their opportunities. A segregated residential market determines the school opportunities available to parents, and the differentiation between public and private schools affects the workplace decisions of teachers. Overall, differences in opportunities moderate the potential effects of individual preferences and tend to reproduce existing segregation patterns.
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| 21. |
- Ohlsson-Wijk, Sofi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Getting married in a highly individualized context : Commitment and gender equality matter
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Marriage and Family. - : Wiley. - 0022-2445 .- 1741-3737. ; 84:4, s. 1081-1104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study examines the roles of commitment and gender equality for marriage formation in a highly individualized and gender-egalitarian context.Background: Marriage is commonly perceived as a more committed form of union than cohabitation. Individualization perspectives propose that this discourages marriage formation, whereas gender perspectives suggest that this is only the case for couples living inegalitarian lives.Method: The roles of marriage attitudes and gender equality for marriage formation are studied among 1085 cohabiting men and women born in Sweden in 1968–1980 using the 2003 wave of the Young Adult Panel Study, which is based on a stratified random sample. The authors examine how cohabitants perceive: (1) the level of commitment in cohabitation versus marriage and (2) the division of housework in their current relationship, and link these factors to population register data showing the individuals' likelihood of marrying in 2004–2007.Results: Cohabitants are more likely to marry if they believe that marriage indicates relationship seriousness, but less likely if they see a marriage as more difficult to leave than cohabitation. Gender equality, measured as satisfaction with the division of housework, appears to be positively related to marriage formation. Whether perceiving marriage as a particularly committed form of union is more positive for marriage formation among gender-equal couples remains unclear, as the direction of the findings varies and statistical power is low.Conclusion: Even in a highly individualized context, cohabitants seek certain forms of commitment through marriage. Gender equality plays a role, but needs further investigation.
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| 22. |
- Sebhatu, Abiel, et al.
(författare)
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More Schools, Less Trouble? Competition and Schools’ Work Environment, Sweden 1999–2011
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- We bridge research on work environment and competition among schools using detailed data on complaints and incidents of disorder and violence in all Swedish schools 1999-2011. Findings suggest that competition is associated with lower levels of complaints across educational levels. For lower secondary schools, municipalities with high levels of school competition experience higher levels of violence in schools. To assess the causal effects of competition on work environment, we compare municipalities that have introduced competition with those that have not in a difference–in–difference framework, finding that only school complaints in upper secondary schools decrease after competition is introduced.
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| 23. |
- Turunen, Jani, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical distance between child and parent after a union dissolution in Sweden, 1974-2011
- 2023
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Ingår i: Demographic Research. - : Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. - 1435-9871. ; 48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Divorce is associated with a weakened relationship between the child and the nonresident parent, usually the father. This loss of contact is likely to be even further exacerbated if this parent lives at a substantial distance from the child. OBJECTIVE This paper analyzes how the distance between children and nonresident parents, the year after a parental separation, has changed during a 40-year period in Sweden, and whether this is related to changes in child custody policies. METHODS We use Swedish population register data that includes exact geographical coordinates for children and their nonresident parents in the year after separation. We analyze how average distance and the likelihood of living very close to, or very far from, a nonresident parent has changed over this period, using OLS and logistic regression models. RESULTS Results show a gradual decrease in the distance between children and nonresident parents from the 1970s until the early 1990s, after which the trend stalled at a low level. In 2011, 50% of all children lived within 2 kilometers of their nonresident parent. We find no evidence of direct policy effects, indicated by any sudden changes in distance after the introduction of a new custody policy. High-income parents have changed their post -divorce residential patterns at a faster pace than low-income parents. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a diffusion process where distances between children and nonresident parents gradually decreased until the 1990s. CONTRIBUTION This paper demonstrates that the change has not been directly influenced by custody law reforms promoting dual parent responsibility.
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| 24. |
- Zilincikova, Zuzana, et al.
(författare)
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Residential choice following separation and widowhood in middle and later life in Belgium and Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Population, Space and Place. - : WILEY. - 1544-8444 .- 1544-8452. ; 30:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well-documented that residential moves are connected to life events such as separation or widowhood. However, much less is known about the residential choices that follow these events in middle and later life (between ages 50 and 70) and how the location of family members outside the household relates to these choices. Comparing the cases of Belgium and Sweden, this paper addresses (i) the extent to which (im)mobility after separation or widowhood is associated with the presence of older parents and adult children nearby; (ii) the extent to which the choice of destination is associated with the location of older parents and adult children for those separated, widowed, and married individuals who moved, and (iii) how these patterns vary among men and women. We answer these questions employing logistic regression models and discrete-choice models fitted to Belgian and Swedish register data from 2012 to 2014. The results show unique patterns of mobility around separation and widowhood which differ from those of continuously married individuals. Separated and widowed men and women in both countries are generally more likely to make a move towards their parents than continuously married ones. Widowhood is also associated with an increased propensity for a move towards one's children. In contrast, separation is associated with a lower propensity for moving towards one's children, especially among men.
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