| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Barany, E, et al.
(author)
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Mercury and selenium in whole blood and serum in relation to fish consumption and amalgam fillings in adolescents
- 2003
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In: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. - 1878-3252 .- 0946-672X. ; 17:3, s. 165-170
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mercury and selenium in whole blood and serum of 245 17-year old Swedish adolescents were analysed. The relationships between these elements' concentrations and the consumption of fish as well as the number of dental amalgam fillings were studied. The geometric means (GM) of the mercury concentrations were 1.1 mug/L in blood and 0.43 mug/L in serum. The mean selenium concentration in blood was 110 mug/L and the GM of the serum selenium concentration 110 mug/L. Fish species with dietary restrictions due to elevated mercury Levels (i.e. pike, perch, pikeperch, burbot, eel and halibut) were consumed on average 0.7 times/month and fish species without such restrictions 4.1 times/month. Despite this comparatively Low fish consumption, the adolescents' blood mercury concentrations were positively correlated with fish consumption. Of the adolescents, 39% had amalgam fillings (mean 2 +/- 1.5). Serum mercury was influenced by the number of amalgam fittings, by fish consumption, blood and serum levels of selenium and the residential area. Blood and serum selenium concentrations were not influenced by fish consumption, but were positively associated with the serum mercury concentration.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bratteby, L E, et al.
(author)
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Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age.
- 2002
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 91:10, s. 1031-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.METHODS: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.RESULTS: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.CONCLUSION: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.
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| 6. |
- Lantz, H, et al.
(author)
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Differences in whole body measurements by DXA-scanning using two Lunar DPX-L machines
- 1999
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In: International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0307-0565. ; 23:7, s. 764-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To compare bone mineral and body composition results of two dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments from the same manufacturer.SETTINGS: The Medical departments of Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.DESIGN: Unique aluminium spine phantoms (Phant A and B) delivered with each DXA machine (DXA-A and DXA-B) were cross-checked on the other machine by using the 'AP spine mode'. Eight adolescents were examined on both instruments within 5 h to ascertain total body variables by using standard, as well as extended, modes of analysis. All these double-examinations were undertaken on two occasions, before and after exchange of a detector on the DXA-B.SUBJECTS: Four males and four females aged 15.4-19.2 y with normal body weights, were examined on both occasions. On each occasion, the first examination was performed in Göteborg on four individuals and in Uppsala on four individuals.RESULTS: On the first occasion the phantom measurements resulted in much lower bone mineral density (BMD) values on the DXA-B than on the DXA-A. Later it was detected that a so-called R-value and the corresponding '%-fat' value were out of range on the DXA-B. After exchange of detector, the difference in phantom BMD-values between the two machines had diminished. On the first occasion in vivo BMD values were lowest on the DXA-B (P < 0.01), while on the second occasion they were significantly lower on the DXA-A (P < 0.05). Soft tissue differences were greater after detector exchange and as compared to DXA-A, DXA-B underestimated body fat by 3.5 kg (13.2 vs 9.7 kg, P < 0.001) and overestimated lean tissue mass by 3.8 kg (47.1 vs 50.9 kg, P < 0.001) on the second occasion.CONCLUSIONS: The differences in results between two apparently identical Lunar DPX-L machines were not acceptable. In multicenter studies, it may be necessary to standardise results of participating machines into results of one machine by means of regression equations obtained by examining subsamples of individuals on one master machine and other participating instruments.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lötborn, M, et al.
(author)
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Whole-body bone mineral measurements in 15-year-old Swedish adolescents.
- 1999
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In: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 9:2, s. 106-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bone mineral area (BA), total bone mineral content (TBMC) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 396 randomly selected, healthy 15-year-old Swedish boys and girls. The influence of body size, pubertal development, physical activity level (PAL), total energy expenditure (TEE), dietary intake of energy, calcium and vitamin D, and alcohol and smoking habits on TBMC and TBMD were examined in bi- and multivariate analyses. In bivariate analyses BA, TBMC and TBMD showed strong correlations with weight, height and TEE in both sexes. In boys but not in girls these bone variables were significantly correlated with dietary intakes of energy, calcium and vitamin D. No significant correlations were found between PAL and the three bone variables. In multivariate analyses with TBMC as dependent variable BA, height, weight and Tanner stages explained 88% and 87% of the variance in boys and girls respectively. In similar analyses with TBMD as dependent variable the corresponding figures were 50% and 54%. The major part of the variance in all these models was explained by BA, and only a few percent by all the other independent variables. No significant reduction was found when TEE or daily intakes of calcium or vitamin D were introduced into the models. These results illustrate the importance of including BA, weight and height as independent variables in regression models of TBMC to avoid spurious associations with other variables in the analyses. The results may also indicate that in normal Swedish adolescents environmental factors such as dietary intake of nutrients play a minor role as determinants of bone mineralization. High levels of physical activity and bone mineral measures possibly explain the lack of significant correlations between these variables and do not imply a lack of association.
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| 9. |
- Samuelson, Gösta, 1930-, et al.
(author)
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A follow-up study of serum ferritin and transferrin receptor concentrations in Swedish adolescents at age 17 age 15.
- 2000
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 89:10, s. 1162-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- UNLABELLED: Serum ferritin and serum transferrin receptor concentrations, growth and food habits were studied in healthy Swedish boys (n = 103) and girls (n = 124) at the age of 17 y and compared with those in the same adolescents at age 15. Between these ages, serum transferrin receptor increased significantly in both boys and girls. Serum ferritin increased significantly in boys but not in girls. The transferrin receptor/ferritin ratio increased significantly in girls but not in boys, indicating insufficient iron stores in the 17-y-old girls in relation to erythropoiesis and iron needs. Between 15 and 17 y the boys' frequency of consumption of milk and bread decreased, while they more often consumed pasta, cheese and coffee. The girls decreased their frequency intake of fat products, milk and meat. The frequency of meat consumption emerged as the single significant predictor for serum ferritin <12 microg/L in girls, but not in boys. The median daily iron intake, determined in a subsample, decreased in boys from 18.7 to 13.6 mg and in girls from 14.1 to 8.8 mg, and the decrease was to a large extent due to cessation of iron fortification of flour.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate insufficient iron stores in the 17-y-old girls in relation to erythropoiesis and iron needs, but more favourable iron stores in the boys. The absence of a significant decrease in mean serum ferritin despite rapid growth suggests that the earlier iron fortification of flour only marginally contributed to the iron status of Swedish adolescents of this age group.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Samuelson, Gösta, 1930-, et al.
(author)
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Dietary iron intake and iron status in adolescents
- 1996
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 85:9, s. 1033-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary iron intake of 15-year-old adolescents from two different regions of Sweden, in relation to their iron status. The study comprised 185 boys and 209 girls, randomly selected from the official population register. The iron intake was calculated from a 7-day record, and varied between 7 and 35 and 6 and 27 mg per day for boys and girls, respectively. The daily median intakes in boys and girls were 18.7 and 14.2 mg, respectively. S-ferritin, s-iron, and s-transferrin saturation, measured in all the subjects, did not differ significantly between the two regions. However, the mean serum ferritin concentration was significantly higher in the boys (36.4 micrograms l-1) than in the girls (29.4 micrograms l-1) (p < 0.001). Low s-ferritin levels, defined as s-ferritin < 12 micrograms l-1 were found in seven boys (3.7%) and in 29 girls (13.9%). None of the adolescents had iron deficiency anaemia, defined as Hb < 110 gl-1 in combination with s-ferritin < 12 micrograms l-1. Regression and correlation analyses did not show any significant correlation between dietary iron intake and s-ferritin, or between s-ferritin and haemoglobin (Hb), MCH and MCHC. A significant correlation was found, however, between s-ferritin and transferrin saturation (p < 0.005) in both sexes. When the adolescents who still had s-ferritin < 12 micrograms l-1 at a second blood examination were given a 6 weeks trial with oral iron therapy, all of them showed an increase both in s-ferritin and in blood Hb. The 95% confidence intervals of s-ferritin for 15-year-old Swedish boys and girls were defined as 11-90 and 7-85 micrograms l-1, respectively.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Samuelson, Gösta, 1930-, et al.
(author)
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Serum ferritin and transferrin receptor concentrations during the transition from adolescence to adulthood in a healthy Swedish population.
- 2003
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 92:1, s. 5-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: As part of a longitudinal nutrition study of adolescents, changes in serum ferritin (s-Ft), serum transferrin receptors (s-TfR) and the TfR/Ft ratio from 15 to 21 y of age were studied in randomly selected Swedish adolescents.METHODS: Blood samples from 60 males and 66 females were drawn at 15, 17 and 21 y of age.RESULTS: In males, median s-Ft increased significantly from 33 microg l(-1) at 15 y to 96 microg l(-1) at 21 y, and in females, after a non-significant decrease at 17 y, from 27 at 15 y to 34 microg l(-1) at 21 y. Between 15 and 17 y, s-TfR increased significantly, in males from 5.9 to 7.7 microg l(-1), and in females from 5.2 to 7.6 microg l(-1), whereas s-TfR decreased significantly in both genders between 17 and 21 y. The log (TfR/Ft) ratio did not change in males between 15 and 17 y, but decreased significantly from 2.2 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.3 by the age of 21 y. In females, the TfR/Ft ratio increased significantly between 15 and 17 y, whereas a significant decrease was found by the age of 21 y. S-Ft <12 microg l(-1) at 15, 17 and 21 y was 3, 2 and 2% in males, and in females 18, 26 and 21%, respectively.CONCLUSION: This study shows an increase in s-Ft and a decline in s-TfR in males, indicating increased iron stores. In females, s-Ft did not increase significantly, whereas s-TfR and the TfR/Ft ratio decreased between 17 and 21 y, indicating that cellular iron needs were met.
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| 14. |
- Von Post-Skagegård, M, et al.
(author)
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Changes in food habits in healthy Swedish adolescents during the transition from adolescence to adulthood
- 2002
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 56:6, s. 532-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change in food habits in Swedish adolescents between 15 and 21 y of age with reference to age, sex, region and socioeconomic background. DESIGN: A longitudinal study from 1993 to 1999. SETTING: Two different regions in Sweden, the university city of Uppsala and the industrial town of Trollhättan. SUBJECTS: On three different occasions, 1993, 1995 and 1999, 208 adolescents, 96 males and 112 females, were studied. METHODS: A food frequency questionnaire containing 29 different food groups was used. The questionnaire also contained questions about food habits and amounts of some food items and socioeconomic conditions of the participants and their families. RESULTS: At 17 and 21 y of age, the adolescents consumed significantly more often pasta, vegetables, coffee and tea compared to age 15, while the frequency consumption of fat spread, milk, bread, potatoes, carrots and buns and biscuits decreased. The changes between 15 and 17 were smaller than between age 17 and 21. At age 21, the males decreased their intake of fruit, while the females decreased their intake of meat. No-meat consumers among females increased from 2 to 13%. Higher educational level of the mothers of the adolescents was associated with more frequent consumption of vegetables and pasta between ages 17 and 21. Milk consumption decreased significantly in both sexes. Breakfast habits did not change: 90% had breakfast five times/week or more. CONCLUSIONS: Food habits change significantly during adolescence along with lifestyle changes. Therefore, health promotion during adolescence ought to be more supported by the society.
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| 15. |
- Bratteby, L E, et al.
(author)
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A 7-day activity diary for assessment of daily energy expenditure validated by the doubly labelled water method in adolescents.
- 1997
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 51:9, s. 585-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To validate the use of an activity diary and predicted BMR for assessment of daily total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL = TEE/BMR) in adolescents.DESIGN: TEE and PAL estimated from activity diary records kept for seven days and BMR predicted from age, gender and body weight were compared with the results of doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements and indirect calorimetry performed during the same time period.SETTING: The Unit of paediatric Physiology of the Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.SUBJECTS: Fifty randomly selected 15 y old adolescents (25 boys and 25 girls).RESULTS: The mean difference between TEE estimated in all adolescents by the activity diary and by DLW methods was 1.2%. The limits of agreement (mean difference 2 s.d.) were -3.47 and 3.77 MD/d, equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 15%. The mean difference between PAL assessed by activity diary records and by DLW measurements was 0.001, and the limits of agreement between the two methods were 0.54.CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that the activity diary method provides a close estimate of TEE and PAL in population groups.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Bratteby, L E, et al.
(author)
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Daily energy expenditure and physical activity assessed by an activity diary in 374 randomly selected 15-year-old adolescents.
- 1997
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 51:9, s. 592-600
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To assess the average daily levels of physical activity, energy expenditure and the time and energy spent a different activities in two cohorts of Swedish adolescents.DESIGN: Total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL = TEE/basal metabolic rate (BMR)) were estimated in 374 randomly selected healthy adolescents living with two different regions of Sweden on the basis of a seven-day activity diary (AD) and predicted BMR. A validation of the estimates from the AD with the doubly labelled water (DLW) method in a randomly selected subsample of 50 of these subjects is presented elsewhere.SETTING: The Unit of Paediatric of the Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Uppsala and the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Alvsborg Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden.RESULTS: No significant differences in TEE and PAL were found between the adolescents of the two regions. High levels of TEE (14.2 and 10.9 MJ/d in boys and girls, respectively) and PAL (1.95 and 1.80) were observed. There was a close association between the PAL and the adolescents and their reported time spent sitting. Those with the lowest PAL values spent 3-6 h longer each day sitting compared to those with the highest PAL values. The results also indicate that everyday activities such as walking and bicycling have a crucial impact on the PAL values.CONCLUSIONS: In the 15 y old adolescents of the two studied regions of Sweden, high and concordant levels of energy expenditure and physical activity were found.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bratteby, L-E, et al.
(author)
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Physical activity, energy expenditure and their correlates in two cohorts of Swedish subjects between adolescence and early adulthood
- 2005
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In: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 59, s. 1324-1334
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess physical activity and energy expenditure and to identify their correlates during adolescence and early adulthood. DESIGN: In a cohort study, total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) were assessed at 15 and 21 y from a 7-day activity diary and predicted BMR. The influences on TEE and PAL of body size, gender, sexual maturity, physical activity habits, sitting time, region, social conditions, employment, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake were examined in multivariate analyses.Subjects:71 male and 89 female subjects, living in two socioeconomically different regions of Sweden, a university region and an industrial region. SETTING: The university city of Uppsala and the industrial town of Trollhättan. RESULTS: At both 15 and 21 y, PAL and TEE were high, with gender, sitting time and physical activity habits as main correlates. At age 21 y, employment and the mother's educational level also appeared as significant correlates. The relations between the main variables and their correlates were more complex than at age 15 y, and the sitting time was reduced and the activity habits were changed. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction of daily sitting appears to be a major reason why high levels of physical activity and energy expenditure were maintained from 15 to 21 y of age in spite of changed and less frequent activity habits during this interval.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bratteby, L E, et al.
(author)
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Total energy expenditure and physical activity as assessed by the doubly labeled water method in Swedish adolescents in whom energy intake was underestimated by 7-d diet records.
- 1998
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 67:5, s. 905-11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swedish children and adolescents may be adopting a sedentary lifestyle with low energy expenditures and intakes, but no quantitative data are available. The purpose of the present study in 50 adolescents aged 15 y was to investigate whether assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) by the doubly labeled water method and indirect calorimetry and estimation of energy intake by a 7-d diet record would indicate physical inactivity. The boys' (n = 25) mean weight was 112% and the girls' (n = 25) was 109% of Swedish reference values from 1976; the mean height of both boys and girls was 102% of those reference values. Mean TEE in the boys and girls, 13.82 +/- 1.90 and 10.70 +/- 1.59 MJ/d, and mean PAL (TEE/basal metabolic rate), 1.89 +/- 0.16 and 1.79 +/- 0.22, respectively, were nonsignificantly higher than corresponding figures from other published studies. Mean energy intake as a percentage of TEE was 81.9 +/- 17.9% in the boys and 78.3 +/- 16.4% in the girls. Significant negative correlations were found both between energy intake as a percentage of TEE and percentage body fat and between energy intake as a percentage of TEE and body mass index. These results add to the evidence that 7-d diet records underestimate energy intake in adolescents, particularly those with a tendency for overweight and increased body fat. The results support indications of a trend of increasing body weight and height in Swedish adolescents, but conflict with the presumptions of low physical activity, low energy expenditure, and low energy intake. These results support the view that current recommendations for energy intake during adolescence are too low.
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| 22. |
- Linde, Torbjörn, et al.
(author)
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Reduced oxygen affinity contributes to improved oxygen releasing capacityduring erythropoietin treatment of renal anaemia
- 1993
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In: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation. - 0931-0509 .- 1460-2385. ; 8:6, s. 524-529
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In addition to haemoglobin concentration, haemoglobin oxygen affinity plays a major role in the oxygen releasing capacity of the blood. In this study we have measured oxygen affinity as P50 and calculated the oxygen releasing capacity of blood from 10 haemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin (rHuEpo). The patients were examined with different assays before start of treatment, after 11 weeks, and after 27 weeks. During the first phase of treatment the oxygen releasing capacity improved because of an increase in the haemoglobin concentration and P50. During the second phase there was a further significant increase in haemoglobin concentration, but due to a decrease in the P50 value the oxygen releasing capacity remained unchanged. Despite an unchanged oxygen releasing capacity and total blood volume, the antihypertensive treatment had to be increased during that phase of treatment. An increase in whole-blood viscosity may explain the increased need of antihypertensive drugs. The increase in P50 during the first phase of rHuEpo treatment can probably be explained by decreased mean age of the erythrocyte population and implies that the beneficial effect is greater than could be concluded from the increase in haemoglobin concentration.
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| 23. |
- Samuelson, Gösta, 1930-, et al.
(author)
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Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents : inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol.
- 2001
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In: British Journal of Nutrition. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 85:3, s. 333-41
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of the present study was to describe the intake of dietary fatty acids among healthy 15-year-old boys and girls and to relate the intake of specific fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters to serum lipid, apolipoprotein (Apo) and insulin concentrations respectively. Fifty-two girls and forty-two boys were randomly selected from the official population register. Unexpectedly, significant inverse associations were found between the dietary content of saturated fatty acids with a chain length of four to fifteen C atoms, mainly derived from milk fat, as well as the corresponding fatty acids in the serum cholesterol esters, on the one hand and the serum concentrations of cholesterol and ApoB on the other. The estimated dietary intake of 4:0-10:0, 12:0 and 14:0 respectively, were all significantly inversely related to the serum cholesterol (r -0.32, r -0.31, r -0.30, all and ApoB (r -0.42, r -0.42, and r -0.40, all concentrations in girls and 12:0 to the ApoB concentration (r -0.55, in boys. The proportions of 12:0 and 15:0 in the serum cholesterol esters were negatively correlated with the serum cholesterol concentrations in both girls (r -0.34, r -0.32, and boys (r -0.53, r -0.32, and with the ApoB concentrations among boys (r -0.61, r -0.43, It is conceivable that milk fat contains or is associated with some component in the diet, or some other characteristics of the food intake, which counterbalances the expected positive relationships between saturated fat intake and lipid levels.
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| 24. |
- Samuelson, Gösta, 1930-, et al.
(author)
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Food habits and energy and nutrient intake in Swedish adolescents approaching the year 2000.
- 1996
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In: Acta Paediatrica. Supplement. - 0803-5326. ; :415, s. 1-19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 1993-94 a nutritional survey of 15-year-old adolescents was carried out in Uppsala, a university city in eastern Sweden, and in Trollhättan, an industrial town in the western part of the country. The study was the beginning of a longitudinal nutritional survey of 193 boys and 218 girls randomly selected from the official population register. The dietary methods used were a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a combined estimated and weighed 7-day dietary record. According to the FFQ both boys and girls consumed cereals, butter or margarine and something from the group meat/fish/eggs every day. Milk, milk products, sweets and snacks were consumed more than once per day. Vegetables and fruit/roots were consumed less often. There was relatively good correlation between the FFQ and the 7-day record results. The mean daily energy intakes of the 15-year-old boys and girls were 10.2 and 8.3 MJ, respectively, in Uppsala, and 9.8 and 7.4 MJ in Trollhättan. The mean daily intakes of sucrose were 74 and 58 g in boys and 64 and 52 g in girls. The average daily dietary fibre intake was 1.8 g/MJ. The daily intake of energy obtained from breakfast was 18% on weekdays and 22% on weekends; 18 and 11% from prepared lunch; 24 and 30% from dinner, 21 and 14% from light meals; and 16 and 28% from snacks, in Uppsala and Trollhättan respectively. The lowest energy intake from a prepared lunch meal was noted during weekends. On both weekdays and weekends, considerable energy was obtained from light meals and snacks. However, nearly 40% of the girls and 28% of the boys had an energy intake from fat of < 30 energy%. The mean intakes of vitamin D and selenium and, in the case of girls, iron and zinc, were below the official Swedish Nutrition Recommendations. The daily median intake of iron was 18.7 mg in boys and 14.1 mg in girls. The iron intakes varied between 6 and 35 mg per day. Low serum ferritin concentrations, defined as s-ferritin < 12 micrograms/L, were found in 7 boys (3.7% and in 29 girls (13.9%). Significant negative correlations were found between smoking and frequency of consumption of vegetables, roots, fruits and meat. A negative correlation was also found between smoking and the intake of energy and a number of nutrients. Socioeconomic factors seem to be less important for the food habits of teenagers than for those noted during childhood. Only frequent consumption of vegetables was positively correlated to the mothers' educational level.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Sunnegårdh, J, et al.
(author)
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Physical activity in relation to energy intake and body fat in 8- and 13-year-old children in Sweden.
- 1986
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In: Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. - 0001-656X. ; 75:6, s. 955-63
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A random sample of 682 8- and 13-year-old children resident in Sweden was studied with regard to physical activity, energy intake, height, weight and skinfold thickness. A reduction of physical activity over the years was indicated by a tendency towards a higher body fat content in spite of a lower mean energy intake as compared with such values obtained 10-15 years ago in Swedish children of equal ages. Children characterized by high habitual physical activity tended to have a lower body fat content, despite a higher energy intake, than less active children. Children, especially girls, of parents with a low educational level showed a tendency towards higher body fat content as compared with those of parents with higher education.
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