| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Breidegard, Björn
(författare)
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Att göra för att förstå - konstruktion för rehabilitering
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Based on the results of two rehabilitation engineering design projects, this thesis aims to present and analyze: ? What is required for genuine engineering knowledge and expertise to come into its own in rehabilitation engineering when the entire effort starts and ends with the person for whom it is intended. ? How the work of an engineer not only can improve the conditions for the actual doing, but can also contribute to the understanding of situations and people, their capabilities, desires and needs. The two projects, The Minimeter and Reading with Hands, are both based on and contribute not only to rehabilitation but also to the engineering context. My thesis comprises the work of an engineer from the earliest idea stage up to the final results that are first realized when the implementations are used by other people and can be assessed by them. The Minimeter is a communication tool for people with severe brain injuries. It enables communication, starting at the yes-no level, for people with exceedingly limited mobility and extensive cognitive difficulties. Standard hardware combined with specially designed software is used to detect even minor movements and for example to make them steer a rolling ball on a computer screen. This yes-no interface inspires the user to act and yields continuous feedback and control. Reading with hands is a system for computer based recording and automatic tracking of finger movements when reading Braille and in tactile picture recognition. It makes it easy to analyze the process and to draw conclusions, among them pedagogical ones with implications for future tactile reading training for children or adults who are blind. For the first time it is possible to automatically follow how the fingers move over the Braille text while the person is reading (aloud or silently). The finger movements can be compared to sighted persons? eye movements while reading standard print. Comparisons can also be made between the finger exploration of a tactile face picture by a blind person and the corresponding eye movements by a sighted person.
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| 3. |
- Breidegard, Björn
(författare)
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Computer based automatic finger and speech tracking system
- 2007
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - 1554-3528. ; 39:4, s. 824-834
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the first technology ever for on-line registration and interactive and automatic analysis of finger movements during tactile reading (Braille and tactile pictures). Interactive software has been developed for registration (with two cameras and a microphone), MPEG-2 video compression and storage on disk or DVD as well as an Interactive Analysis Program to aid human analysis. An Automatic Finger Tracking System has been implemented which also semi-automatically tracks the reading aloud speech on the syllable level. This set of tools opens the way for large scale studies of blind people reading Braille or tactile images. It has been tested in a pilot project involving congenitally blind subjects reading texts and pictures.
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| 4. |
- Breidegard, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Disclosing the secrets of braille reading: Computer-aided registration and interactive analysis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Visual Impairment Research. - 1388-235X. ; 8:3, s. 49-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pilot project reported here utilized the first technology ever developed for the computerized on-line registration and analysis of finger movements during Braille reading. Five congenitally blind subjects performed tactile reading of pedagogically carefully selected texts. Two specialists in visual impairments analyzed the computer-registered reading activities using specially designed interaction software. The subjects themselves were interviewed and contributed to discussions about their own individual reading styles. The analyses of this first handful of subjects reveal a number of important strategies and preferences with regard to on-line tactile reading. Further, the results challenge several assumptions and practices in Braille teaching. This pilot project lays the foundation for more comprehensive large-scale studies - both cross-sectional and longitudinal ones - studies long wanted in the domain of tactile reading.
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| 5. |
- Breidegard, Björn
(författare)
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En datorexekvarbar modell för lärande
- 2000
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna uppsats markerar ett nytt och kompletterande spår i Certecs verksamhet: att i datormodellens form simulera mänskligt lärande. Förhoppningen är att det därigenom skall komma fram nya idéer både om lärande och om pedagogiska möjligheter kring hur man kan stötta lärandet. Certec kommer att medverka till att den nya kunskapen i första hand skall komma människor med inlärningssvårigheter till godo. I detta första steg, min licentiatuppsats, har det huvudsakliga arbetet bestått av att göra själva den datorexekverbara modellen samt implementera denna som en interaktiv, visuell och audiell Windowsapplikation. Modellen, Den Lilla Lyssnerskan, bygger på SOM:ar - Self-Organizing Maps. I sin IN-SOM tar Den Lilla Lyssnerskan emot ljud och bearbetar informationen så att hon hela tiden lär sig mer och mer. Med hjälp av sin UT-SOM kan hon visa oss vad hon uppfattat. Hon har alltså både mottagningsförmåga och beteende. Det tekniskt mest utmärkande med arbetet är troligen att jag inte bara låtit vinnaren i en SOM vara den ende som påverkar en efterföljande SOM. Jag har istället fört vidare all information från en SOM till efterföljande SOM, varigenom också de svagare aktiverade SOM-delarna har inverkan på utfallet i den följande SOM:en. Detta steg och ett antal andra landvinningar har möjliggjorts främst genom att jag själv utfört hela det omfattande programmeringsarbetet - jag har haft möjligheten att bestämma allt in i minsta detalj. För att demonstrera modellens värde redovisar jag i denna uppsats ett antal inledande provskottskörningar. Utfallet av dessa har stora likheter med vad man vet om mänskligt lärande: minne, glömska, generalisering, betingning, härmning etc. Somliga av de inledande experimenten har dessutom, precis som jag hoppades, gett resultat som leder till eftertanke: kan det vara så här för människor också?
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| 6. |
- Breidegard, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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En Minimeter till Emma
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Breidegard, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Enlightened: The art of finger reading
- 2008
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Ingår i: Studia Linguistica. - : Wiley. - 1467-9582 .- 0039-3193. ; 62:3, s. 249-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For some forty years the eye-tracking technology has facilitated the study of eye movement patterns for sighted people during reading and other visual activities. Today – a newly developed automatic finger tracking system makes it possible to reconstruct blind people’s tactile reading in real time and to automatically analyze finger movements during Braille text reading and tactile picture recognition. In this case study, the very first automatic finger tracking system is presented together with results indicating how Braille readers can increase awareness of their own reading styles. This opens up for future Braille education to become more evidence-based and, at the same time, for a new research field: contrastive studies of language in its auditory, visual and tactile manifestations.
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| 8. |
- Breidegard, Björn
(författare)
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Miljonbelopp till unikt handikappsprojekt
- 2004
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Ingår i: Skånes Fria Tidning.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Allmänna arvsfonden har beslutat att ge nära fem miljoner kronor till Lunds Tekniska Högskola för utveckling av ett kommunikationsredskap för svårt hjärnskadade. Initiativtagarna bakom projektet Minimetern tror på stora utvecklingsmöjligheter.
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| 9. |
- Breidegard, Björn
(författare)
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Minimetern hjälper hjärnskadade att kommunicera
- 2002
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Ingår i: Elektronik i Norden. - 1103-2944. ; :17, s. 56-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specialutvecklad elektronik för rehabilitering avhjärnskadade är tidsödande och dyrbar att utveckla. Björn Breidegard från Certec, Lunds tekniska högskola, berättar här hur man i stället kan använda enbillig TV-kamera i kombination med dator och programvara. Resultaten är mycket lyckade.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Breidegard, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Raytracing in the compensation of the peripheral optics of the eye
- 2000
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Ingår i: Historielärarnas Förenings Årsskrift. - 0439-2434.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Background: Many people with a visual impairment have only peripheral vision. However, there is limited knowledge of the peripheral optics of the eye and only some measurements are available in this field. Methods: We simulated the paths of peripheral rays through the eye by means of raytracing. Five programs were compared. The OSLO raytracing software proved to be not only the best one in these circumstances but we also found it very well suited to our purpose. Remaining uncertainties are entirely due to a lack of input data about the peripheral part of the optical system of the eye. We designed compensatory optics on the basis of the test results. Results: Lenses have been manufactured in accordance with the calculations made by the program for angles of incidence of 20, 40, and 60 degrees. The lenses are high compensation astigmatic lenses. The results of perimeter examinations of changes in peripheral vision using attachment optics were inconclusive, while tests of the lenses as attachments in front of a fundus camera produced successful preliminary results. Conclusion: The next step is to test peripheral vision compensatory optics in traffic situations (driving simulator). At the same time attempts are being made to find methods and instruments for measuring the peripheral optics of the eye. Keywords: astigmatism, central scotoma, raytracing, macula degeneration, peripheral vision.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Caltenco, Héctor, et al.
(författare)
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On the tip of the tongue: Learning typing and pointing with an intra-oral interface
- 2014
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Ingår i: Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-3115 .- 1748-3107. ; 9:4, s. 307-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To evaluate typing and pointing performance and improvement over time of four able-bodied participants using an intra-oral tongue-computer interface for computer control. Background: A physically disabled individual may lack the ability to efficiently control standard computer input devices. There have been several efforts to produce and evaluate interfaces that provide individuals with physical disabilities the possibility to control personal computers. Method: Training with the intra-oral tongue-computer interface was performed by playing games over 18 sessions. Skill improvement was measured through typing and pointing exercises at the end of each training session. Results: Typing throughput improved from averages of 2.36 to 5.43 correct words per minute. Pointing throughput improved from averages of 0.47 to 0.85 bits/s. Target tracking performance, measured as relative time on target, improved from averages of 36% to 47%. Path following throughput improved from averages of 0.31 to 0.83 bits/s and decreased to 0.53 bits/s with more difficult tasks. Conclusions: Learning curves support the notion that the tongue can rapidly learn novel motor tasks. Typing and pointing performance of the tongue-computer interface is comparable to performances of other proficient assistive devices, which makes the tongue a feasible input organ for computer control.
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| 15. |
- Caltenco, Héctor, et al.
(författare)
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TongueWise : tongue-computer interface software for people with tetraplegia
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. - 1557-170X. - 9781424441235 ; 32, s. 4534-4537
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many computer interfaces and assistive devices for people with motor disabilities limit the input dimensionality from user to system, in many cases leading to single switch interfaces where the user can only press one button. This can, either limit the level of direct access to the functionalities of the operating system, or slow down speed of interaction. In this paper we present TongueWise: a software developed for a tongue computer interface that can be activated with the tip of the tongue and that provides direct input that covers most of the standard keyboard and mouse commands.
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| 16. |
- Caltenco, Héctor, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding Computer Users With Tetraplegia: Survey of Assistive Technology Users
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-7590 .- 1044-7318. ; 28:4, s. 258-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An online survey in the form of a questionnaire was conducted to obtain the opinion of computer users with tetraplegia on their current computer interfaces and to assess desirable applications for future independent control using assistive devices. The survey included questions related to information about the respondents' injury/disease, everyday activities and social life, electronic devices and computer programs, evaluation of computer interfaces, and desirable applications for assistive devices. The survey was distributed via tetraplegia associations, magazines, and Internet forums mainly in Denmark and Sweden, but also through other European and American associations. Thirty-one completed questionnaires were collected from individuals with spinal cord injury and other neuromuscular diseases that resulted in tetraplegia. Respondents evaluated gaze and head trackers; speech recognition systems; chin, mouth, and hand joysticks; sip and puff interfaces; and typing sticks. Most interfaces were evaluated in a range from neutral to good. Users expressed a desire for applications to independently control wheelchairs, television sets, doors, and windows. This is, as far as is known, the first study that compares a wide range of current commercial computer interfaces that have been used as part of the users' everyday lives. The answers are useful for designing and developing alternative computer interfaces and assistive devices and for computer-interface users to identify a computer-interface fitting more to his or her needs.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Jönsson, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Design side by side
- 2006
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The starting point for most of what is written here is people with disabilities. Situations of great difficulty need to be highly prioritized, for their own sake and also because that which first appears to be “special” sooner or later comes to benefit so
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| 19. |
- Jönsson, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Människonära design
- 2005
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det mesta i den här boken tar sin utgångspunkt i människor med funktionsnedsättningar. Situationer med stora svårigheter behöver en stark prioritering, både för sin egen del och för att det särskilda förr eller senare brukar komma det gemensamma till godo. Boken har två delar. Den första består av tio minst sagt spretiga kapitel som alla visar på att hur svår en situation än är, finns det alltid något man kan göra. Dessa kapitel är nog så innehållsrika men samtidigt lättlästa. De är helt enkelt avsedda att berätta sina historier, rakt upp och ner, varje kapitel för sig. Fullt så lättläst är inte del 2. I den försöker vi visa på teori- och metodbildning som kan underlätta, hålla samman och vidareutveckla. Den delen har också en rikhaltig referenslista för vidare studier.
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| 20. |
- Jönsson, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Situated research and design for everyday life
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper elaborates theoretical and methodological aspects of design processes in a disability context and aims to relate them to other sciences. It particularly emphasizes situated aspects of research: the need for being there, with the users in their
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| 21. |
- Jönsson, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Situated research and design for everyday life
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Nordes, Nordic Design Research.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents examples of different aspects of design in a disability context with the aim of revealing some of its fundamentals. It particularly emphasizes situated aspects of research: the need for being there, with the users in their daily lives – where the action is.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Lind, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory feedback of one's own voice is used for high-level semantic monitoring: the "self-comprehension" hypothesis.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-5161. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What would it be like if we said one thing, and heard ourselves saying something else? Would we notice something was wrong? Or would we believe we said the thing we heard? Is feedback of our own speech only used to detect errors, or does it also help to specify the meaning of what we say? Comparator models of self-monitoring favor the first alternative, and hold that our sense of agency is given by the comparison between intentions and outcomes, while inferential models argue that agency is a more fluent construct, dependent on contextual inferences about the most likely cause of an action. In this paper, we present a theory about the use of feedback during speech. Specifically, we discuss inferential models of speech production that question the standard comparator assumption that the meaning of our utterances is fully specified before articulation. We then argue that auditory feedback provides speakers with a channel for high-level, semantic "self-comprehension". In support of this we discuss results using a method we recently developed called Real-time Speech Exchange (RSE). In our first study using RSE (Lind et al., in press) participants were fitted with headsets and performed a computerized Stroop task. We surreptitiously recorded words they said, and later in the test we played them back at the exact same time that the participants uttered something else, while blocking the actual feedback of their voice. Thus, participants said one thing, but heard themselves saying something else. The results showed that when timing conditions were ideal, more than two thirds of the manipulations went undetected. Crucially, in a large proportion of the non-detected manipulated trials, the inserted words were experienced as self-produced by the participants. This indicates that our sense of agency for speech has a strong inferential component, and that auditory feedback of our own voice acts as a pathway for semantic monitoring. We believe RSE holds great promise as a tool for investigating the role of auditory feedback during speech, and we suggest a number of future studies to serve this purpose.
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| 24. |
- Lind, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Speakers' Acceptance of Real-Time Speech Exchange Indicates That We Use Auditory Feedback to Specify the Meaning of What We Say.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 25:6, s. 1198-1205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speech is usually assumed to start with a clearly defined preverbal message, which provides a benchmark for self-monitoring and a robust sense of agency for one's utterances. However, an alternative hypothesis states that speakers often have no detailed preview of what they are about to say, and that they instead use auditory feedback to infer the meaning of their words. In the experiment reported here, participants performed a Stroop color-naming task while we covertly manipulated their auditory feedback in real time so that they said one thing but heard themselves saying something else. Under ideal timing conditions, two thirds of these semantic exchanges went undetected by the participants, and in 85% of all nondetected exchanges, the inserted words were experienced as self-produced. These findings indicate that the sense of agency for speech has a strong inferential component, and that auditory feedback of one's own voice acts as a pathway for semantic monitoring, potentially overriding other feedback loops.
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| 25. |
- Magnusson, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Design for me?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computers Helping People with Special Needs - 16th International Conference, ICCHP 2018, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. - 9783319942766 ; 10896 LNCS, s. 93-99
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, as a generative contrast to the notion of design “for all”, we present and discuss the potential benefits of a design “for me” approach, where the design process from the starts from, and initially is targeted at, just one person. Given many things developed for a user group or a constructed average user, in this text we describe starting from design for a single user as an alternative approach for achieving useful and useworthy designs. We provide an example from the development of an assistive device as the starting point and discuss how and why this alternative approach should be of interest for everyone interested in usability.
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| 26. |
- Magnusson, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Soundcrumbs – Hansel and Gretel in the 21st century
- 2009
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Ingår i: HAID conference proceedings.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a novel application which implements a way of adding sound breadcrumbs to the environment. We report results from initial user tests which suggest that this type of design could be useful for a wide range of mobile location based applications.
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