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1.
  • Betts, Marissa, J., et al. (författare)
  • Early Cambrian chronostratigraphy and geochronology of South Australia
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Earth-Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-8252 .- 1872-6828. ; 185, s. 498-543
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The most successful chronostratigraphic correlation methods enlist multiple proxies such as biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy to constrain the timing of globally important bio- and geo-events. Here we present the first regional, high-resolution shelly fossil biostratigraphy integrated with δ13C chemostratigraphy (and corresponding δ18O data) from the traditional lower Cambrian (Terreneuvian and provisional Cambrian Series 2) of South Australia. The global ZHUCE, SHICE, positive excursions II and III and the CARE are captured in lower Cambrian successions from the Arrowie and Stansbury basins. The South Australian shelly fossil biostratigraphy has a consistent relationship with the δ13C results, bolstering interpretation, identification and correlation of the excursions. Positive excursion II straddles the boundary between the Kulparina rostrata and Micrina etheridgei zones, and the CARE straddles the boundary between the M. etheridgei and Dailyatia odyssei zones, peaking in the lower parts of the latter zone. New CA-TIMS zircon dates from the upper Hawker Group and Billy Creek Formation provide geochronologic calibration points for the upper D. odyssei Zone and corresponding chemostratigraphic curve, embedding the lower Cambrian successions from South Australia into a global chronostratigraphic context. This multi-proxy investigation demonstrates the power of integrated methods for developing regional biostratigraphic schemes and facilitating robust global correlation of lower Cambrian successions from South Australia (part of East Gondwana) with coeval terranes on other Cambrian palaeocontinents, including South and North China, Siberia, Laurentia, Avalonia and West Gondwana.
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2.
  • Agbaje, Oluwatoosin B. A., et al. (författare)
  • Biomacromolecules in recent phosphate-shelled brachiopods : identification and characterization of chitin matrix
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science. - : Springer Nature. - 0022-2461 .- 1573-4803. ; 56:36, s. 19884-19898
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Phosphate-shelled brachiopods differ in filter-feeding lifestyle, with Lingula anatina an active infaunal burrower, and Discinisca tenuis a shallow marine epibenthic animal. The shells of these animals are built of organophosphatic constituents, the organic fibres/sheets reinforced with calcium phosphate to provide a sophisticated ultrastructural robustness. This investigation examined the nature of the organic fibres in order to improve understanding of how living organisms produce hierarchically structured biomaterials. Unlike powdered samples commonly used in previous studies, organic fibres were isolated for the first time and the shell fractions were purified, in order to study the content and nature of the biopolymer fibres. Biochemical methods including Calcofluor staining revealed a chitin matrix. Ultrastructural analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and spectroscopic analyses show that the core polysaccharide framework is composed of layers of β-chitin sheets and/or fibrils that are coated with a fibrous organic matrix. There is more chitin matrix in the L. anatina shells (26.6 wt.%) compared to the D. tenuis shells (12.9 wt.%). Taken together, the data show that the chitin matrix contributes to increased skeletal strength, making L. anatina highly adapted for life as an active burrower. In comparison, D. tenuis contains less chitin and lives as attached epibenthos in a shallow marine environment.
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3.
  • Agbaje, Oluwatoosin B. A., et al. (författare)
  • Characterization of organophosphatic brachiopod shells : spectroscopic assessment of collagen matrix and biomineral components
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: RSC Advances. - 2046-2069. ; 10, s. 38456-38467
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The shells of linguloid brachiopods such as Lingula and Discinisca are inorganic–organic nanocomposites with a mineral phase of calcium phosphate (Ca-phosphate). Collagen, the main extracellular matrix in Ca-phosphatic vertebrate skeletons, has not previously been clearly resolved at the molecular level in organophosphatic brachiopods. Here, modern and recently-alive linguliform brachiopod shells of Lingula and Discinisca have been studied by microRaman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. For the first time, biomineralized collagen matrix and Ca-phosphate components were simultaneously identified, showing that the collagen matrix is an important moiety in organophosphatic brachiopod shells, in addition to prevalent chitin. Stabilized nanosized apatitic biominerals (up to ∼50 nm) permeate the framework of organic fibrils. There is a ∼2.5-fold higher wt% of carbonate (CO32−) in Lingula versus Discinisca shells. Both microRaman spectroscopy and infrared spectra show transient amorphous Ca-phosphate and octacalcium phosphate components. For the first time, trivalent moieties at ∼1660 cm−1 and divalent moieties at ∼1690 cm−1 in the amide I spectral region were identified. These are related to collagen cross-links that are abundant in mineralized tissues, and could be important features in the biostructural and mechanical properties of Ca-phosphate shell biominerals. This work provides a critical new understanding of organophosphatic brachiopod shells, which are some of the earliest examples of biomineralization in still-living animals that appeared in the Cambrian radiation.
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4.
  • Betts, Marissa J., et al. (författare)
  • First multi-proxy chronostratigraphy of the lower Cambrian Byrd Group, Transantarctic Mountains and correlation within East Gondwana
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antarctica and Australia were sutured together at the equator during the major pulse of animal biodiversification associated with the Cambrian radiation. However, the lack of detailed systematic chemostratigraphic and biostratigraphic sampling of lower Cambrian sedimentary successions from Antarctica has significantly impeded precise age determination and correlation with Cambrian strata on other palaeocontinents. This study is the first to present integrated, simultaneously sampled biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic (δ13C isotopes) data from the same measured stratigraphic sections through the lower Cambrian Byrd Group in the Transantarctic Mountains. Shelly fossil assemblages (brachiopods, tommotiids, molluscs, bradoriids, trilobites) from the Holyoake Range and Churchill Mountains facilitate direct correlation with the Dailyatia odyssei Zone of South Australia (Cambrian Stages 3–4), and trilobites provide strong correlation between the Starshot Formation and the Cymbric Vale Formation in western New South Wales. A new ID-TIMS radiometric date of 514.96 ± 0.16 Ma from a tuff in the lower Cymbric Vale Formation is similar to dates from tuff beds in the Third Plain Creek Member of the Mernmerna Formation in the Flinders Ranges, providing an important absolute-age tie point between these lower Cambrian successions. Chemostratigraphic data from the upper Shackleton Limestone in the Holyoake Range capture a negative δ13C excursion that correlates closely with the global Sinsk event. This excursion occurs between positive δ13C values that likely represent lower parts of the MICE (cycles V–VIII in Siberia). Integrated faunal and chemostratigraphic data indicate a Cambrian Stages 3–4 age, giving robust chronostratigraphic context for the upper Shackleton Limestone–Holyoake Formation–Starshot Formation succession for the first time, permitting reconstruction of the depositional history of the lower Cambrian of Antarctica and global correlation of Byrd Group strata.
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5.
  • Teece, Bronwyn L., et al. (författare)
  • Mars Rover Techniques and Lower/Middle Cambrian Microbialites from South Australia : Construction, Biofacies, and Biogeochemistry
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Astrobiology. - : MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. - 1531-1074 .- 1557-8070. ; 20:5, s. 637-657
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Perseverance rover (Mars 2020) is equipped with an instrumental and analytical payload capable of identifying a broad range of organic molecules in geological samples. To determine the efficacy of these analytical techniques in recognizing important ecological and environmental signals in the rock record, this study utilized analogous equipment, including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, along with macroscopic and petrographic observations, to examine early-middle Cambrian microbialites from the Arrowie Basin, South Australia. Morphological and petrographic observations of these carbonate successions reveal evidence of hypersaline-restricted environments. Microbialites have undergone moderate diagenesis, as supported by XRF data that show mineral assemblages, including celestine and the illitization of smectite. Raman spectral data, carbon preference indices of similar to 1, and the methylphenanthrene index place the samples in the prehnite/pumpellyite metamorphic facies. Pristane and phytane are the only biomarkers that were detected in the least thermally mature samples. This research demonstrates a multitechnique approach that can yield significant geological, depositional, paleobiological, and diagenetic information that has important implications for planning future astrobiological exploration.
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6.
  • Topper, Timothy P, et al. (författare)
  • The oldest brachiopods from the lower Cambrian of South Australia
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. - : Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut Paleobiologii (Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences). - 0567-7920 .- 1732-2421. ; 58:1, s. 93-109
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The morphology and organophosphatic shell structure of the paterinate brachiopod Askepasma is documented using new and previously collected specimens from the lower Cambrian of South Australia. Lack of adequately preserved material has seen the majority of paterinate specimens previously reported from South Australia referred to the genus Askepasma and treated under open nomenclature. Large collections of paterinates from the lower Cambrian Wilkawillina, Ajax, and Wirrapowie limestones in the Arrowie Basin, South Australia have prompted redescription of the type species Askepasma toddense and the erection of a new species, Askepasma saproconcha sp. nov. Askepasma saproconcha sp. nov. currently represents the oldest known brachiopod from the lower Cambrian successions in South Australia with a FAD in pre−trilobitic (Terreneuvian, Cambrian Stage 2, lower Atdabanian) strata in the basal part of the Wilkawillina and Wirrapowie limestones. Askepasma toddense predominantly occurs in Abadiella huoi Zone equivalent strata (Unnamed Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3, middle–upper Atdabanian) in the upper part of the lower Wilkawillina, Wirrapowie, and Ajax limestones. The shell microstructure of Askepasma suggests a proximal stem group position within the Brachiopoda and similarities with tommotiid taxa provides further evidence that the ancestry of crown group brachiopods is firmly entrenched within the Tommotiida.
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7.
  • Betts, Marissa J., et al. (författare)
  • A new early Cambrian bradoriid (Arthropoda) assemblage from the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 25, s. 420-437
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A new assemblage of early Cambrian bivalved arthropods (Bradoriida) is described from the Arrowie Syncline in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The well preserved, largely endemic fauna comprises a total of six taxa (including five new species): Jiucunella phaseloa sp. nov., Jixinlingella daimonikoa sp. nov., Mongolitubulus anthelios sp. nov., Neokunmingella moroensis sp. nov., Phasoia cf. spicata ( Öpik, 1968), and Sinskolutella cuspidata sp. nov. This assemblage is derived from a carbonate sedimentary package representing a high energy, shallow water archaeocyath-Renalcis biohermal facies of Terreneuvian, Stage 2 age which transitions up-section to a more restricted, low energy, intra-shelf lagoonal environment that correlates with a Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3 age. The new taxon J. phaseloa sp. nov., has a first appearance datum (FAD) in shallow water biohermal facies of the Hideaway Well Member of the Wilkawillina Limestone at a level 47 m below the FAD of Pelagiella subangulata which is taken to approximate the base of Series 2, Stage 3 in South Australia. Along with Liangshanella circumbolina, this makes J. phaseloa sp. nov. amongst the oldest bivalved arthropods in South Australia and potentially greater Gondwana. The presence of 25 bradoriid taxa from the early Cambrian of South Australia suggests East Gondwana represents a major centre of origin for the Bradoriida.
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8.
  • Betts, Marissa, J., et al. (författare)
  • A new lower Cambrian shelly fossil biostratigraphy for South Australia
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 36, s. 163-195
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Definition of early Cambrian chronostratigraphic boundaries is problematic with many subdivisions stillawaiting ratification. Integrated multi-proxy data from well-resolved regional-scale schemes are ultimately the key to resolving broader issues of global correlationwithin the Cambrian. In Australia, early Cambrian biostratigraphy has been based predominantly on trilobites. Phosphatic shelly fauna have great potential as biostratigraphic tools, especially in pre-trilobitic strata because they are widespread and readily preserved, but they have remained underutilised. Here we demonstrate their value in a new biostratigraphic scheme for the early Cambrian of South Australia using a diverse shelly fauna including tommotiids, brachiopods, molluscs and bradoriids. Biostratigraphic data are derived from ten measured stratigraphic sections across the Arrowie Basin, targeting Hawker Group carbonates including the Wilkawillina, Wirrapowie and Ajax limestones and the Mernmerna Formation. The stratigraphic ranges of shelly fossils are predictable and repeatable across the Arrowie Basin, allowing three discrete shelly biozones to be identified, spanning Terreneuvian, Stage 2 to Series 2, Stages 3–4. The Kulparina rostrata Zone (new) and part of the overlyingMicrina etheridgei Zone (new) are pre-trilobitic (predominantly Terreneuvian). The Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3 Dailyatia odyssei Zone (new) features a very diverse shelly fauna and will be described in detail in a separate publication. These zones provide robust means to correlate Terreneuvian–Series 2 successions in neighbouring coeval basins in Australia, particularly the Stansbury Basin. Wider correlation is possible throughout East Gondwana, and especially with South China.
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9.
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10.
  • Betts, Marissa, J., et al. (författare)
  • Global correlation of the early Cambrian of South Australia: Shelly faunaof the Dailyatia odyssei Zone
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 46, s. 240-279
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A lack of well resolved biostratigraphic data has prevented robust regional and global correlation of lower Cambriansuccessions from South Australia. A new early Cambrian biostratigraphy, based on data derived from 21measured stratigraphic sections and drill cores (11 described herein) reveals the abundance and diversity ofshelly fauna from the Arrowie Basin, and the value of early Cambrian “small shelly fossils” (SSF) for biostratigraphicstudies. Here we examine shelly fauna associated with the youngest of three recently establishedbiozones, the Dailyatia odyssei Taxon Range Zone (hereafter D. odyssei Zone), and their correlative potential.The D. odyssei Zone features a diverse suite of tommotiids, organophosphatic brachiopods, bradoriid arthropods,molluscs and phosphatic problematica. This fauna permits strong correlation (often at species-level) with othermajor early Cambrian terranes, particularly Antarctica, South China and Laurentia, and suggest a Cambrian Series2, Stages 3–4 age for the D. odyssei Zone. Bradoriids have proven to be useful biostratigraphic tools. Four newspeciesand three new genera are described herein: Acutobalteus sinuosus gen. et sp. nov., Eozhexiella adnyamathanha gen. etsp. nov., Manawarra jonesi gen. et sp. nov. and Mongolitubulus descensus sp. nov. The description of Eohadrotreta sp.cf. zhenbaensis represents the first occurrence of the acrotretoid brachiopod Eohadrotreta from Australia.
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11.
  • Betts, Marissa J, et al. (författare)
  • Integrated chronostratigraphy of the lower Cambrian Byrd Group, Transantarctic Mountains
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Antarctica and Australia were sutured together straddling the equator during the major pulse of animal biodiversification associated with the Cambrian radiation. However, lack of detailed systematic sampling of lower Cambrian sedimentary packages from Antarctica has significantly impeded precise age determination and correlation with other Cambrian paleocontinents, especially with other parts of East Gondwana. Here were present new, integrated biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic (δ13C isotopes) data from three stratigraphic sections measured through autochthonous shallow water carbonates (including archaeocyath-microbial bioherms) from the lower Cambrian Byrd Group in the Transantarctic Mountains. Recovered shelly fossil assemblages (brachiopods, tommotiids, molluscs, trilobites) from the Holyoake and Churchill Ranges include conspecific taxa previously described from Hawker Group rocks in the Arrowie Basin of South Australia facilitating direct correlation with the upper Dailyatia odyssei biozone. Synchronous chemostratigraphic data capture a distinctive positive ?13C excursion in the Churchill Range interpreted as the global Mingxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion (MICE) peak. A succeeding gradual negative ?13C excursion captured in the Churchill and Holyoake sections is interpreted as the global Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon Isotope Excursion (AECE) event. There is no chemostratigraphic evidence for the large Redlichiid-Olenellid Extinction Carbon Isotope Excursion (ROECE) negative event that straddles and defines the Cambrian Stage 4 – Miaolingian boundary. Hence, the integrated faunal and new chemostratigraphic data presented herein strongly support a Cambrian Stage 4 age for the upper Shackleton Limestone – Holyoake Formation – Starshot Formation succession of the Byrd Group.
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12.
  • Betts, Marissa, J., et al. (författare)
  • Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. - : Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut Paleobiologii (Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences). - 0567-7920 .- 1732-2421. ; 64:3, s. 489-522
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The lower Cambrian (Series 2) White Point Conglomerate (WPC) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia contains exoticclasts representing a diverse array of lithologies, including metamorphics, chert, sandstone, and abundant carbonates,notably archaeocyath-rich bioclastic limestone. Acetic acid digestion of the WPC bioclastic limestone clasts reveals adiverse shelly fauna. This assemblage includes abundant organophosphatic brachiopods such as Cordatia erinae Brockand Claybourn gen. et sp. nov., Curdus pararaensis, Eodicellomus elkaniformiis, Eohadrotreta sp. cf. E. zhenbaensis,Eoobolus sp., Kyrshabaktella davidii, and Schizopholis yorkensis. Additional shelly taxa include the solenopleurid trilobiteTrachoparia? sp., the tommotiids Dailyatia odyssei, Dailyatia decobruta Betts sp. nov., Kelanella sp., and Lapworthellafasciculata, spines of the bradoriid arthropod Mongolitubulus squamifer, and several problematica, such as Stoibostrombuscrenulatus and a variety of tubular forms. The upper age limit for the WPC is constrained by biostratigraphic data fromthe overlying Marsden Sandstone and Emu Bay Shale, which are no younger than the Pararaia janeae Trilobite Zone(Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4). The shelly fossil assemblage from the WPC limestone clasts indicates an upper Dailyatiaodyssei Zone (= Pararaia tatei to lower P. janeae trilobite zones), equivalent to the Atdabanian–early Botoman of theSiberian scheme. This contrasts with the previously suggested late Botoman age for the limestone clasts, based on the diversearchaeocyath assemblage. The minor age difference between the WPC and its fossiliferous limestone clasts suggestsrelatively rapid reworking of biohermal buildups during tectonically-active phases of deposition in the Stansbury Basin.
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13.
  • Brock, Glenn A., et al. (författare)
  • Early Ordovician brachiopods from the Emanuel Formation, Canning Basin, Western Australia
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. - : Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. - 0810-8889. ; :30, s. 113-132
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The lingulate brachiopods from the type section of the Emanuel Fonnation, Canning Basin, Western Australia are described. The fauna consists on new obolid taxa, Libecoviella divaricata n. sp., Wahwahlingula? emanuelensis n. sp., and Zhanatellidae n. gen? A, and two acrotretoids, Semitreta lauriei n. sp., and Ottenbyella shidertensis (Popov & Holmer, 1994). Contemporaneous trilobite and conodont faunas indicate a late Lancefieldian (La3) to mid Bendigonian (Be2) (=earliest Arenigian) age for the Emanuel Fonnation. The lingulate fauna is largely endemic at the species level, with minor faunal links to Kazakhstan and Bohemia.
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14.
  • Claybourn, Thomas M., 1989- (författare)
  • Biostratigraphy and Systematics of Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from East Antarctica and South Australia
  • 2021
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The remote lower Cambrian Byrd group of sedimentary rocks from East Antarctica has been studied intermittently since its discovery over a century ago. Previous insights into the trilobites and archaeocyaths indicated a close correlation to the sedimentary sequences of South Australia. The lowest unit of the Byrd Group is the fossiliferous Shackleton Limestone which overlies the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Beardmore Group and is representative of a long period of carbonate shelf formation on a passive margin with the palaeo-Pacific. This was truncated by marine transgression and the deposition of the deeper-water calcareous siltstones of the fossiliferous Holyoake Formation. This is overlain by the Starshot Formation and all three units are cross-cut by the Douglas Conglomerate, marking the start of a collisional tectonic regime between the East Gondwana and palaeo-Pacific plates. The first systematically sampled and analysed sections through the carbonate Shackleton Limestone and argillaceous Holyoake Formation has yielded a new fauna of small primarily phosphatic and secondarily phosphatised shelly fossils. The abundant molluscs, brachiopods and tommotiids are reported here. These findings are ideal for correlating this section to the fossil biozones of South Australia, including the Dailyatia odyssei small shelly fossil Zone and the Pararaia janeae trilobite Zone. Chemostratigraphic data from three sections preserve the profiles of two major stable carbon isotope excursions: the Mingxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion and the Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion. The combination of these two lines of evidence are a strong indicator for Cambrian Series 2, early-mid Stage 4. This is corroborated by newly described D. odyssei-P. janeae Zone small shelly fossils from the  carbonate clasts from the Cambrian Stage 4 White Point Conglomerate of South Australia which bear strong similarity to the fauna of the Shackleton Limestone. Palaeobiogeographically the fauna recovered from the Byrd Group is similar to the East Gondwanan region of South Australia, with similar brachiopod assemblages to those recovered from the Xinji Formation of North China and similar molluscan assemblages to the Bastion Formation of North-East Greenland.
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15.
  • Claybourn, Thomas M., 1989-, et al. (författare)
  • BRACHIOPODS FROM THE BYRD GROUP (CAMBRIAN SERIES 2, STAGE 4) CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, EAST ANTARCTICA: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Papers in Palaeontology. - : Wiley. - 2056-2799 .- 2056-2802. ; 6:3, s. 349-383
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brachiopods from Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4 carbonate strata of the Byrd Group in the Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica, are described for the first time. These include six lingulate, one paterinate, and one rhynchonelliform taxa, including the new lingulate brachiopod Plicarmus wildi gen. et sp. nov. The biostratigraphy correlates closely to the brachiopods recently reported from the Xinji Formation (Shuiyu section) in North China, as well as brachiopods recovered from the Dailyatia odyssei Zone across the Arrowie Basin of South Australia. These findings also support the previously identified close palaeobiogeography of these regions. The first unambiguous example of the acrotretid brachiopod Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis Li and Holmer outside South China is also identified in the context of its ontogenetic stages. Well preserved specimens of the acrotheloid Schizopholis yorkensis (Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al.) facilitates a new reconstruction of its musculature and visceral region. This data is synthesised into a new cladistic analysis that resolves Acrotheloidea as a well-supported monophyletic clade and supports previous hypotheses of a morphocline in acrotheloid evolution.
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16.
  • Claybourn, Thomas M, et al. (författare)
  • Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3–4 micromolluscs from the Shackleton Limestone, Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An assemblage of lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stages 3–4) molluscan fossils from the Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica is formally described and illustrated. The assemblage is composed of one bivalve and ten helcionelloid molluscs, including the first discovery of the genus Xinjispira outside North China. The new fauna shows some similarity to previously described micromollusc assemblages from lower Cambrian glacial erratics from the Antarctic Peninsula. The fauna of the Shackleton Limestone is mainly composed of steinkerns, and of relatively low diversity, but the presence of key taxa, including the molluscs Mackinnonia rostrata and Pojetaia runnegari and the tommotiid Dailyatia odyssei strengthens correlation to the newly defined Dailyatia oddysei Zone of South Australia
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17.
  • Claybourn, Thomas M., 1989- (författare)
  • Mollusks from the upper Shackleton Limestone (Cambrian Series 2), Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Paleontology. - USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-3360 .- 1937-2337. ; 93:3, s. 437-459
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An assemblage of Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3–4, conchiferan mollusks from the Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica, is formally described and illustrated. The fauna includes one bivalve, one macromollusk, and 10 micromollusks, including the first description of the species Xinjispira simplex Zhou and Xiao, 1984 outside North China. The new fauna shows some similarity to previously described micromollusks from lower Cambrian glacial erratics from the Antarctic Peninsula. The fauna, mainly composed of steinkerns, is relatively low diversity, but the presence of diagnostic taxa, including helcionelloid Davidonia rostrata (Zhou and Xiao, 1984), bivalve Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980, cambroclavid Cambroclavus absonus Conway Morris in Bengtson et al., 1990, and bradoriid Spinospitella coronata Skovsted et al., 2006, as well as the botsfordiid brachiopod Schizopholis yorkensis (Ushatinskaya and Holmer in Gravestock et al., 2001), in the overlying Holyoake Formation correlates the succession to the Dailyatia odyssei Zone (Cambrian Stages 3–4) in South Australia
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18.
  • Holmer, Lars E., 1960-, et al. (författare)
  • Evolutionary significance of a middle Cambrian (Series 3) in situ occurrence of the pedunculate rhynchonelliform brachiopod Nisusia sulcata
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Lethaia. - : Scandinavian University Press / Universitetsforlaget AS. - 0024-1164 .- 1502-3931. ; 51:3, s. 424-432
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Exceptionally preserved, silicified and articulated complete shells of the rhynchonelliform kutorginate brachiopod Nisusia sulcata are redescribed from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) Marjum Limestone, Utah. Cylindroid sausage-like protrusions, emerging posteriorly between the valves, were originally interpreted as faecal in origin, but restudy under the SEM shows that these features represent silicified pedicles as they are attached in situ to other Nisusia. The Nisusia host most likely was alive at the time of attachment. Restudy of the pedicles of Nisusia provides new phylogenetic information on the anatomy of the earliest rhynchonelliforms. The silicified pedicles differ considerably from the pedicles of living crown group rhynchonelliforms in being strongly annulated, distally tapering, and were likely to have been rather more flexible. The Nisusia pedicles are more similar to the exceptionally preserved pedicles from other Cambrian rhynchonelliform brachiopods, including Kutorgina, Longtancunella and Alisina, but these emerge from the ventral apical foramen rather than from between the valves as in Nisusia. Although generally similar, these two types of pedicles are unlikely to represent homologous structures as Nisusia is provided with both an apical foramen (possibly larval attachment) and a posterior adult pedicle. The similarities may be explained by similar type of accretionary growth from two different types of epithelia. The Nisusia-like pedicle appeared early within the kutorginates and rhynchonellates. The discovery of hollow spines in Nisusia sulcata further supports the generic assignation of the species.
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19.
  • Holmer, Lars E., et al. (författare)
  • First record of a bivalved larval shell in Early Cambrian tommotiids and its phylogenetic significance
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Palaeontology. - : Wiley. - 0031-0239 .- 1475-4983. ; 54:2, s. 235-239
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brachiopods are marine Lophotrochozoa whose soft parts are enclosed in a bivalved shell. Although brachiopods are represented by a rich record from the Early Cambrian to the present, the origin of their bivalved body plan remains controversial. The Early Cambrian organophosphatic tommotiids Micrina and Paterimitra from Australia have been proposed as stem brachiopods. Here, we describe their earliest ontogeny, indicating that tommotiids possessed bivalved planktotrophic larvae. The curious combinations of characters in Micrina and Paterimitra indicate that they may belong to the stems of the Linguliformea and Rhynchonelliformea, respectively. The bivalved shell of adult living brachiopods may represent a plesiomorphic character retained from planktic tommotiid larvae; the crown group body plan of the Brachiopoda may have evolved through the paedomorphic retention of a bivalved larval state.
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20.
  • Holmer, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • The expanding brachiopod stem-group – First record of Mickwitzia from the Early Cambrian of South Australia
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: 51st Palaeontological Association Annual Meeting. ; , s. 37-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • New findings of Mickwitzia in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia represent the first record of this important genus in eastern Gondwana and show that it had a nearly global distribution in the Early Cambrian. The new fossils come from the late Early Cambrian Ajax Limestone (Pararaia tatei trilobite biozone – late Atdabanian-Botoman equivalent) of Mount Scott in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The new Australian Mickwitzia show distinct similarities with the roughly coeval material from Canada, including evidence for a possible pedicle foramen. Mickwitzia is regarded to be a derived member of the brachiopod stem group and combine important traits of crown group brachiopods with characters that are otherwise found among the problematic, tommotiids (sensu lato), particularly Micrina. Most importantly the shells of Micrina and Mickwitzia are provided with penetrative setal canals that have been recorded in all available material of mickwitziids, including the new Australian material. Recent studies have showed that shell penetrative setae are more widely distributed among brachiopods than previously thought, and even are retained in some rhynchonelliform lineages.
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21.
  • Jacquet, Sarah, M., et al. (författare)
  • Watsonella crosbyi from the lower Cambrian (Terreneuvian, Stage 2) Normanville Group in South Australia
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Geological Magazine. - 0016-7568 .- 1469-5081. ; , s. 1-17
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Correlation of lower Cambrian strata is often confounded by provincialism of key fauna. The widespread occurrence of themicromollusc Watsonella crosbyi Grabau, 1900 is therefore an important biostratigraphic signpost with potential for international correlation of lower Cambrian successions. Previous correlations of W. crosbyi from Australia (Normanville Group) suggested an Atdabanian- to Botoman-equivalent age. However, in the upper part of the Mount Terrible Formation, stratigraphic ranges of W. crosbyi and Aldanella sp. cf. golubevi overlap prior to the incoming of vertically burrowed ‘piperock’, which is indicative of an age no earlier than Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range of W. crosbyi in the Normanville Group, South Australia correlates with the ranges of the taxon in China, France, Mongolia and Siberia (though not Newfoundland). The new Australian data add further support for considering the first occurrence of W. crosbyi a good potential candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Stage 2. The stratigraphic range of W. crosbyi through the lower Cambrian Normanville Group has been determined based on collections from measured sections. Although rare, W. crosbyi is part of an assemblage of micromolluscs including Bemella sp., Parailsanella sp. cf. murenica and a sinistral form of Aldanella (A. sp. cf. A. golubevi). Other fauna present include Australohalkieria sp., Eremactis mawsoni, chancelloriids and Cupitheca sp.
  •  
22.
  • Larsson, Cecilia M (författare)
  • Early Cambrian Problematic Lophotrochozoans and Dilemmas of Scleritome Reconstructions
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The emergence and radiation of metazoan body plans around the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, some 500-600 million years ago, seems to be concordant with the appearance and diversification of preservable hard parts. Several Precambrian soft-bodied, multicellular organisms most likely represent stem-group bilaterians, but their fossil record is rather sparse.  In contrast, the Cambrian fossil record is comparably rich – comprising hard part, trace fossil and delicate soft tissue preservation – and most animal phyla that we know of today had evolved by the end of the Cambrian. Consequently, this time represents an important period in the early evolution of metazoan life forms. Most skeletal remnants of invertebrate organisms from this period are preserved in incomplete, disarticulated sclerite assemblages, and the true architecture of the original skeletal structure, the scleritome, may therefore be hard to discern. Many scleritomous taxa have been suggested to be members of the lophotrochozoan clade, while their exact position within this group remains unclear. Such taxa are often referred to as Problematica. This thesis deals with some problematic scleritomous early Cambrian lophotrochozoans, and as such also addresses the dilemmas of scleritome reconstructions. In the first part, completely disarticulated calcareous sclerites from the lower Cambrian of North Greenland are described as Trachyplax arctica. Hypothetical scleritome reconstruction alternatives and comparisons to other scleritome-bearing taxa are discussed, but the lack of articulated material obscures any satisfactory conclusions regarding phylogenetic affinities and the original morphology of the organism. The other part of the thesis focuses on some minute, organophosphatic scleritomous metazoans, tommotiids, found in lower Cambrian limestone successions in South Australia – Paterimitra pyramidalis and Kulparina rostrata – their scleritome architecture and their phylogenetic relationship with paterinid brachiopods. The oldest brachiopod from South Australia, Askepasma saproconcha, and the slightly younger Askepasma toddense are also described and discussed. Based on articulated specimens, recently described partial scleritomes of the tommotiid Eccentrotheca helenia and similarities in shell ultrastructure with both Eccentrotheca and Askepasma, Paterimitra is interpreted as a stem-group brachiopod and reconstructed as a bilaterally symmetrical, sessile, filter feeder with a tubular/conical scleritome. The morphological similarities with Paterimitra point in the same direction for the slightly older Kulparina.
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23.
  • Larsson, Cecilia M., et al. (författare)
  • Paterimitra pyramidalis from South Australia : Scleritome, shell structure and evolution of a lower Cambrian stem group brachiopod
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Palaeontology. - : Wiley. - 0031-0239 .- 1475-4983. ; 57:2, s. 417-446
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The tommotiid Paterimitra pyramidalis Laurie, 1986, is redescribed based on well-preserved material from the lower Cambrian Wilkawillina, Wirrapowie and Ajax limestones of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The material shows that the scleritome of Paterimitra pyramidalis includes three sclerite morphotypes (S1, S2 and L). Detailed shell microstructure studies show striking similarities with both the paterinid brachiopod Askepasma toddense and the tommotiid Eccentrotheca helenia, which strengthens the suggested evolutionary link between tommotiids and brachiopods. Based on the partly articulated specimens and similarities in shell microstructure and sclerite morphology with Eccentrotheca, Paterimitra pyramidalis is reconstructed as a tube-dwelling, epifaunal, sessile, filter-feeder with an organic pedicle-like attachment structure. The proposed reconstruction of the scleritome comprises a basal unit composed of one S1 and one S2 sclerite, as well as an unresolved number of L sclerites lining a coniform tubular structure.
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24.
  • Pan, Bing, et al. (författare)
  • Early Cambrian organophosphatic brachiopods from the Xinji Formation, at Shuiyu section, Shanxi Province, North China
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Palaeoworld. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-174X .- 1875-5887. ; 29:3, s. 512-533
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abundant and diverse small shelly fossils have been reported from Cambrian Series 2 in North China, but the co-occurring brachiopods are still poorly known. Herein, we describe seven genera, five species and two undetermined species of organophosphatic brachiopods including one new genus and new species from the lower Cambrian Xinji Formation at Shuiyu section, located on the southern margin of North China Platform. The brachiopod assemblage comprises one mickwitziid (stem group brachiopoda), Paramickwitzia boreussinaensis n. gen. n. sp., a paterinide, Askepasma toddense Laurie, 1986, an acrotretoid, Eohadrotreta cf. zhenbaensis Li and Holmer, 2004, a botsfordiid, Schizopholis yorkensis (Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al., 2001) and three linguloids, Spinobolus sp., Eodicellomus cf. elkaniiformis Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al., 2001 and Eoobolus sp. This brachiopod assemblage suggests a late Age 3 to early Age 4 for the Xinji Formation and reveals a remarkably strong connection with coeval faunas from East Gondwana, particularly the Hawker Group in South Australia. The high degree of similarity (even at species level) further supports a close palaeogeographic position between the North China Platform and Australian East Gondwana during the early Cambrian as indicated by small shelly fossil data.
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25.
  • Pan, Bing, et al. (författare)
  • Paterimitra pyramidalis Laurie, 1986, the first tommotiid discovered from the early Cambrian of North China
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 63, s. 179-185
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The eccentrothecimorph tommotiid Paterimitra pyramidalis Laurie, 1986, was previously only known from lower Cambrian rocks of the Northern Territory and South Australia. Herein, we document the first occurrence of P. pyramidalis from the Xinji Formation in the Shuiyu section at Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province, located at the southwestern margin of the North China Platform. This represents the first report of a tommotiid taxon from lower Cambrian strata of the North China Platform. All three sclerite types that characterise the scleritome of P. pyramidalis have been recovered and are described, permitting definitive identification to species level. The discovery of P. pyramidalis fromthe North China Platformnot only greatly extends the palaeogeographic range of this distinctive tommotiid taxon, but also supports planktotrophic development of larvae in Paterimitra as a stem group brachiopod. The discovery of P. pyramidalis supports a Cambrian, Epoch 2, late Age 3 to early Age 4 age for the shelly fossil fauna from the Xinji Formation and indicates a close palaeogeographic position between the North China Platform and Australian East Gondwana during the early Cambrian.
  •  
26.
  • Paterson, John R., et al. (författare)
  • An early Cambrian faunule from the Koolywurtie Limestone Member (Parara Limestone), Yorke Peninsula, South Australia and its biostratigraphic significance
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. - 0810-8889. ; 34, s. 131-146
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An early Cambrian shelly faunule from the Koolywurtie Limestone Member (Parara Limestone) at Teppers Knoll on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, includes lingulate brachiopods, a variety of small shelly fossils such as tommotiids, hyolithelminth tubes and orthothecides, chancelloriid sclerites, sponge spicules, in addition to the oldest known occurrence of the redlichioid trilobite Xela. Correlation using faunas from other South Australian successions suggests that the member, in addition to the archaeocyathan fauna referred to as the ‘Syringocnema favus beds’, are early Botoman (pre-Pararaia janeae Zone) in age.
  •  
27.
  • Paterson, John R., et al. (författare)
  • Oikozetetes from the early Cambrian of South Australia : implications for halkieriid affinities and functional morphology
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Lethaia. - : Scandinavian University Press / Universitetsforlaget AS. - 0024-1164 .- 1502-3931. ; 42:2, s. 199-203
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Paterson, J.R., Brock, G.A. & Skovsted, C.B. 2009: Oikozetetes from the early Cambrian of South Australia: implications for halkieriid affinities and functional morphology. Lethaia, Vol. 42, pp. 199-203 Shells of Oikozetetes and isolated halkieriid sclerites from a section of the lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, are tentatively considered as being derived from the same scleritome. Details of shell morphology and the possible combination of biomineralized shell and sclerites suggest that Oikozetetes, if interpreted correctly, is closely related to Halkieria. A new interpretation of Oikozetetes shell morphology, in addition to the first report of paired muscle scars on the interior surface, sheds new light on the possible functional morphology of halkieriid shells and the means of attaching the shell to the body. The occurrence of Oikozetetes in South Australia extends its biostratigraphic range to the lower Cambrian and biogeographic range to East Gondwana.
  •  
28.
  • Skovsted, Christian, 1974- (författare)
  • Associated conchs and opercula of Triplicatella disdoma (Hyolitha) from the early Cambrian of South Australia
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Alcheringa. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0311-5518 .- 1752-0754. ; 38:1, s. 148-153
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Internal moulds of complete shells, including conch and associated opercula, of the hyolith Triplicatella disdoma from Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3–4 of South Australia are described. The conch of T. disdoma is shown to be narrow and cone-shaped, and with a rounded triangular cross-section. The conch shows a gentle dorsal curvature in lateral view. The fossils lack evidence of helens, and the operculum was smaller than the apertural diameter of the conch and could be withdrawn a short distance into the conch. Triplicatella was probably closely related to orthothecid hyoliths.
  •  
29.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • Early Cambrian record of failed durophagy and shell repair in an epibenthic mollusc
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Biology Letters. - : The Royal Society. - 1744-9561 .- 1744-957X. ; 3:3, s. 314-317
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Predation is arguably one of the main driving forces of early metazoan evolution, yet the fossil record of predation during the Ediacaran–Early Cambrian transition is relatively poor. Here, we present direct evidence of failed durophagous (shell-breaking) predation and subsequent shell repair in the Early Cambrian (Botoman) epibenthic mollusc Marocella from the Mernmerna Formation and Oraparinna Shale in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. This record pushes back the first appearance of durophagy on molluscs by approximately 40 Myr.
  •  
30.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • First occurrence of a new Ocruranus-like helcionelloid mollusc from the lower Cambrian of East Gondwana
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 22:1, s. 256-261
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A new cap-shaped mollusc, Emargimantus angulatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Arrowie Basin of South Australia. The new species is closely comparable to mollusc species from South China and North-East Greenland previously described under the generic name Ocruranus Liu, a genus recently reinterpreted as a multiplated, possibly polyplacophoran mollusc. Emargimantus is interpreted as a univalved helcionelloid mollusc and differs from Ocruranus in both morphology and function. E. angulatus represents the first discovery of Ocruranus-like helcionelloids in the lower Cambrian of eastern Gondwana and demonstrates that these molluscs had a global distribution during the early Cambrian.
  •  
31.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • Sclerite fusion in the problematic early Cambrian spine-like fossil Stoibostrombus from South Australia
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of Geosciences. - : Czech Geological Survey. - 1214-1119 .- 1802-8225. ; 86:3, s. 651-658
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • New collections of the problematic spine like fossil Stoibostrombus crenulatus Conway Morris & Bengtson from the Mt. Scott Range and Wilkawillina Gorge in the central Flinders Ranges, South Australia contain fused sclerite composites. In each fused specimen the spines are merged along their lateral margins and the orientation of the spines is almost identical. These new specimens confirm that Stoibostrombus spines were dermal sclerites, arranged in lateral pairs or transverse rows. The nature of the animal secreting the spines remains elusive, but available evidence suggest that it was an ecdysozoan animal, possibly a palaeoscolecid worm.
  •  
32.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • Scleritome construction, biofacies, biostratigraphy and systematics of the tommotiid Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. from the Early Cambrian of South Australia
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Palaeontology. - : Wiley. - 0031-0239 .- 1475-4983. ; 54, s. 253-286
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Large collections of Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. from the lower Cambrian Wilkawillina and Ajax limestones in the Arrowie Basin, South Australia, contain abundant low, cap-shaped and high, laterally compressed isolated sclerites in addition to partially articulated tubular specimens. The scleritome of Eccentrotheca helenia sp. nov. is fully described for the first time and shown to be formed by ontogenetic fusion of sclerites into successively stacked sclerite rings, forming a larger, tubular structure. The apical termination of the tube is highly variable, but is primarily constructed by low, cap-shaped sclerites and characterised by a central aperture of variable inclination. The adapical portion of the tube is predominantly constructed by high, laterally compressed sclerites, but individual sclerite rings can contain both cap-shaped and laterally compressed sclerites along with sclerites of intermediate morphology. The apical aperture presumably housed organic structures for attachment to a hard substrate, but the scleritome also occasionally preserves small lateral perforations between fused sclerites, which may have served to stabilise the scleritome by providing additional points of anchorage. In the Arrowie Basin, E. helenia is found in association with archaeocyath-microbial-spongiomorph-dominated bioherms and most likely inhabited pendant or cryptic habitats within these bioherms. Eccentrotheca-like sclerites form an integral part of the scleritomes of many tommotiids which may confuse taxonomic analysis. Sclerites previously assigned to 'E.' guano, consistently occur together with sclerites of Kulparina rostrata in stratigraphic intervals consistently older than strata hosting E. helenia. Rare fused specimens indicate that the sclerites of K. rostrata and 'E.' guano belong to the same scleritome.
  •  
33.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • The scleritome of Eccentrotheca from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia : Lophophorate affinities and implications for tommotiid phylogeny
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Geology. - 0091-7613 .- 1943-2682. ; 36:2, s. 171-174
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The first partially articulated scleritome of a tommotiid, Eccentrotheca sp., is described from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia. The Eccentrotheca scleritome consists of individual sclerites; fused in a spiral arrangement, forming a tapering tube-shaped skeleton with an inclined apical aperture and a circular to subcircular cross section. Traditionally, tommotiid sclerites have been assumed to form a dorsal armor of imbricating phosphatic plates in slug-like bilaterians, analogous to the calcareous sclerites of halkieriids. The structure of the Eceentrotheca scleritome is here reinterpreted as a tube composed of independent, irregularly shaped sclerites growing by basal-marginal accretion that were successively fused to form a rigid, protective tubular structure. The asymmetrical shape and sometimes acute inclination of the apical aperture suggests that the apical part of the scleritome was cemented to a hard surface via a basal disc, from which it projected vertically. Rather than being a vagrant member of the benthos, Eccentrotheca most likely represented a sessile, vermiform filter feeder. The new data suggest that the affinities of Eccentrotheca, and possibly some other problematic tommotiids, lie with the lophophorates (i.e., the phoronids and brachiopods), a clade that also possesses a phosphatic shell chemistry and a sessile life habit.
  •  
34.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • The scleritome of Paterimitra : an Early Cambrian stem group brachiopod from South Australia
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 276:1662, s. 1651-1656
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Early Cambrian tommotiids are problematic fossil metazoans with external organophosphatic sclerites that have been considered to be basal members of the lophophorate stem group. Tommotiids are almost exclusively known from isolated or rarely fused individual sclerites, which made previous reconstructions of the actual organism highly conjectural. However, the recent discovery of the first articulated specimens of the tommotiid Eccentrotheca revealed a tubular sclerite arrangement (scleritome) that limited the possible life habit to sessile filter feeding and thus further supported a lophophorate affinity. Here, we report the first articulated specimens of a second tommotiid taxon, Paterimitra from the Early Cambrian of the Arrowie Basin, South Australia. Articulated specimens of Paterimitra are composed of two bilaterally symmetrical sclerite types and an unresolved number of small, asymmetrical and irregular crescent-shaped sclerites that attached to the anterior margin of the symmetrical sclerites. Together, the sclerites form an open cone in which the symmetrical sclerites are joined together and form a small posterior opening near the base of the scleritome, while the irregular crescent-shaped sclerites defined a broad anterior opening. The coniform scleritome of Paterimitra is interpreted to have attached to hard substrates via a pedicle that emerged through the small posterior opening ( sometimes forming a tube) and was probably a sessile filter feeder. The scleritome of Paterimitra can be derived from the tubular scleritome of Eccentrotheca by modification of basal sclerites and reduction in tube height, and probably represents a more derived member of the brachiopod stem group with the paired symmetrical sclerites possibly homologous to brachiopod valves.
  •  
35.
  • Skovsted, Christian B., et al. (författare)
  • The tommotiid Camenella reticulosa from the early Cambrian of South Australia : Morphology, scleritome reconstruction, and phylogeny
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. - : Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut Paleobiologii (Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences). - 0567-7920 .- 1732-2421. ; 54:3, s. 525-540
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The tommotiid Camenella reticulosa is redescribed based on new collections of well preserved sclerites from the Arrowie Basin (Flinders Ranges), South Australia, revealing new information concerning morphology and microstructure. The acutely pyramidal mitral sclerite is described for the first time and the sellate sclerite is shown to be coiled through up to 1.5 whorls. Based on Camenella, a model is proposed by which tommotiid sclerites are composed of alternating dense phosphatic, and presumably originally organic-rich, laminae. Camenella is morphologically most similar to Lapworthella, Kennardia, and Dailyatia, and these taxa are interpreted to represent a monophyletic clade, here termed the "camenellans", within the Tommotiida. Potential reconstructions of the scleritome of Camenella are discussed and although a tubular scleritome construction was recently demonstrated for the tommotiids Eccentrotheca and Paterimitra, a bilaterally symmetrical scleritome model with the sclerites arranged symmetrically on the dorsal surface of a vagrant animal can not be ruled out.
  •  
36.
  • Skovsted, Christian, et al. (författare)
  • Eccentrotheca from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia – the first known tommotiid scleritome and its biological implications
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: 51st Palaeontological Association Annual Meeting. ; , s. 55-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The discovery of the first partially articulated scleritome of a tommotiid, Eccentrotheca sp. from the Lower Cambrian of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia necessitates a complete revision of the gross morphology and biological function of the problematic tommotiids. The scleritome of Eccentrotheca is an expanding tubular structure with a circular cross-section that was formed by the episodic merging of individual cone-shaped sclerites. The basal region of the tube has an open aperture, the morphology and inclination of which varies considerably. Growth patterns in the apical region indicate that the aperture housed structures that helped anchor the tube to a hard substrate. The Eccentrotheca animal is consequently reinterpreted as a sessile, epibiotic filter-feeder. This model contrasts sharply to all previously published models of tommotiid animals, which almost without exception envisages a slug-like animal with a dorsal cover of imbricating sclerites (modelled after the scleritome of the coeval halkieriid animal). Tommotiids have been suggested to fall within the stem group of the Brachiopoda, mainly based on the organophosphatic composition and brachiopod-like shell structure of some tommotiids. The sessile, filter-feeding lifestyle inferred from the scleritome of Eccentrotheca appears to strengthen the lophophorate hypothesis of tommotiid relationships, although the tubicous habit of the scleritome is more reminiscent of phoronids than brachiopods.
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37.
  • Skovsted, Christian, 1974- (författare)
  • The early Cambrian tommotiid genus Dailyatia from South Australia
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Association of Australiasian Palaeontologists, Memoir. - : Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. - 0810-8889. ; 48, s. 1-117
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia is one of the most common fossils in shallow water carbonates from Cambrian Stages 2-4 in South Australia (Arrowie and Stansbury basins). Six species of Dailyatia are analysed and new terminology for describing camenellan sclerites is introduced. Dailyatia sclerites are found in three fundamental sclerite types (A-C), each of which may be present in one to three sub-types depending on species. The previously described species Dailyatia ajax Bischoff 1976 and D. macroptera (Tate 1892) are revised and four additional species are described for the first time from South Australia. These include D. odyssei Evans & Rowell 1990, previously known only from Antarctica, and two new species; D. bacata sp. nov. and D. helica sp. nov. as well as a species left under open nomenclature. Two of the recognised species (D. macroptera and D. helica) occur in two different ecophenotypic variants. Species and variants are defined by differences in sclerite types present in the scleritome, sclerite morphology and ornament. The sclerites of Dailyatia are finely laminated with distal expansion of laminae supporting the prominent concentric ribs. The external surface is covered by a fine reticulate network which indicates that the sclerites were at least partly embedded in soft integument. The pattern of incremental growth reveals specific initial and possible gerontic growth stages with unique surface sculptures. Evidence of physical damage and growth disturbances is common in Dailyatia sclerites and many specimens reveal preferential abrasion of the apex. Apical canals are present in all sclerites and are connected to specialised internal apical structures.The internal surface of the sclerites in most species reveals raised platforms and depressed, scar like areas forming unique patterns in each sclerite type, presumably representing muscular attachment. Two specimens revealing ontogenetic fusion of Dailyatia sclerites have been recovered. Based on all available evidence, a new reconstruction of the Dailyatia scleritome is proposed. In the reconstruction, a central row of A and paired B sclerites is flanked on both sides by one or two lateral rows of C sclerites. The exact number of sclerites may vary between species. This reconstruction is based on an assumed slug-like bodyplan and the Dailyatia animal is considered to be a vagrant, benthic animal living in and around archaeocyathan-microbial buildups and in other shallow water carbonate environments.
  •  
38.
  • Skovsted, Christian, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • The early Cambrian tommotiid Kulparina rostrata from South Australia
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Paleontology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-3360 .- 1937-2337. ; 89:6, s. 920-932
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The early Cambrian (Terreneuvian, Stage 2) tommotiid Kulparina rostrata Conway Morris and Bengtson in Bengtson et al., 1990 is revised. The pyramidal sclerites of K. rostrata are shown to be bilaterally symmetrical and homologues of the symmetrical S1 sclerites of Paterimitra pyramidalis Laurie, 1986. The scleritome of K. rostrata is also shown to include flattened asymmetrical sclerites that were originally described under the name Eccentrotheca guano Bengtson in Bengtson et al., 1990 and which correspond to the L-sclerites of Paterimitra. A modified tubular scleritome and a sessile filter-feeding mode of life is envisaged for Kulparina rostrata.
  •  
39.
  • Skovsted, Christian, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • The operculum andmode of life of the lower Cambrian hyolith Cupitheca from South Australia and North China
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-0182 .- 1872-616X. ; 443, s. 123-130
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The operculum of the problematic tubular fossil Cupitheca holocyclata Bengtson in Bengtson et al., (1990) is described for the first time based on collections from South Australia and North China. The phosphatized sub-circular operculum exhibits well defined cardinal processes and a narrow cardinal shield unequivocally demonstrating that Cupitheca is a hyolith, probably an orthothecid. C. holocyclata has an almost global distribution in Cambrian Stages 3–4. The apical structure of the operculum is an elevated, disc-shaped platform with a concave base and a marginal rim that could represent the scar of a specialized larval attachment structure, perhaps anchoring the larval hyolith to a sediment grain, algae or other benthic substrate. Cupitheca probably had a pelagic larval stage and settled on the seafloor by attachment of the apical disc to suitable substrates before developing a free-living benthic adult lifestyle. This contrasting mode of life compared to other hyolith genera suggests that the group had already evolved a range of distinct lifestyles in the Cambrian, providing significant clues into their ecology and distribution.
  •  
40.
  • Teece, Bronwyn L., et al. (författare)
  • Using laser micropyrolysis to assess potential relationships between Cambrian tommotiids and organophosphatic brachiopods
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 158, s. 105277-105277
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Laser micropyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables researchers to selectively obtain chemical information about the organic matter in specific parts of a variety of specimens, such as coals and fossils, in order to elucidate chemical composition. This paper briefly reviews the history of this type of pyrolysis and examines whether the technique can be used to isolate and recover biogeochemical signatures directly from the mineralised organophosphatic sclerites of Cambrian tommotiids—a group of enigmatic lophotrochozoans—and potentially related organophosphatic brachiopods. We analysed specimens of two tommotiids (Micrina etheridgei and Dailyatia sp.) and the paterinate brachiopod Askepasma toddense from the lower Cambrian of South Australia. Pyrolysate hydrocarbons from the sclerites of these species were detected and compared. Results indicate that A. toddense is more chemically complex than either of the two tommotiid taxa, but that M. etheridgei is compositionally more similar to A. toddense. Importantly, this study has demonstrated that laser micropyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Cambrian organophosphatic small shelly fossils yields detectable pyrolysates that have geochemical significance. It will be analytically possible and useful in the future to apply this technique to a larger sample set to elucidate deep time biogeochemical homologies, and to test intra-shell heterogeneity.
  •  
41.
  • Topper, Timothy P., et al. (författare)
  • Microdictyon plates from the lower Cambrian Ajax Limestone of South Australia : Implications for species taxonomy and diversity
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Alcheringa. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0311-5518 .- 1752-0754. ; 35:3, s. 427-443
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A small assemblage of isolated Microdictyon plates is described from the lower Cambrian Ajax Limestone, Mt Scott Range (Flinders Ranges), South Australia. Microdictyon plates are primarily known from single, isolated, perforated phosphatic sclerites; only one species (M. sinicum) from the Chengjiang Lagerstatte is known from soft-bodied preservation of the complete organism. The isolated plates from South Australia display a wide range of morphologies potentially reflecting: 1, considerable diversification within the group at this time; 2, extensive intraspecific morphological variation; 3, different plate morphotypes along the trunk of the animal; or 4, significant ontogenetic variation in successive growth stages. The South Australian specimens are similar to several individual sclerites described from other Cambrian palaeocontinents, but appear closest to faunas described from South China. Problems associated with the taxonomy of isolated Microdictyon plates are discussed, including the lack of knowledge associated with intraspecific and/or ontogenetic variability and how individual plate morphology may relate to size or relative position along the length of the complete organism.
  •  
42.
  • Topper, Timothy P., et al. (författare)
  • New Bradoriids from the Lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation, South Australia: Systematics, Biostratigraphy And Biogeography
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. - 0810-8889. ; 33, s. 67-100
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An assemblage of bradoriid arthropods from the Mernmerna Formation in the Donkey Bore Syncline, central Flinders Ranges, South Australia contains eleven species, including three species of the enigmatic ornamented spine Mongolitubulus. Four new taxa are described, Onagrocharion tuberosus gen. et sp. nov., Amphikeropsis myklosis gen. et sp. nov., Hipponicharion australis sp. nov. and Mongolitubulus unispinosa sp. nov. The presence of Hipponicharion australis sp. nov. in the upper Mernmerna Formation represents the first occurence of the genus in Australia and extends the biogeographic range of Hipponicharion to eastern Gondwana. Bradoriid specimens of Mongolitubulus unispinosa sp. nov. exhibiting a single mature ornamented spine attached to the central portion of the carapace provides definitive evidence of a bradoriid affinity for the enigmatic, widespread Mongolitubulus small shelly fossil taxon. The assemblage includes several species that facilitate correlation with the Stansbury Basin of South Australia, but also with faunas from other Cambrian palaeocontinents, including Antarctica and Laurentia.
  •  
43.
  • Topper, Timothy P., et al. (författare)
  • Palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments with Hadimopanella plates from the early Cambrian of South Australia
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Geological Magazine. - 0016-7568 .- 1469-5081. ; 147:1, s. 86-97
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Phosphatized articulated palaeoscolecid scleritome fragments with attached Hadimopanella Gedik, 1977 plates are described from the lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation of South Australia. Hadimopanella is principally known from single, isolated, button-shaped, phosphatic sclerites. The new articulated material from South Australia reveals for the first time the configuration of plates referable to Hadimopanella within the scleritome. The scleritome fragments represent the main trunk sections of the cuticle with anterior and posterior terminations lacking. Each annulus on the trunk is ornamented by rows of irregularly alternating Hadimopanella plates. The large majority of plates display a single, centrally located, conical node referable to the form species H. apicata Wrona, 1982. However, individual plates display considerable morphological variation with plates situated along the flattened trunk margin identical to the form species H. antarctica Wrona, 1987. The South Australian material displays the detailed scleritome configuration of cuticular plates and platelets and demonstrates irrefutably that plates of the form species H. apicata and H. antarctica occur as mineralized cuticular elements on the same palaeoscolecid scleritome.
  •  
44.
  • Topper, Timothy P., et al. (författare)
  • The oldest bivalved arthropods from the early Cambrian of East Gondwana : Systematics, biostratigraphy and biogeography
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Gondwana Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1342-937X .- 1878-0571. ; 19:1, s. 310-326
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The oldest bradoriid fauna from Australia, occurring in the lower Cambrian Ajax and Wirrapowie limestones of the Hinders Ranges, South Australia consists of eleven taxa, including one new genus and species, Quadricona madonnae gen. et sp. nov. and two new species, Liangshanella circumbolina sp. nov. and Zepaera jagoi sp. nov. In the Ajax Limestone, Liangshanella circumbolina sp. nov. occurs c. 20 m below the FAD of the zonal trilobite Abadiella huoi. This pre-trilobitic occurrence represents the oldest bivalved arthropod hitherto known from East Gondwana and suggests a lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) age for the assemblage. The recognition of distinct bradoriid assemblages associated with the Abadiella huoi (Atdabanian). Pararaia tatei, P. bunyerooensis and P. janeae (all Botoman) trilobite biozones in South Australia indicates great potential for future regional biostratigraphic correlation. Quantitative biogeographic analysis including new taxonomic data from the lower Cambrian of South Australia, highlights the strong endemism displayed by early Cambrian bradoriid communities and strengthens the close faunal affinities with South China and Antarctica.
  •  
45.
  • Yun, Hao, et al. (författare)
  • Biomineralization of the Cambrian chancelloriids
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Geology. - : Geological Society of America. - 0091-7613 .- 1943-2682. ; 49, s. 623-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As extinct animals that flourished during the Cambrian explosion, chancelloriids have a unique body plan lacking guts but with a flexible integument and a suite of star-shaped, hollow sclerites. Due to this body plan, along with the paucity of knowledge on sclerite biomineralization, the phylogenetic position of chancelloriids within the Metazoa is still controversial. Integration of analyses of diverse fossils from Cambrian stage 2 to the Wuliuan Stage of China and Australia indicates that chancelloriid sclerites possess an encasement-like organic layer and a fibrous aragonitic layer. The organic layer is inferred to be a specialized trait derived from the epidermal integument of the animal body. The sclerites were likely biomineralized by using the outer organic layer as a template to absorb cations and precipitate crystal nuclei, reflecting a strategy adopted by a range of eumetazoans with a developed epidermis. Therefore, the hypothesis that chancelloriids represent an epitheliozoan-grade animal and an early explorer of template-based biomineralization is supported.
  •  
46.
  • Zhang, Zhifei, et al. (författare)
  • A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early Cambrian and its implications
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - London : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 3, s. 1-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Lophotrochozoa includes disparate tentacle-bearing sessile protostome animals, which apparently appeared in the Cambrian explosion, but lack an uncontested fossil record. Here we describe abundant well preserved material of Cotyledion tylodes Luo et Hu, 1999, from the Cambrian (Series 2) Chengjiang deposits, reinterpreted here as a stem-group entoproct. The entoproct affinity is supported by the sessile body plan and interior soft anatomy. The body consists of an upper calyx and a lower elongate stalk with a distal holdfast. The soft anatomy includes a U-shaped gut with a mouth and aboral anus ringed by retractable marginal tentacles. Cotyledion differs from extant entoprocts in being larger, and having the calyx and the stalk covered by numerous loosely-spaced external sclerites. The description of entoprocts from the Chengjiang biota traces the ancestry of yet another lophotrochozoan phylum back to the Cambrian radiation, and has important implications for the earliest evolution of lophotrochozoans.
  •  
47.
  • Zhang, Zhifei, et al. (författare)
  • An early Cambrian agglutinated tubular lophophorate with brachiopod characters
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 4:4682, s. 1-7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The morphological disparity of lophotrochozoan phyla makes it difficult to predict the morphology of the last common ancestor. Only fossils of stem groups can help discover the morphological transitions that occurred along the roots of these phyla. Here, we describe a tubular fossil Yuganotheca elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagersta¨tte (Yunnan, China) that exhibits an unusual combination of phoronid, brachiopod and tommotiid (Cambrian problematica) characters, notably a pair of agglutinated valves, enclosing a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, supported by a lower bipartite tubular attachment structure with a long pedicle with coelomic space. The terminal bulb of the pedicle provided anchorage in soft sediment. The discovery has important implications for the early evolution of lophotrochozoans, suggesting rooting of brachiopods into the sessile lophotrochozoans and the origination of their bivalved bauplan preceding the biomineralization of shell valves in crown brachiopods.
  •  
48.
  • Zhang, Zhifei, et al. (författare)
  • An encrusting kleptoparasite-host interaction from the early Cambrian
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Parasite–host systems are pervasive in nature but are extremely difficult to convincingly identify in the fossil record. Here we report quantitative evidence of parasitism in the form of a unique, enduring life association between tube-dwelling organisms encrusted to densely clustered shells of a monospecific organophosphatic brachiopod assemblage from the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) of South China. Brachiopods with encrusting tubes have decreased biomass (indicating reduced fitness) compared to individuals without tubes. The encrusting tubes orient tightly in vectors matching the laminar feeding currents of the host, suggesting kleptoparasitism. With no convincing parasite–host interactions known from the Ediacaran, this widespread sessile association reveals intimate parasite–host animal systems arose in early Cambrian benthic communities and their emergence may have played a key role in driving the evolutionary and ecological innovations associated with the Cambrian radiation.
  •  
49.
  • Zhang, Zhiliang, et al. (författare)
  • Fossil evidence unveils an early Cambrian origin for Bryozoa
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 599:7884, s. 251-255
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bryozoans (also known as ectoprocts or moss animals) are aquatic, dominantly sessile, filter-feeding lophophorates that construct an organic or calcareous modular colonial (clonal) exoskeleton. The presence of six major orders of bryozoans with advanced polymorphisms in lower Ordovician rocks strongly suggests a Cambrian origin for the largest and most diverse lophophorate phylum. However, a lack of convincing bryozoan fossils from the Cambrian period has hampered resolution of the true origins and character assembly of the earliest members of the group. Here we interpret the millimetric, erect, bilaminate, secondarily phosphatized fossil Protomelission gatehousei from the early Cambrian of Australia and South China as a potential stem-group bryozoan. The monomorphic zooid capsules, modular construction, organic composition and simple linear budding growth geometry represent a mixture of organic Gymnolaemata and biomineralized Stenolaemata character traits, with phylogenetic analyses identifying P. gatehousei as a stem-group bryozoan. This aligns the origin of phylum Bryozoa with all other skeletonized phyla in Cambrian Age 3, pushing back its first occurrence by approximately 35 million years. It also reconciles the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of an early Cambrian origination and subsequent Ordovician radiation of Bryozoa following the acquisition of a carbonate skeleton.
  •  
50.
  • Zhang, Zhiliang, et al. (författare)
  • Go large or go conical : allometric trajectory of an early Cambrian acrotretide brachiopod
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Palaeontology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0031-0239 .- 1475-4983. ; 64:5, s. 727-741
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Acrotretides are extinct micromorphic brachiopods that exhibited considerable morphological variation during their rapid evolution in the early Palaeozoic. The plano-conical shells of acrotretides are distinct in comparison to other brachiopod groups and despite their diversity and abundance in early Palaeozoic communities, their origins, early evolution, life history and phylogeny are poorly understood. Here, we employ advanced geometric morphometrics to quantitatively investigate ontogenetic variation and allometry in the ventral valve of the oldest known acrotretide species from the early Cambrian of South China. Our results identify substantial shape variation for Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis, along with a parabolic morphological trajectory through ontogeny, demonstrating a remarkable reversal to PC1 values equivalent to those obtained for juveniles, during later ontogenetic stages. The evolutionary novel body plan (diminutive and plano-conical) of Acrotretida was established gradually during two phases of allometry, formed initially during the final stage of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation from an ancestral low, equivalved lingulide body plan. The development of a conical shaped valve seems to have resulted in an overall smaller body size, when compared with non-conical forms. The heterochronic processes responsible for generating these ontogenetic modifications at different allometric phases may have facilitated the evolutionary diversification of acrotretide brachiopods during the early Palaeozoic.
  •  
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