| 1. |
- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Epilogue - Doing Longitudinal Research
- 2021
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Ingår i: Prosperity in Rural Africa? : Insights into Wealth, Assets, and Poverty from Longitudinal Studies in Tanzania - Insights into Wealth, Assets, and Poverty from Longitudinal Studies in Tanzania. - 9780198865872
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Ricing Fortunes : agricultural growth, farm intensification and paddy specialization in two Tanzanian villages
- 2021
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Ingår i: Prosperity in Rural Africa? : Insights into Wealth, Assets and Poverty from Tanzania - Insights into Wealth, Assets and Poverty from Tanzania. - : Oxford University PressOxford. - 9780198865872 ; , s. 237-257
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories of agricultural transformation commonly focus on changes in the availability of land, and the closing of land frontiers, and on the levels and sorts of technology that the changing availability of land and labour precipitate. However these theories have to take into account changing gender relations which affect the relations of production, as well as injections of capital from outside these agricultural systems. Using the AFRINT database this chapter explores the growth and flourishing of irrigated rice farming in two villages in Kilombero, Morogoro Region. It reports considerable transformations in the productivity of small-holder rice cultivation in these sites. These have followed from technological changes (mechanization and new seed varieties) as well as improved economic returns from rice. A difference emerges from these villages of not intensification driven by land scarcity, or by mechanization, but of divergent causes behind technological change including migration and new market opportunities.
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| 3. |
- Brockington, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Economic growth, rural assets and prosperity : exploring the implications of a 20-year record of asset growth in Tanzania
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Modern African Studies. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-278X .- 1469-7777. ; 56:2, s. 217-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measures of poverty based on consumption suggest that recent economic growth in many African countries has not been inclusive, particularly in rural areas. We argue that measures of poverty using assets may provide a different picture. We present data based on recent re-surveys of Tanzanian households first visited in the early 1990s. These demonstrate a marked increase in prosperity from high levels of poverty. It does not, however, follow that these improvements derive from GDP growth. We consider the implications of this research for further explorations of the relationship between economic growth and agricultural policy in rural areas.
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| 4. |
- Leebens-Mack, James H., et al.
(författare)
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One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 574:7780, s. 679-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green plants (Viridiplantae) include around 450,000-500,000 species(1,2) of great diversity and have important roles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, as part of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative, we sequenced the vegetative transcriptomes of 1,124 species that span the diversity of plants in a broad sense (Archaeplastida), including green plants (Viridiplantae), glaucophytes (Glaucophyta) and red algae (Rhodophyta). Our analysis provides a robust phylogenomic framework for examining the evolution of green plants. Most inferred species relationships are well supported across multiple species tree and supermatrix analyses, but discordance among plastid and nuclear gene trees at a few important nodes highlights the complexity of plant genome evolution, including polyploidy, periods of rapid speciation, and extinction. Incomplete sorting of ancestral variation, polyploidization and massive expansions of gene families punctuate the evolutionary history of green plants. Notably, we find that large expansions of gene families preceded the origins of green plants, land plants and vascular plants, whereas whole-genome duplications are inferred to have occurred repeatedly throughout the evolution of flowering plants and ferns. The increasing availability of high-quality plant genome sequences and advances in functional genomics are enabling research on genome evolution across the green tree of life.
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| 5. |
- Årlin, Camilla, 1972-
(författare)
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Becoming Wilderness : a topological study of Tarangire, Northern Tanzania 1890-2004
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Based on field and archival research, Becoming Wilderness analyses the fluid constructs of game preservation and their affect within networks and landscapes to the west of Tarangire National Park, Northern Tanzania from the late 19th Century until the present. The initial query of this thesis is how and why Tarangire comes to be separated as different from its surrounding (on the map and within policy) and what this has entailed for what is ‘within’ and ‘outside’. This thesis is written to add to the understanding of how ‘one of Tanzania’s most spectacular wilderness areas’ was created, in order to problematize and deepen the understanding of the factual people/park conflicts and entanglements existing there today. Through a topological investigation, it shows Tarangire’s transformation from peripheral to central and the simultaneous transformation of peopled landscapes from central to borderlands. Based on interviews, focus groups and archival research the thesis firstly investigates the transformation of peopled landscapes to the west of Tarangire National Park. Secondly it analyses the alternations in the tsetse geography that has previously been claimed to be the root cause behind the creation of the park, pointing to the fluid and relational character of tsetse landscapes. Thirdly, this thesis queries the notion of an ‘imposition of wilderness’ and suggests that vast tracts of Tanzania’s protected areas have in fact gradually become wilderness within heterogeneous networks, rooting themselves in ways that are far more tricky to oppose than had they suddenly been imposed. As such it seeks to contribute to the understanding of the root causes of conservation vs. people conflicts existing today.
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| 6. |
- Östberg, Wilhelm, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Made Farmers and Sustainable Change : Entrepreneurs and Development in Goima and Mirambu
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: Prosperity in Rural Africa?. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198865872 ; , s. 194-216
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter documents a notable increase in wealth in two Tanzanian villages since the early 1990s. Contrary to widespread views that small-scale farming in Tanzania is relatively stagnant and unresponsive to change, farmers in the studied area have transformed their economies. The most striking change is that most households can now support themselves on their land, and many do this on a substantially improved living standard, while twenty-five years ago half the number of families survived only with the help of underpaid day labour. Living standards were very low in the early 1990s. By 2016 many people had moved up the local ladder of progress. Our informants insisted that local initiative was ultimately responsible for the change. At the same time, it is noted that the increased wealth has come at a cost to the environment.
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| 7. |
- Östberg, Wilhelm, 1944-, et al.
(författare)
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Tracing Improving Livelihoods in Rural Africa Using Local Measures of Wealth : A Case Study from Central Tanzania, 1991–2016
- 2018
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 7:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied livelihood changes and poverty dynamics over a 25-year period in two villages in central Tanzania. The villages were, from the early 1990s and 2000s, strikingly poor with between 50% and 55% of families in the poorest wealth groups. 25 years later much has changed: people have become substantially wealthier, with 64% and 71% in the middle wealth groups. The new wealth had been generated locally, from farming, particularly of sunflowers as a cash crop. This goes against a conventional view of small-scale farming in Tanzania as being stagnant or unproductive. The area of land farmed per family has increased, almost doubling in one village. People have made money, which they invest in mechanised farming, improved housing, education of their children, livestock, and consumer goods. Improved infrastructure and local entrepreneurs have played key roles in the area’s transformation. Locally identified wealth rankings showed that most villagers, those in the middle wealth groups and above, can now support themselves from their land, which is a notable change to a time when 71% and 82% in each village respectively depended on casual labour for their survival. This change has come at a cost to the environment. By 2016, the village forests have largely gone and been replaced by farms. Farmers were concerned that the climate was turning drier because of deforestation. Studying the mundane—the material used in roofs, the size of farms, and so on made it possible to trace and understand the radical transition the area has experienced.
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