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| 2. |
- Brovelli, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Citizen Science in Support of Digital Earth
- 2020
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Ingår i: Manual of Digital Earth. - Singapore : Springer Verlag.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citizen science can be thought of as a tremendous catalyst for making Digital Earth a participation model of our world. This chapter presents a wide overview of the concept and practice of citizen science in terms of the technologies and social impact. Definitions of citizen science and various existing approaches to citizen involvement are described, from simple contributions to projects proposed by someone else to the design and planning of science as a bottom-up process. To illustrate these concepts, the relevant example of OpenStreetMap is described in detail, and other examples are mentioned and briefly discussed. Social innovation connected with citizen science is focused on to highlight different levels of direct citizen contributions to scientific research and indirect effects on academia, and studies driven by new questions that may support responsible research and innovation (RRI), governments and public administration in making better informed decisions. Despite its growth and success in relatively few years, citizen science has not fully overcome a number of persistent challenges related to quality, equity, inclusion, and governance. These themes and related complex facets are discussed in detail in the last section of the chapter.
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| 3. |
- Rossi, M., et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of stern layer and membrane polarization to the spectral induced polarization of porous media
- 2017
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Ingår i: 23rd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. - Netherlands : EAGE Publications BV. - 9789462822238
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently there is an increasing interest in the understanding of the Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) phenomenon in porous media. The complex electrical conductivity of porous geological materials has a frequency dependent behavior than can be associated to three main mechanisms: Maxwell-Wagner (MW) polarization, Membrane polarization, Electrical double layer (EDL) polarization. This paper aims to develop a mechanistic model for induced polarization in frequency domain, that incorporates both grain and membrane polarization and uses a non-linear mixing rule to combine the contribution of water, air and solid grains. The model is tested on two different lab experimental datasets. Different spectra characteristics can be understood and described by distinguished porous media behaviors.
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| 4. |
- Sforazzini, G., et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and Photophysics of Coaxial Threaded Molecular Wires: Polyrotaxanes with Triarylamine Jackets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 118:8, s. 4553-4566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conjugated polyrotaxanes jacketed with hole-transport groups have been synthesized from water-soluble polyrotaxanes consisting of a polyfluorene-alt-biphenylene (PFBP) conjugated polymer threaded through beta-cyclodextrin macrocycles. The hydroxyl groups of the oligosaccharides were efficiently functionalized with triphenylamine (TPA) so that every polyrotaxane molecule carries a coat of about 200 TPA units, forming a supramolecular coaxial structure. This architecture was characterized using a range of techniques, including small-angle X-ray scattering. Absorption of light by the TPA units results in excitation energy transfer (EET) and photoinduced electron transfer (ET) to the inner conjugated polymer core. These energy- and charge-transfer processes were explored by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and molecular modeling. The time-resolved measurements yielded insights into the heterogeneity of the TPA coat: those TPA units which are close to the central polymer core tend to undergo ET, whereas those on the outer surface of the polyrotaxane, far from the core, undergo EET. Sections of the backbone that are excited indirectly via EET tend to be more remote from the TPA units and thus are less susceptible to electron-transfer quenching. The rate of EET from the TPA units to the PFBP core was effectively modeled by taking account of the heterogeneity in the TPA-PFBP distance, using a distributed monopole approach. This work represents a new strategy for building and studying well-defined arrays of >100 covalently linked chromophores.
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