| 1. |
- Anesten, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Blood-brain barrier integrity, intrathecal immunoactivation, and neuronal injury in HIV.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neurology, Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. - 2332-7812. ; 3:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment has been reported in HIV-infected individuals, characterization of this impairment has not been clearly defined.BBB integrity was measured by CSF/plasma albumin ratio in this cross-sectional study of 631 HIV-infected individuals and 71 controls. We also analyzed CSF and blood HIV RNA and neopterin, CSF leukocyte count, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) concentrations. The HIV-infected participants included untreated neuroasymptomatic patients, patients with untreated HIV-associated dementia (HAD), and participants on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART).The albumin ratio was significantly increased in patients with HAD compared to all other groups. There were no significant differences between untreated neuroasymptomatic participants, treated participants, and controls. BBB integrity, however, correlated significantly with CSF leukocyte count, CSF HIV RNA, serum and CSF neopterin, and age in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age, CSF neopterin, and CSF leukocyte count stood out as independent predictors of albumin ratio. A significant correlation was found between albumin ratio and CSF NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic patients and in participants on ART. Albumin ratio, age, and CD4 cell count were confirmed as independent predictors of CSF NFL in multivariable analysis.BBB disruption was mainly found in patients with HAD, where BBB damage correlated with CNS immunoactivation. Albumin ratios also correlated with CSF inflammatory markers and NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. These findings give support to the association among BBB deterioration, intrathecal immunoactivation, and neuronal injury in untreated neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Anesten, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of antiretroviral treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 infection.
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC neurology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2377. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury is prevalent in patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and is a frequent feature of HIV encephalitis. Signs of BBB damage are also sometimes found in neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals without antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of the BBB before and after initiation of ART in both neuroasymptomatic HIV infection and in patients with HAD.We determined BBB integrity by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratios in archived CSF samples prior to and after initiation of ART in longitudinally-followed neuroasymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals and patients with HAD. We also analyzed HIV RNA in blood and CSF, IgG Index, CSF WBC counts, and CSF concentrations of β2-micoglobulin, neopterin, and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL).We included 159 HIV-infected participants; 82 neuroasymptomatic individuals and 77 with HAD. All neuroasymptomatic individuals (82/82), and 10/77 individuals with HAD, were longitudinally followed with a median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up of 758 (230-1752) days for the neuroasymptomatic individuals, and a median (IQR) follow-up of 241 (50-994) days for the individuals with HAD. Twelve percent (10/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 80% (8/10) of the longitudinally-followed individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios at baseline. At the last follow-up, 9% (7/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 20% (2/10) of the individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios. ART significantly decreased albumin ratios in both neuroasymptomatic individuals and in patients with HAD.These findings indicate that ART improves and possibly normalizes BBB integrity in both neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals and in patients with HAD.
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| 4. |
- Bruce, Gösta, et al.
(författare)
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Svensk prosodi - rytm och melodi
- 2010
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Ingår i: Sveriges nationalatlas. Språken i sverige. - 9789187760570 ; , s. 60-65
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bruce, Staffan
(författare)
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Silicon Germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors : Large-signal modeling and low-frequency noise characterization aspects
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, aspects of the Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) are addressed. A physics-based electrical large-signal model including thermal dependence has been developed and is implemented using a commercially available simulator package. Good agreement-is found between calculated data using the model and measured data. Equations for the electrical parameters based on physical data and a fitting procedure for finding parameter values concerning parasitic effects are presented. In addition, a technique for extracting very short thermal time constants using small signal measurements is presented. Using the large-signal model, a frequency multiplier employing a single SiGe HBT as the non-linear device has been designed and fabricated. The doubler operates with an output frequency of 55 GHz and performance can be well explained using the model. Low-frequency noise in the SiGe HBT has been studied, primarily using transimpedance amplifiers. Problems related to the measurement of low-frequency noise are discussed. The dominant noise source in a SiGe HBT is discriminated using direct two-channel noise measurements for a sweep of base resistance terminations of the device. By employing a device temperature variation the temperature dependence of the dominant source is further studied. A method for improved coherence measurements during a sweep of base resistance terminations is presented. A method for modeling low-frequency noise in a SPICE based simulator and aspects of the noisecorner frequency are discussed.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johnson, Bruce B, et al.
(författare)
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Surface Complexation of Mellitic Acid to Goethite: An Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 20:3, s. 823-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nature of the interaction between mellitic acid (benzene hexacarboxylic acid) and the common soil mineral goethite (-FeOOH) has been investigated as a function of pH and ionic strength by use of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Molecular orbital calculations of the theoretical vibrational frequencies of the mellitate ion (L6-) and dihydrogen mellitate (H2L4-) have allowed the measured absorption frequencies to be accurately assigned. At pH values above 6, adsorption involves outer-sphere complexation of the deprotonated L6- ion. At lower pH values, there is evidence of a second outer-sphere surface complex involving a partially protonated species, although the extent of protonation of the surface species is significantly less than that found for the solution species at the same pH. While there is no evidence of inner-sphere complexation, increasing the ionic strength to 2.0 M does not displace the adsorbed species but does increase the fraction present on the surface as the fully deprotonated L6-. The small effect of ionic strength suggests that the adsorptive interaction, although outer-sphere in character, is still relatively strong, which indicates that hydrogen bonds may play a significant role. Hydrogen bonding may also help to account for the observed outer-sphere complexation at pH values above the pHiep of goethite.
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| 10. |
- Nielsen, Rasmus J., et al.
(författare)
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Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models—Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 19:1, s. 1-29
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area-specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader-scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of models and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long-term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision-making.
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| 11. |
- Skerfving, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Lead
- 2007
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Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 599-599
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Ulfhammer, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid viral load across the spectrum of untreated HIV-1 infection: a cross-sectional multi-center study.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6591. ; 75:3, s. 493-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this large multicenter study was to determine variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA in different phases of untreated HIV-1 infection and its associations with plasma HIV-RNA and other biomarkers.Treatment naïve adults with available CSF HIV-RNA quantification were included and divided into groups representing significant disease phases. Plasma HIV-RNA, CSF white blood cell count (CSF WBC), neopterin, and albumin ratio were included when available.1.018 patients were included. CSF HIV-RNA was in median (IQR) 1.03 log10 (0.37-1.86) copies/mL lower than in plasma, and correlated with plasma HIV-RNA (r=0.44, p< 0.01), neopterin concentration in CSF (r=0.49, p< 0.01) and in serum (r=0.29, p< 0.01), CSF WBC (r=0.34, p< 0.01) and albumin ratio (r=0.25, p< 0.01). CSF HIV-RNA paralleled plasma HIV-RNA in all groups except neuroasymptomatic patients with advanced immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200) and patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or opportunistic CNS infections.Patients with HAD had the highest CSF HIV-RNA (in median [IQR] 4.73 (3.84-5.35) log10 copies/mL). CSF > plasma discordance was found in 126 of 972 individuals (13%) and varied between groups, from 1% in primary HIV, 11% in neuroasymptomatic groups, up to 30% of patients with HAD.Our study confirms previous smaller observations of variations in CSF HIV-RNA in different stages of HIV disease. Overall, CSF HIV-RNA was approximately 1 log10 copies/mL lower in CSF than in plasma, but CSF discordance was found in a substantial minority of subjects, most commonly in patients with HAD, indicating increasing CNS compartmentalization paralleling disease progression.
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| 14. |
- Ulfhammer, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Load Across the Spectrum of Untreated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1058-4838 .- 1537-6591. ; 75:3, s. 493-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The aim of this large multicenter study was to determine variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-RNA in different phases of untreated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and its associations with plasma HIV-RNA and other biomarkers. Methods Treatment naive adults with available CSF HIV-RNA quantification were included and divided into groups representing significant disease phases. Plasma HIV-RNA, CSF white blood cell count (WBC), neopterin, and albumin ratio were included when available. Results In total, 1018 patients were included. CSF HIV-RNA was in median (interquartile range [IQR]) 1.03 log(10) (0.37-1.86) copies/mL lower than in plasma, and correlated with plasma HIV-RNA (r = 0.44, P < .01), neopterin concentration in CSF (r = 0.49, P < .01) and in serum (r = 0.29, P < .01), CSF WBC (r = 0.34, P < .01) and albumin ratio (r = 0.25, P < .01). CSF HIV-RNA paralleled plasma HIV-RNA in all groups except neuroasymptomatic patients with advanced immunodeficiency (CD4 < 200) and patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or opportunistic central nervous system (CNS) infections. Patients with HAD had the highest CSF HIV-RNA (in median [IQR] 4.73 (3.84-5.35) log(10) copies/mL). CSF > plasma discordance was found in 126 of 972 individuals (13%) and varied between groups, from 1% in primary HIV, 11% in neuroasymptomatic groups, up to 30% of patients with HAD. Conclusions Our study confirms previous smaller observations of variations in CSF HIV-RNA in different stages of HIV disease. Overall, CSF HIV-RNA was approximately 1 log(10) copies/mL lower in CSF than in plasma, but CSF discordance was found in a substantial minority of subjects, most commonly in patients with HAD, indicating increasing CNS compartmentalization paralleling disease progression. HIV-RNA is detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) across all stages of untreated HIV and usually parallel plasma HIV-RNA at a lower level. A substantial proportion (13%) of patients have CSF>plasma HIV-RNA, most commonly in patients with HIV-associated dementia.
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