| 1. |
- Hassner, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Accidents between cyclists and heavy vehicles turning right : conflict and behavioral studies in intersections in central Stockholm
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to find ways to decrease the risk for severe accidents between cyclists and heavy vehicles turning right. The primary question was whether the so called “Dutch” intersection design (with a protecting curb) could decrease the risks. Other questions were if there are other/better methods/designs and if there will be new serious risks with the Dutch design. The result from this study is that the Dutch design doesn't protect from accidents between cars turning right and cyclist. The reason for this is that these accidents mainly involve cyclists going straight. The best designs are where right turning cars have red signal while cyclists going straight have green signal. Other good solutions are bicycle lane together with bicycle box or set-back stop line for the cars. Bicycle tracks should transform into lanes when approaching an intersection. The study not only found that the Dutch design is a poor design to protect from car/bicycle accidents; it also brings new risks for accidents between cyclists and pedestrians.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Matts, 1975-
(författare)
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Policy Analysis for Different Types of Decision-Making Situations
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis seeks to contribute to decision support for policy makers in the transport sector. In order to frame the papers and to relate them to the broad field of “policy analysis”, I have structured the papers around a simple framework with three decision levels: responsibility, policy gap, and policy measure. The thesis contains five papers.“Transaction and transition costs during the deregulation of the Swedish Railway market” is a paper in the transaction cost school. We studied the costs associated with the shift from monopoly to competition in the Swedish railway market, and we found that the change resulted in comparatively small transaction costs, but that transition and misalignment costs seem to be larger. In “Parking policy under strategic interaction”, I examined the effect of strategic interaction between jurisdictions using an analytical model based on Hotelling’s linear city model. I conclude that the procedure for setting supply in most municipalities has a strong downward effect on municipal parking fees and that resource flow competition implies that the fees are higher than the efficient prices (but that the effect of the supply procedures makes this effect incongruous).In “Validation of aggregate reference forecasts for passenger transport”, we followed up the Swedish national forecasts for passenger transport produced from 1975 to 2009 and tried to explain the deviations. We found that the forecasts during the last decades have overestimated car traffic, and that this is due to input errors. The potential problem of using cross-sectional models for forecasting intertemporal changes seems to have been limited.In “The kilometer tax and Swedish industry - effects on sectors and regions”, we estimated factor demand elasticities in the Swedish manufacturing industry and used these to analyze the effects of a kilometer tax for heavy goods vehicles. We found that the kilometer tax leads to factor substitution in that it decreases transport demand and increases labor demand. The effects on output are less pronounced. In “The effect of minimum parking requirements on the housing stock”, we used a model of the rental, asset, and construction markets. We quality-assured our assumptions and our results through interviews with market actors. In our example suburb, we found that parking norms reduced the housing stock by 1.2% and increased rents by 2.4%.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Effects from usage of pre‑trip information and passenger scheduling strategies on waiting times in public transport: An empirical survey based on a dedicated smartphone application
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Ingår i: Public Transport. - 1613-7159. ; :Special Issue CASPT
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waiting times are important indicators of the degree of travel time optimisation andother behavioural traits among public transport (PT) passengers. As previous studieshave shown, the level and usage of pre-trip information regarding schedule or realtime departures are important factors that infuence the potential to realise traveltime savings by enabling PT passengers to optimise waiting times. Most empiricalevidence regarding the revealed PT travel behaviour concerning information levelsis based on manual interviews or traditional travel surveys, in which there is a riskthat the actual context of where and when the choice of departure time was madeis not taken into account. This paper reports the results of a travel survey based ona dedicated smartphone application applied in a feld study in a Swedish mid-sizeurban and regional context. Context-aware notifcation prompting was used to allowrespondents to state their use of pre-trip information as well as whether they hadpre-planned their trip and how contingent planning aids were used for time optimisation. The implications on passenger waiting times of the use of informationregarding departure times by passengers were emphasised during analyses of theresulting data, along with personal characteristics, in which auxiliary sources suchas timetable data and Automatic Vehicle Location were utilised to determine groundtruth trip trajectories and trip-contextual factors. The results indicate the signifcance of having access to pre-trip information, especially for long trips above onehour’s duration, in order to pre-plan and thereby optimise waiting times. In addition,the use and source of pre-trip information difer among age and gender groups. Trippurpose and time of day to some extent determine waiting times and choice of tripoptimisation strategy (arrival or departure time).
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Intrapersonal variability in public transport path choice due to changes in service reliability
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 49:6, s. 1517-1547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncertainty during the course of a trip is regarded as a particularly disturbing phenomenon by public transport (PT) passengers and has been shown to have a substantial impact on travel behaviour. However, so far there has been little empirical evidence within contemporary research concerning the degree of mid- to long-term adaptation among PT passengers to changes in the principal cause of such uncertainty within PT transport systems: Lack of service departure reliability. While most studies to date have focussed on instantaneous or short-term behavioural responses, this paper presents results from a one-year panel dataset consisting of individuals’ trip itineraries derived from smart card transactions enriched by automatic vehicle location (AVL) data. We measured long-term line route usage and departure reliability, the latter in terms of headway regularity and schedule adherence, in two panel waves. Thus, we aimed for practical indicators that may be associated with specific line routes and origin–destination PT stop pairs used for recurring trips over time. Results from logistic regression indicate a consistent significant impact of changed headway regularity and punctuality change for line routes with relatively high departure frequency. However, there is a relative indifference to long-term reliability change by a significant share of individuals that have actual trade-offs between at least two line route options, possibly indicating satisficing behaviour among PT passengers. Implications on PT path choice forecasting and route planning are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Berggren, Ulrik, et al.
(författare)
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Public transport path choice estimation based on trip data from dedicated smartphone app survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportmetrica A: Transport Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2324-9935 .- 2324-9943. ; 18:3, s. 1813-1846
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Having access to realistic and empirically grounded passenger valuations of public transport trip components facilitate the undertaking of necessary trade-offs during planning of transport networks. Discrete choice estimation of path choice preferences is a practical way to obtain such preferences. This paper proposes a new take on the empirical foundation of path choice estimation based on revealed choices by introducing trip data for full activity-based ‘door-to-door’ public transport trips collected from a dedicated survey application for smartphones. Choice probabilities were modelled based on an explicitly generated choice set, where the public transport trip parts were generated using a branch-and-bound approach. Results in terms of estimated preferences are comparable to those based on conventional surveying methods and suggest significant premiums for paths involving public transport stops with an elevated level of passenger service as well as differences in preferences across population groups.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Blom Västberg, Oskar, 1987-
(författare)
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Five papers on large scale dynamic discrete choice models of transportation
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Travel demand models have long been used as tools by decision makers and researchers to analyse the effects of policies and infrastructure investments. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a travel demand model which is: sensitive to policies affecting timing of trips and time-space constraints; is consistent with microeconomics; and consistently treats the joint choice of the number of trips to perform during day as well as departure time, destination and mode for all trips. This is achieved using a dynamic discrete choice model (DDCM) of travel demand. The model further allows for a joint treatment of within-day travelling and between-day activity scheduling assuming that individuals are influenced by the past and considers the future when deciding what to do on a certain day.Paper I develops and provides estimation techniques for the daily component of the proposed travel demand model and present simulation results provides within sample validation of the model. Paper II extends the model to allow for correlation in preferences over the course of a day using a mixed-logit specification. Paper III introduces a day-to-day connection by using an infinite horizon DDCM. To allow for estimation of the combined model, Paper III develops conditions under which sequential estimation can be used to estimate very large scale DDCM models in situations where: the discrete state variable is partly latent but transitions are observed; the model repeatedly returns to a small set of states; and between these states there is no discounting, random error terms are i.i.d Gumble and transitions in the discrete state variable is deterministic given a decision.Paper IV develops a dynamic discrete continuous choice model for a household deciding on the number of cars to own, their fuel type and the yearly mileage for each car. It thus contributes to bridging the gap between discrete continuous choice models and DDCMs of car ownership.Infinite horizon DDCMs are commonly found in the literature and are used in, e.g., Paper III and IV in this thesis. It has been well established that the discount factor must be strictly less than one for such models to be well defined.Paper V show that it is possible to extend the framework to discount factors greater than one, allowing DDCM's to describe agents that: maximize the average utility per stage (when there is no discounting); value the future greater than the present and thus prefers improving sequences of outcomes implying that they take high costs early and reach a potential terminal state sooner than optimal.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bondemark, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Do the distributional preferences of national infrastructure planners diverge from those of the public?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study how the distributional preferences of planners and the public diverge in the context of national infrastructure planning. To do so, we surveyed a sample of 323 planners working at the Swedish Transport Administration and 2,108 members of the Swedish public. The most striking difference is that planners place a relatively higher value on aggregate benefits than the public. Planners also place a significantly higher relative value on infrastructure plans that benefit rail transport compared to the public. It is our contention that planners value aggregate benefits relatively more highly because they have a better understanding of the attribute and because they have internalised the long-standing goal of an economically efficient Swedish transport sector.
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| 12. |
- Bondemark, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Is it expensive to be poor? Public transport in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 48:5, s. 2709-2734
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the reasons to subsidise public transport is to improve the mobility of low-income groups by providing affordable public transport; however, the literature describes a situation whereby those with a low income are unable to afford the cheapest tickets per trip, i.e. travelcards, as they usually require a considerable up-front cost. In this study, we use a large dataset from the Swedish National Travel Survey to investigate whether, and if so how, income explains monthly travelcard possession among individuals for whom this would have been the least expensive option. We find a robust positive relationship between income and travelcard possession among low-income earners, indicating that those with a low income pay more to use public transport than more affluent individuals. As the accessibility of low-income groups is an important motivation for public transport subsidies, the findings from this study have important policy implications.
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| 13. |
- Bondemark, Anders, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Public preferences for distribution in the context of transport investments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 157, s. 160-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a study of Swedish inhabitants' preferences for distribution in three dimensions in the context of transport investments. Using choice experiments, we study the respondents' preferences for the distribution of benefits in the geographical, gender, and income dimension in relation to aggregate benefits. We find that they have quite strong preferences for equality in all dimensions, especially in the gender dimension. Additionally, when distribution is unequal, respondents tend to prefer that it is uneven in favour of non-metropolitan regions, women and low-income earners. We also find that variables describing self-interest, some general beliefs and the extent to which respondents consider the Swedish society to be fair may explain some preference heterogeneity.
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| 14. |
- Bondemark, Anders, 1989-
(författare)
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The price we pay : essays on distribution and transport
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis aims to provide knowledge that can be useful when designing or executing transport policy, specifically in relation to the concepts of fairness and distribution. What is considered fair varies among, and within individuals, even within the relatively narrow scope of the transport sector. Because what people perceive as fair varies with the item of distribution as well as among whom the distribution occurs, the distributional principles vary in different parts of the transport sector. While the transport sector does not exist in isolation from the rest of society, it does have three specific features which make it an important area of research. The Hrst feature is that the transport system is used to access amenities and opportunities in other sectors. The distribution in the transport system thus influences distributions in other sectors. The second feature is that the costs and benefits of the transport system are inherently unevenly distributed in space. This second feature does, to a certain extent, induce the uneven distributions of the amenities and opportunities. The third feature is that it is a sector that receives significant public investments and subsidies. The two papers in this thesis relate to these features and distribution in different ways.While both papers are inherently affected by the third feature, they study different phenomenon. Paper I sets out to improve the understanding of how individuals with low income use the transport system compared to those with higher income; specifically, whether they choose to purchase more expensive public transport tickets than their more affluent peers. Paper II aims to improve the understanding of how the transport sector (potentially) influences outcomes in other sectors by studying how accessibility explains food prices.
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| 15. |
- Brundell-Freij, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Accepting charging : a matter of trusting the effects?
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The public typically considers urban congestion to be a serious problem. In the scientific community it is considered basic knowledge that pricing is often the only effective way to mitigate such congestion. However, implementation of congestion charging continues to meet hard resistance from the public, and politicians continue to rule out that policy option referring to lack of public acceptance. Many authors have explained the paradox by the public?s (layman) suspicion that charging would not be effective and not reduce congestion. From a number of implemented schemes, we also know that once they have experience from (the effects of) charging, the public tend to change to more positive, which seems to support the hypothesis that lack of experience and erroneous subjective predictions of effects causes ?the problem?.To analyse the hypothesized causal link this study explores how the (i)attitudes towards congestion charging in Stockholm and (ii)the expectancy/understanding of the effects of charging (co-)varied over time and between individuals in the Stockholm public during different phases of the implementation process: before (autumn 2005) and during the Trial (spring 2006), and after permanent introduction of charging (autumn 2007).For the analyses, we have employed ordinal logit models. This allows us to draw conclusions on the simultaneous relation(s) between acceptance on one hand and individual background characteristics, personal experience and understanding of effects on the other. One of the many advantages with the analytical approach employed is that it allows us to control for, for example, car ownership in the analyses of gender differences in attitudes and predicted effects ? which has given new insights compared to the one-dimensional analyses presented earlier.A brief summary of results: The differences between men and women in attitudes and understanding of congestion charging are negligible when difference in car availability is taken into account. The frequently discussed difference between inner city inhabitants and people living in the regional periphery, too, turns out to be largely explained by differences in car ownership.When experience is gained, people do indeed trust that charging mitigates congestion to a higher extent than they did before: Those that agree that ?congestion charges will decrease [have decreased] the queues to and from the inner-city? is a significantly larger proportion of the population during the Trial, than they were before. Also in accordance with previous results, the attitudes towards the charges became more positive after introduction. This was a continuous process over time, so that attitudes were more positive during the Trial than before, and even more positive after permanent introduction than they were during the Trial. However, the results clearly show that the change in attitudes was much stronger, and continued over a longer period of time, than what could be explained by the learning effect leading to a better understanding of the effects on congestion.Thus, based on our results, our understanding of which the influential factors are behind the observed effect from experience on attitudes to charging, has to be modified. The mechanisms clearly go beyond ?demonstrating? that charging may effectively mitigate congestion, which is the reason most commonly given in the literature so far.Our results have important policy implications for which arguments that can be expected to be most effective in building public acceptance for charging, and which subpopulations that are most likely to be influenced by such argumentation.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Brundell-Freij, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of street characteristics, driver category and car performance on urban driving patterns
- 2005
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Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part D: Transport & Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 10:3, s. 213-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving patterns (i.e., speed, acceleration and choice of gears) influence exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The aim here is to obtain a better understanding of the variables that affect driving patterns, by determining the extent they are influenced by street characteristics and/or driver-car categories. A data set of over 14,000 driving patterns registered in actual traffic is used. The relationship between driving patterns and recorded variables is analysed. The most complete effect is found for the variables describing the street environment: occurrence and density of junctions controlled by traffic lights, speed limit, street function and type of neighbourhood. A fairly large effect is found for car performance, expressed in terms of the power-to-mass ratio. For elderly drivers, the average speed systematically decreases for all street types and stop time systematically increases on arterials. The results have implications for the assessment of environmental effects through appropriate street categorisation in emission models, as well as the possible reduction of environmental effects through better traffic planning and management, driver education and car design.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Not invented here : Transferability of congestion charges effects
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 36, s. 263-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent the effects of congestion charges rely on specific features of a city and its transport system. We use Stockholm, and its current congestion charging scheme, as a case study by making various modifications in the transport system influencing the availability and attractiveness of public transport, bypasses and bottleneck capacities. We use a transport model to forecast the effects of the Stockholm charges given each transport system modification. Our main conclusion is that although the social benefit of a given charging system is considerably and non-linearly dependent on initial congestion levels, traffic effects and adaptations costs are surprisingly stable across transport system modifications. Specifically, the level of public transport provision has only small effects on baseline congestion, and therefore on the total benefit of the charges. Contrary to expectation, the charges' effect on traffic volumes remains virtually unchanged regardless of the changes in public transport supply. All results are compared to and consistent with the one-market standard model. We interpret our results with respect to common arguments against the transferability of experiences from cities having introduced congestion charges.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Stockholm congestion charges – 4 years on : Effects, acceptability and lessons learnt
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2010 World Conference on Transport Research.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm in 2006, first as a trial followed by a referendum, then permanently from 2007. This paper discusses what conclusions can be drawn from the first four years of operation. We show that the traffic reduction caused by the charges’ has increased over time, once external factors are controlled for. Alternative-fuel vehicles are exempt from the charges, and this has substantially increased the sales of such vehicles. We discuss public and political acceptability, synthesizing recent research and Swedish experience, and conclude that objective and subjective effects as well as general environmental and political attitude played a role for the high levels of public support, while institutional reform and resolving power issues were necessary to gain political support. Finally, we briefly discuss implications for the transport planning process in general.
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| 29. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Stockholm congestion charges - 5 years on : Effects, acceptability and lessons learnt
- 2012
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 20:SI, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm in 2006, first as a trial followed by a referendum, then permanently from 2007. This paper discusses what conclusions can be drawn from the first five years of operation, until mid-2011. We show that the traffic reduction caused by the charges has increased slightly over time, once external factors are controlled for. Alternative fuel vehicles were exempt from the charges through 2008, and we show that this substantially increased the sales of such vehicles. We discuss public and political acceptability, synthesising recent research and Swedish experience. We conclude that objective and subjective effects on the traffic system, as well as general environmental and political attitudes, formed the basis of the strong public support, while institutional reforms and resolution of power issues were necessary to gain political support. Finally, we briefly discuss implications for the transport planning process in general.
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| 30. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Stockholm congestion charges – five years on : effects, acceptability and lessons learnt
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm in 2006, first as a trial followed by a referendum, then permanently from 2007. This paper discusses what conclusions can be drawn from the first five years of operation, until mid-2011. We show that the traffic reduction caused by the charges has increased slightly over time, once external factors are controlled for. Alternative-fuel vehicles were exempt from the charges through 2008, and we show that this substantially increased the sales of such vehicles. We discuss public and political acceptability, synthesizing recent research and Swedish experience. We conclude that objective and subjective effects on the traffic system, as well as general environmental and political attitudes, formed the basis of the strong public support, while institutional reforms and resolution of power issues were necessary to gain political support. Finally, we briefly discuss implications for the transport planning process in general.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Accuracy of congestion pricing forecasts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 52, s. 34-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares forecast effects of the Stockholm congestion charges with actual outcomes. The most important concerns during the design of the congestion charging scheme were the traffic reduction in bottlenecks, the increase in public transport ridership, the decrease of vehicle kilometres in the city centre, and potential traffic effects on circumferential roads. Comparisons of forecasts and actual outcomes show that the transport model predicted all of these factors well enough to allow planners to draw correct conclusions regarding the design and preparations for the scheme. The one major shortcoming was that the static assignment network model was unable to predict the substantial reductions of queuing times. We conclude that the transport model worked well enough to be useful as decision support, performing considerably better than unaided "experts' judgments", but that results must be interpreted taking the model's limitations into account. The positive experiences from the Stockholm congestion charges hence seem to be transferable to other cities in the sense that if a charging system is forecast to have beneficial effects on congestion, then this is most likely true.
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| 33. |
- Ericsson, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Optimizing route choice for lowest fuel consumption - Potential effects of a new driver support tool
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part C: Emerging Technologies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0968-090X. ; 14:6, s. 369-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, driver support tools intended to increase traffic safety, provide the driver with convenient information and guidance, or save time are becoming more common. However, few systems have the primary aim of reducing the environmental effects of driving. The aim of this project was to estimate the potential for reducing fuel consumption and thus the emission of CO, through a navigation system where optimization of route choice is based on the lowest total fuel consumption (instead of the traditional shortest time or distance), further the supplementary effect if such navigation support could take into account real-time information about traffic disturbance events from probe vehicles running in the street network. The analysis was based on a large database of real traffic driving patterns connected to the street network in the city of Lund, Sweden. Based on 15437 cases, the fuel consumption factor for 22 street classes, at peak and off-peak hours, was estimated for three types of cars using two mechanistic emission models. Each segment in the street network was, on a digitized map, attributed an average fuel consumption for peak and off-peak hours based on its street class and traffic flow conditions. To evaluate the potential of a fuel-saving navigation system the routes of 109 real journeys longer than 5 min were extracted from the database. Using Esri's external program ArcGIS, Arcview and the external module Network Analysis, the most fuel-economic route was extracted and compared with the original route, as well as routes extracted from criterions concerning shortest time and shortest distance. The potential for further benefit when the system employed real-time data concerning the traffic situation through 120 virtual probe vehicles running in the street network was also examined. It was found that for 46% of trips in Lund the drivers spontaneous choice of route was not the most fuel-efficient. These trips could save, on average, 8.2% fuel by using a fuel-optimized navigation system. This corresponds to a 4% fuel reduction for all journeys in Lund. Concerning the potential for real-time information from probe vehicles, it was found that the frequency of disturbed segments in Lund was very low, and thus so was the potential fuel-saving. However, a methodology is presented that structures the steps required in analyzing such a system. It is concluded that real-time traffic information has the potential for fuel-saving in more congested areas if a sufficiently large proportion of the disturbance events can be identified and reported in real-time.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Hamidi, Zahra
(författare)
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Examining Inequalities in Cycling Motility : A Pathway Towards Cycling Justice
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Realizing the environmental and social benefits of cycling requires effective policies that deliver increased and inclusive cycling. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of such policies by providing insights into what could make cycling achievable for more diverse social groups through engaging with theoretical perspectives from transport geography, the mobilities paradigm and social justice. In doing so the thesis examines the various elements that constitute an individual’s potential to use a bicycle and the connected inequalities.The thesis employs conceptions of accessibility and motility in combination with measures of inequality to examine the socio-spatial inequalities in cycling potentials. The first paper designs a new composite indicator based on Theil’s index of inequality and accessibility measures to study inequalities in bike-and-ride opportunities in Malmö. The second paper develops a quantitative operationalization of cycling motility by applying GIS-based and statistical analyses to empirical data collected using a survey study. Specifically, cycling motility is operationalized along three dimensions of access, competence, and appropriation. This is done by measuring cycling-related material and nonmaterial, as well as objective and subjective factors related to individuals and their social, cultural, and geographical environment.The subsequent papers put the concept of cycling motility in practice. The third paper builds on the approach developed in the second paper and examines inequalities in the cycling motility across different social groups from the three-dimensional justice lens of Nancy Fraser. Finally, the fourth paper provides insights into the relationships between individuals’ cycling motility and their realized mobility. The empirical findings highlight that such relationships vary across three urban contexts of Malmö, Gothenburg, and Beijing. Overall, the findings support that the operationalization of cycling motility is useful for studying individuals’ cycling potentials and capturing the connected between-individual differences, thereby helpful for development of policies that could realize the social and environmental potentials of cycling.
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| 36. |
- Holmberg, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Bebyggelsestruktur, resande och energi för persontransporter
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det finns en ganska stor samstämmighet bland forskare och också bland många planerare att en rad åtgärder behövs för att transportsystemet skall kunna anpassas till miljömålen. I den här studien har vi undersökt hur olika bebyggelseparametrar påverkar resandet och energianvändningen. Flertalet studier inom området har fokuserat på stora städer. I vår studie har vi analyserat orter i Skåne. Syftet har varit att öka kunskaperna om hur olika bebyggelseparametrar och bebyggelsens lokalisering påverkar resandet och energianvändningen. Två separata modeller har tagits fram, en för alla orter/städer i Skåne exklusive Malmö samt en specifik för Malmö. Som beroende parametrar har vi använt total reslängd, reslängd med bil respektive kollektivtrafik samt energianvändning för personresor. De bebyggelseparametrar som kommit med i modellerna är: Bebyggelse-täthet, självförsörjningsgrad med arbetsplatser, serviceutbud, kollektivt utbud och avstånd till regioncentrum. Eftersom socio-ekonomiska variabler starkt påverkar resandet har ett antal sådana också inkluderats i modellen. Det gäller: Kön, ålder, barn i hushållet, tillgång till bil samt inkomst. Den totala reslängden påverkas mest av ortens täthet samt självförsörjningsgraden men även serviceutbud och avstånd till regioncentrum påverkar. För energi-användningen tillkommer tillgång till tåg. I modellen för Malmö blir endast avstånd till centrum och kollektivt turutbud signifikanta.
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| 37. |
- Häll, Carl Henrik, 1978-
(författare)
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A Framework for Evaluation and Design of an Integrated Public Transport System
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Operators of public transport always try to make their service as attractive as possible, to as many persons as possible and in a so cost effective way as possible. One way to make the service more attractive, especially to elderly and disabled, is to offer door-to-door transportation. The cost for the local authorities to provide this service is very high and increases every year.To better serve the needs of the population and to reduce the cost for transportation of elderly and disabled, public transportation systems are evolving towards more flexible solutions. One such flexible solution is a demand responsive service integrated with a fixed route service, together giving a form of flexible public transport system. The demand responsive service can in such a system be used to carry passengers from their origin to a transfer location to the fixed route network, and/or from the fixed route network to their destination.This thesis concerns the development of a framework for evaluation and design of such an integrated public transport service. The framework includes a geographic information system, optimization tools and simulation tools. This framework describes how these tools can be used in combination to aid the operators in the planning process of an integrated service. The thesis also presents simulations made in order to find guidelines of how an integrated service should be designed. The guidelines are intended to help operators of public transport to implement integrated services and are found by evaluating the effects on availability, travel time, cost and other service indicators for variations in the design and structure of the service.In a planning system for an integrated public transport service, individual journeys must in some way be scheduled. For this reason the thesis also presents an exact optimization model of how journeys should be scheduled in this kind of service.
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| 38. |
- Jenelius, Erik, Docent, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Bilrestider i storstad: Variationsmönster och upplevd osäkerhet (VARIA) : Slutrapport för projekt som genomförts på uppdrag av Trafikverket
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här rapporten utgör slutrapport för projektet Bilrestider i storstad: Variationsmönster och upplevd osäkerhet (VARIA) som genomförts på uppdrag av Trafikverket (TRV 2018/16380).Det övergripande syftet med det här projektet har varit att vidareutveckla metoder för samhällsekonomiska kalkyler för olika åtgärder i trafiksystemet. Projektet bidrar till detta mål genom att utveckla kunskap om hur olika komponenter i restidsvariation påverkar trafikanternas faktiska erfarenhet av restidsvariation, och trafikanternas upplevelse av systematisk restidsvariation och deras restidsosäkerhet. Forskningsfrågorna studeras i två delstudier. En delstudie fokuserar på trafikanternas förståelse av restidsvariation, och deras upplevda restidsosäkerhet. Denna delstudie baseras på ett teoretiskt ramverk och två datakällor: (1) en enkätstudie av hur tillfrågade bilister beskriver den restidsfördelning de förväntar sig (och därmed kan antas planera för), samt (2) empiriska data som beskriver hur den verkliga restiden längs samma rutter varierar i olika dimensioner.Den andra delstudien fokuserar på sambandet mellan hur restiden varierar i data som uppmätts generellt, och den restidsvariation som enskilda bilister faktiskt utsätts för. Här utnyttjas ett statistiskt ramverk och en tredje datakälla: restidsobservationer från olika rutter på enskild passagenivå med beständiga fordons-ID.En grundläggande svaghet med den första delstudien ligger i att respondenterna i sina uppgivna restider inte tycks ha avgränsat sig på det sätt som var avsikten (bara rena körtider mellan de uppgivna ändnoderna). Trots detta anser vi att det utvecklade analytiska ramverket gör det möjligt att dra vissa övergripande slutsatser med bäring på studiens inledande frågeställningar.Resultaten från den första delstudien stöder sammantaget hypotesen att resenärerna i gemen i huvudsak baserar sin planering och schemaläggning inför en specifik resa på mer generella restidsprediktioner, som är underbyggda av deras samlade erfarenhet, (snarare än specifika erfarenheter eller annan information om restiden på den specifika rutten). Resultaten visar också att förare som kan bygga under sinna uppskattningar med mer specifik erfarenhet, har minst lika svårt att förutse hur restiden varierar, såväl när det gäller ”systematisk” som ”slumpmässig” variation, som förare som saknar specifik erfarenhet från just den rutt för vilken restiden skall uppskattas. Respondenternas prediktioner av restidsvariation är sämre än deras prediktioner av förväntad restid. Detta stöder hypotesen att restidens faktiska variation för en viss specifik rutt, under en viss specifik tid på dagen ger en långt ifrån komplett bild av den restidsosäkerhet som resenärer måste ta höjd för i sin planering och schemaläggning. Om samhällsekonomiska värderingar av restidsosäkerhet tillämpas direkt på uppmätt (eller predicerad) restidsvariation, utan hänsyn till det komplexa sambandet dem emellan, kan värdet av minskad restidsvariation såväl över- som underskattas. I den andra delstudien har vi undersökt i vilken utsträckning fordonen som korsar en rutt är återkommande resenärer, och hur den andelen beror av olika attribut. Med hjälp av data från Bluetooth- och Wifi-sensorer under en tremånadersperiod har vi funnit att det genomsnittliga antalet resor per fordons-ID är högre mot staden på morgontoppen och ut från staden på eftermiddagen, vilket är förenligt med vetskapen att pendlingsresor tenderar att ha den högsta regelbundenheten över dagar. Vi har även föreslagit en modell för hastighetsfördelningar hos rutter, som separerar variationen i en komponent med variation mellan resenärer, och en komponent med variation inom varje resenär (”individuell erfarenhet av restidsvariation”). Resultaten av modellberäkningar visar att den relativa individuella (inom resenären) variationen är betydligt högre i pendlingsriktningen (mot staden på morgonen och ut från staden på eftermiddagen) och på rutter med hög trängselnivå. Trängsel tycks alltså vara den viktigaste faktorn som förklarar den relativa restidsosäkerheten. På grund av en viss omnumrering över tiden av fordons-ID i datan som använts är den exakta frekvensen med vilken resenärer använder en rutt samt storleken på variabiliteten mellan resenärer och inom varje resenär svåra att skatta. Den beräknade frekvensen är låg, vilket i och för sig är i linje med analyser av data från trängselavgiftsportaler. Eftersom omhashningen rimligen är oberoende av geografi och tid på dagen så har vi kunnat göra relativa studier mellan rutter och tidsperioder. Resultaten indikerar att det måste göras en åtskillnad mellan den variabilitet som en enskild resenär kan ha erfarenhet av, och den totala variabiliteten som vanligtvis används i bedömningarna av restiders tillförlitlighet. Den relativa storleken på de två termerna varierar systematiskt med ruttegenskaper och tidsperioder. Utan denna åtskillnad kan kostnaderna för restidsvariabilitet överskattas
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| 39. |
- Kottenhoff, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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The role of public transport for feasibility and acceptability of congestion charging - The case of Stockholm
- 2009
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 43:3, s. 297-305
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Stockholm Trial, congestion charges and the expansion of public transport services were closely linked together in marketing efforts, as well as in political decisions. In this paper, we analyse the role that public transport may have played in increasing acceptability and feasibility of the scheme. We study four aspects of the relationship between charging and public transport provision: (i) the initial modal share, (ii) contribution to modal shift (iii) compensation to losers (iv) revenue hypothecation. Our analyses, based on a combination of primary and secondary data, support the hypothesis that public transport contributed to the successful implementation of congestion charging in Stockholm through all those four mechanisms.
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| 40. |
- Laureshyn, Aliaksei, et al.
(författare)
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From Speed Profile Data to Analysis of Behaviour
- 2009
-
Ingår i: IATSS Research. - 0386-1112. ; 33:2, s. 88-98
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classification of speed profiles is necessary to allow interpretation of automatic speed measurements in terms of road user behaviour. Aggregation without considering variation in individual profile shapes easily leads to aggregation bias, while classification based on exogenous criteria runs the risk of loosing important information on behavioural (co-) variation. In this paper we test how three pattern recognition techniques (cluster analysis, supervised learning and dimension reduction) can be applied to automatically classify the shapes of speed profiles of individual vehicles into interpretable types, with a minimum of a priori assumptions. The data for the tests is obtained from an automated video analysis system and the results of automated classification are compared to the classification by a human observer done from the video. Normalisation of the speed profiles to a constant number of data points with the same spatial reference allows them to be treated as multidimensional vectors. The k-means clustering algorithm groups the vectors (profiles) based on their proximity in multidimensional space. The results are satisfactory, but still the least successful among the tested techniques. Supervised learning (nearest neighbour algorithm tested) uses a training dataset produced beforehand to assign a profile to a specific group. Manual selection of the profiles for the training dataset allows better control of the output results and the classification results are the most successful in the tests. Dimension reduction techniques decrease the amount of data representing each profile by extracting the most typical “features”, which allows for better data visualisation and simplifies the classification procedures afterwards. The singular value decomposition (SVD) used in the test performs quite satisfactorily. The general conclusion is that pattern recognition techniques perform well in automated classification of speed profiles compared to classification by a human observer. However, there are no given rules on which technique will perform best.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Lindelöw, David, et al.
(författare)
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Satisfaction or compensation? The interaction between walking preferences and neighbourhood design
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research, Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 50, s. 520-532
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a study on preferences, neighbourhood design and walking in a northern European setting. The aim was to examine how preferences for residential choice and modal choice play out regarding walking frequency in three neighbourhoods in the Swedish city of Malmö. The study design, unlike most earlier studies on the walkability of neighbourhoods, treated preferences as explicit variables predicting the amount of walking in a neighbourhood, rather than as control variables that alter the estimated effect of the built environment. The empirical material was examined with analysis of variance and multiple regression, which indicated that heterogeneous preferences resulted in a heterogeneous response, in terms of walking frequency, in one of the neighbourhoods. The suggestion for policy is that pedestrian planning should take the heterogeneity of preferences, and thus, of demand, into account.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Uppföljning av basprognoser för person- och godstransporter publicerade mellan 1975 och 2009
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trafikverket och dess föregångare tar fram basprognoser för det framtida trafik och -transportarbetet i Sverige. På nationell nivå används transportprognoserna som stöd i den långsiktiga infrastrukturplaneringen, bland annat för bedömning av investeringsbehov och de samhällsekonomiska konsekvenserna av olika åtgärder. På regional och lokal nivå används trafikprognoser för kapacitetsanalyser och dimensionering av infrastrukturprojekt. Prognoserna används även som underlag för Sveriges klimatrapportering till EU, till styrmedelsanalyser etc. Detta projekt utvärderar de långsiktiga prognoser för person- och godstransporter som Trafikverkets föregångare har tagit fram. Hur väl har de förutspått utvecklingen av transportarbetet och hur kan eventuella avvikelser förklaras? Uppföljningen ska fånga transporternas utveckling till följd av den ekonomiska och demografiska utvecklingen samt beslutade infrastrukturinvesteringar och styrmedel. Inom ramen för detta projekt analyseras de officiella prognoserna som har tagits fram under perioden 1975 – 2009: sju persontransportprognoser och åtta godstransportprognoser. För dessa förutsägelser har prognosåret redan inträffat eller kommer att inträffa senast 2020. Nyare prognoser är inte medtagna eftersom antalet gångna år de kan utvärderas mot är för få.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Waara, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Feasible provision of targeted traveler information in public transportation: Segmentation based on functional limitations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part A: Policy & Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564. ; 74, s. 164-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents findings on the need for traveler information among people with functional limitation(s), and how the need varies between groups with different functional limitation(s). Chi-Squared Automatic Identification Detector (CHAID) was used to identify groups (segments) in order to understand how functional limitations contribute to the need for traveler information. The key findings suggest that people with functional limitations have a greater need for traveler information concerning different aspects of travel beyond traveler information that relates to their functional limitation(s); this greater need also relates to groups of people with covert functional limitations to which little consideration is usually given. Further, it is feasible to consider the need of traveler information generated by functional limitation(s) in providing traveler information in public transportation, and people with combinations of functional limitations that include loss of lower extremity skills and prevalence of poor balance are particularly in need of relevant traveler information. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 50. |
- Winslott Hiselius, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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The development of public attitudes towards the Stockholm congestion trial
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research. Part A: Policy & Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564. ; 43:3, s. 269-282
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A full-scale congestion charging trial was carried out in Stockholm the first months of 2006. Almost half of respondents in a county-wide survey stated that they changed their attitudes towards congestion charges during the trial. Most of them became more positive. An analysis of media shows that the attitudinal change in media towards the trial coincides with the attitudinal change of the public. There was no dramatic change in the proportion of articles expressing a negative view. Instead, the result indicates that the increase in positive views was driven by a shift from neutral to positive articles during the trial. In order to ascertain why the public attitudes swung, we have analysed the anticipated and perceived effects of the trial. Generally, the analysis seems to indicate that improved understanding of the type and magnitude of concrete effects was not a main driving force behind the attitudinal change. Instead, it seems that the public attitude changed because personal experience gave a new understanding of the implications of the charges for the personal well-being. This would imply that trials, generally, may be a more useful tool than information in the process of implementing 'difficult' policy measures, such as congestion charges. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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