| 1. |
- Beckley, Amber, 1981-
(författare)
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Foreign background and criminal offending among young males in Stockholm
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This doctoral thesis considers how factors from the home country, the family, and the individual impact the risk for criminal offending among young males from a foreign background residing in Stockholm. I use Swedish register data to examine the risk for police registered suspicion of criminal offending. The introductory chapter presents an historical overview of immigration in Sweden, theories of criminal offending, and details about analysis of register data. It is followed by three empirical studies that consider unique risk factors for crime among children of immigrants while controlling for factors encountered within Sweden. The first study shows that young male children of immigrants do not seem to be inherently violent as a result of coming from a war-torn country. The second study indicates that it is not the age at immigration, but the family situation that seems to dictate criminal propensity. The final study suggests that threats of deportation and stricter immigration policies do not seem to deter criminality. The most interesting result was probably that high home country human development was a protective factor against crime. This is the first known work to uncover such a result. Future theoretical development may be best aimed at unpacking and empirically evaluating the human development index as a risk factor. Together, these three studies suggest that some previously unconsidered uniquely immigrant factors are related to risk for criminality.
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| 2. |
- Bengtsson, Petter, 1976-
(författare)
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Buyers and Sellers on the Stockholm Housing Market
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Buying and selling housing is for most a very important event that can strongly affect their financial situation. At the same time homes are recognized as places with great importance above and beyond financial matters and in everyday talk and in the previous literature homes are described as safe-havens, status symbols, influencing networks of friends and acquaintances, canvasses for projecting identity, tied to gentrification, segregation and much more. Previous literature tends to separate and focus on either economic/financial aspects or more symbolic values in housing, and/or separate its analysis to either owners of homes or buyers of homes. This study bridges the restricted focus in the previous literature by analyzing both buying and selling housing from an economical sociological viewpoint. The market and case is buying and selling housing in the County of Stockholm and since often the same household appear on both sides of the market close in time, a switch-role activity, the notion of switching and how the two roles relate to one and the same actor is central to explain. The explanation provided is further warranted in that this type of market, understudied in all types of previous literature, is a type of market which, not at least via internet platforms, is growing in volume. By ethnographic work, interviews and observations, buyers and sellers of housing are studied and analyzed. The theoretical concept of modes is used to create an understanding and explanation of housing buyers’ and sellers’ actions. The three research questions; what buyers and sellers do, how they do it, and why they do it are tied to the mode apparatus. Buyers are found to be disperse as their mode displays are plenty and varied. Some buyers are committed and certain of what they want in the future home and what the right price is, while some are eager to learn and find out what a good housing deal is. Others display modes of dreaming of future homes, play shop or try to learn what the proper way to buy housing really is or should be. Sellers are found to be much more coherent as group and as one mode display. The relatively set way in which sellers are provided a script on what to do and how to do it make them remarkably conformist. Sellers are found to show great trust in the institutional practice of the housing market. The lack of personal and subjective displays of identity and taste stand out. Sellers are found to display a general mode of involution, where culture and style tends to be ever watered down. Comparing the two sides of the market, buying and selling housing are therefore understood as two very different activities housed under one roof. Many actors appear on both sides of the market, as both buyer and seller close in time, but what the actor subjectively value as buyer and what influence their mode display, is not relevant when switching to selling. What is won for the buyer in the sense of having a distinct subjective mode is lost in uncertainty about what is the best deal on a unit of housing. Sellers on the other hand have little ability to display any real image and identity in their home for sale. However, what is lost in not having a distinct subjective mode display is then won in the certainty that following the script will secure the best possible deal. The study’s results point towards the value of further empirical work on switch-role markets to provide an extended knowledge of what is found here.
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| 3. |
- Bohman, Love, et al.
(författare)
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Surge Under Threat : The Rapid Increase of Women on Swedish Boards of Directors
- 2012
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Ingår i: Women on Corporate Boards and in Top Management. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9780230307735 ; , s. 91-108
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate how the representation of women in boards of Swedish firms publicly traded on the Stockholm Stock Exchange has changed since the late 1980s. Between 1990 and 2005 the share of firms with at least one woman on the board of directors increased dramatically, from ten percent to around 75 percent. During the same period the total share of women in boards has increased from two percent to 19 percent. We discuss the role of some actors and institutions relevant to this development, and analyze some consequences of it. Political threats of quota legislation seem to be the main cause of the surge. We show that following the threat of a quota, the hasty recruitment of women to boards implied that the recruitment processes of men and women became more different from each other, and also that the recruitment of women to some extent was cosmetic, that women were recruited to boards as figureheads. The Swedish case of rapidly increasing female corporate board representation following the quota threats illustrates the influence of political actors and institutions on economic life; just talk about legal institutional change appears to have induced a dramatic change in the practice of privately owned firms.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Brandén, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Can the trailing spouse phenomenon be explained by employer recruitment choices?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Population, Space and Place. - : Wiley. - 1544-8444 .- 1544-8452. ; 24:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well known that couples tend to relocate for the sake of the man's career rather than the woman's, also known as the “trailing spouse phenomenon.” The role of employer choices in this process is unknown however. If employers are hesitant to make job offers to women who live a long way from the workplace (e.g., because of work–family balance concerns or a perceived risk that they will not follow through on their applications, or stay hired if employed), this tendency might constitute an underlying mechanism behind the moving premium of partnered men. Ours is the first study to empirically test whether employers prefer geographically distant men over geographically distant women. We sent applications for 1,410 job openings in the Swedish labour market, randomly assigning gender and parental status to otherwise equivalent applications from cohabiting or married women and men and recorded employer callbacks to these. The results indicate that employers in general tend to disfavour job applicants who live a long way from the employer's workplace. This tendency is stronger for women, both for mothers and for women with no children. Our estimated effects are imprecise but clearly suggest that employer recruitment choices contribute to the trailing spouse phenomenon by offering men a larger pool of geographically distant jobs. We call for more research on this hitherto ignored mechanism behind the trailing spouse phenomenon.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Brandén, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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School Choice and School Segregation: Lessons from Sweden’s School Voucher System
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate how school choice opportunities affect school segregation. Theoretically, free school choice may affect school segregation in different directions, depending on its design, baseline residential segregation, and underlying preferences for separation. Our test case is the Swedish voucher-based free school choice system, and we utilize Swedish population register data that include 13 cohorts of ninth graders, with geocoded information on schools, their socioeconomic and ethnic composition, and the composition of the neighborhoods surrounding the schools. To identify causal effects of school choice opportunities, we treat fixed school areas as the unit of analysis, and we follow these over time to net out time-invariant area-level confounders. Within-area panel estimates indicate segregation based on both ethnic and educational background to be strongly affected by school choice opportunities. Increased choice opportunities lead to increased school segregation, to a large extent because of a higher propensity among native children and children with well-educated parents to attend newly established (non-public) independent schools. The segregating impact of school choice opportunities is uniform across school areas with different socioeconomic and ethnic profiles, but school segregation increases much more in residentially integrated areas as a consequence of an increase in school choice options. The lesson to be learned from the Swedish case is that large scale school voucher systems need to be designed to include mechanisms that counteract the strong segregating forces that such systems appear to produce.
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| 8. |
- Brandén, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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The opportunity structure of segregation : School choice and school segregation in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 65:4, s. 420-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is a matter of debate whether free school choice should lead to higher or lower levels of school segregation. We investigate how school choice opportunities affect school segregation utilizing geocoded Swedish population register data with information on 13 cohorts of ninth graders. We find that local school choice opportunities strongly affect the sorting of students across schools based on the parents’ country of birth and level of education. An increase in the number of local schools leads to higher levels of local segregation net of stable area characteristics, and time-varying controls for population structure and local residential segregation. In particular, the local presence of private voucher schools pushes school segregation upwards. The segregating impact of school choice opportunities is notably stronger in ‘native’ areas with high portions of highly educated parents, and in areas with low residential segregation. Our results point to the importance of embedding individual actors in relevant opportunity structures for understanding segregation processes.
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| 9. |
- Bursell, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Does employer discrimination contribute to the subordinate labor market inclusion of individuals of a foreign background?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Science Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0049-089X .- 1096-0317. ; 98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced labor markets are typically stratified by origin with a majority ethnic group occupying more desirable (high-skilled) positions and subordinated ethnic minorities occupying less desirable (low-skilled) positions. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether employer recruitment choices reinforce these patterns. This would be the case if employers were more reluctant to hire subordinate minority job applicants for high-skilled positions than for low-skilled occupations. We use experimental correspondence audit data derived from 6407 job applications sent to job openings in the Swedish labor market, where the ‘foreignness’ of the job applicants has been randomly assigned to otherwise equally merited job applications. We find that negative discrimination of job applicants with ‘foreign’ names is very similar in the high-skilled and low-skilled segments of the labor market. There is no significant relative ethnic difference in chances of callbacks by skill level. Because baseline callback rates are higher in high-skilled occupations, discrimination however translates into a significantly larger percentage unit callback difference between ‘natives’ and ‘foreigners’ in these occupations, in particular between male job applicants. That is, the number of (male) ‘foreign’ job seekers subject to ethnic discrimination in terms of actually being denied a job chance is higher in the highly skilled segment, but the effects on the relative scale do not suggest this to be driven by employers being particularly less welcoming of ‘foreigners’ in this segment.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Ability Grouping's Effects on Grades and the Attainment of Higher Education : A Natural Experiment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sociology of education. - : SAGE Publications. - 0038-0407 .- 1939-8573. ; 89:2, s. 118-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To test the effect of ability grouping on grades and the attainment of higher education, this study examines a naturally occurring experimentan admission reform that dramatically increased ability sorting between schools in the municipality of Stockholm. Following six cohorts of students (N= 79,020) from the age of 16 to 26, I find a mean effect close to zero and small positive and negative differentiating effects on grades. With regard to the attainment of higher education, I find a mean effect close to zero, the achievement group gap was unaffected, the immigrant-native gap increased, and the class background gap decreased. These results are consistent with much previous research that has found small mean effects of ability grouping. They are inconsistent with previous research, however, in that I find ability grouping's effects on gaps are rather small and point in different directions.
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| 12. |
- Bygren, Magnus, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Are Women Discriminated Against in Countries with Extensive Family Policies? A Piece of the “Welfare State Paradox” Puzzle from Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 28:4, s. 921-947
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A common assumption in comparative family policy studies is that employers statistically discriminate against women in countries with dual-earner family policy models. The empirical evidence cited in support of this assumption has exclusively been observational data, which should not be relied on to identify employer discrimination. In contrast, we investigate whether employers discriminate against women in Sweden—frequently viewed as epitomizing the dual-earner family policy model—using field experiment data. We find no evidence supporting the notion that Swedish employers statistically discriminate against women.
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| 13. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Being Different in the Workplace: Job Shifts into Other Workplaces and Shifts into Unemployment.
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 20:3, s. 201-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluates contradictory theoretical predictions concerning consequences of belonging to a minority in a workplace context. The impact of workplace sex and ethnic composition on its constituent members' voluntary (workplace shifts) and involuntary (unemployment) mobility out of the workplace are assessed using a two-year panel sample of 170,433 employees in 1,928 Swedish workplaces. The results indicate that immigrants have a lower propensity to leave workplaces with relatively many immigrants. Moreover, minority women, as well as immigrants in workplaces with a high proportion of natives, run significantly larger risks of ending up in unemployment. These results largely support Kanter's and Blau's theories of demographic composition. In contrast to previous research, the ethnic dimension of organizations' demography seems to matter more than the sex dimension.
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| 14. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Biased grades? Changes in grading after a blinding of examinations reform
- 2020
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Ingår i: Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0260-2938 .- 1469-297X. ; 45:2, s. 292-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Group differences in average grades prior to and after a step-wise introduction of blinded examinations at Stockholm University are examined. Relative to students with 'native' names, students with 'foreign' names appear to experience weak positive bias in the grading of their examinations, but the estimated effect is sensitive to model specification. No substantial effects of blinding examinations with respect to male-female gaps are found. The results suggest that examiners - when the names of students are disclosed to them - if anything have a weak tendency to positively discriminate for students perceived to have an immigrant background, but they do not appear to discriminate on the basis of gender.
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| 15. |
- Bygren, Magnus, 1968-
(författare)
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Career outcomes in the Swedish labor market : three contextual studies
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper I:Being Different in the Workplace: Job Mobility into other Workplaces and Shifts into Unemployment. This study evaluates contradictory theoretical predictions about the consequences of belonging to a minority in a workplace context. The impact of workplace sex and ethnic composition on its constituent members' voluntary (workplace shifts) and involuntary (unemployment) mobility out of the workplace is assessed. Multilevel models are estimated on a sample of 1,959 Swedish workplaces for which information is available on all employees. The results indicate that the sex composition of the workplace does not affect men's and women's propensity for job shifts into other workplaces. However, natives have a higher propensity to leave workplaces with relatively many immigrants. Moreover, women and immigrants who are in a small minority run significantly larger risks of ending up in unemployment. No such association is found for men when they are in the minority, or for natives in workplaces with a large proportion of immigrants. Thus, the minority position is disadvantageous for women and immigrants. In contrast to previous research, the ethnic composition effects dwarf those of sex composition. This dimension of "being different" thus seems more important for involuntary as well as voluntary moves out of workplaces.Paper II:What You See is Not Always What You Get. Imperfect Information in the Job-Worker Matching Process, and Its Consequences for the Attainment of Occupational Prestige. This study uses Swedish job history data to test the hypothesis that easily observable characteristics of both jobs and workers matter more for the individual attainment of job rewards when better information about such characteristics is not available. The notion of "easily observable worker characteristics" is operationalized as formal education, and that of "easily observable job characteristics" is operationalized as occupational prestige. The results are consistent with the hypothesis and previous empirical evidence obtained using US data. The formal education of workers influences employers' decisions about hiring, but in employer-internal mobility employers appear to make use of more direct measures of worker ability. Moreover, the longer the employer has had an opportunity to observe a worker, the smaller the influence of formal education on internal job mobility outcomes. Similarly, easily observable characteristics of jobs influence workers' mobility between employers, i.e. when other job information is unavailable or difficult to observe. Workers were also found to use more easily observable characteristics early on in the job-worker matches, but with time in the job, these characteristics lose their influence on job mobility decisions.Paper III:Pay Reference Standards and Pay Satisfaction. What Do Workers Evaluate Their Pay Against? Reference group theory postulates that actors' satisfaction originates in relative rather than absolute standing, but largely neglects the question of what these comparison standards actually are. This study contributes to filling this void through an empirical investigation of the standards against which workers evaluate their pay. The associations between several indicators of reference pay and pay satisfaction are examined in a random sample of Swedish employees. The data set is unusually rich in its information about both the individual and the structural context in which worker pay satisfaction is formed: the past pay of the worker, and the pay level of the organizational, occupational, and national labor market context. The results indicate that workers' satisfaction primarily stems from more general comparisons with others in their occupation, and in the labor market at large. Comparisons with co-workers' and the individuals' own past pay, are of minor importance. Reference group theory as applied to pay comparisons would therefore benefit from a focus on this more general level.
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| 16. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Do Employers Prefer Fathers? Evidence from a Field Experiment Testing the Gender by Parenthood Interaction Effect on Callbacks to Job Applications
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 33:3, s. 337-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In research on fatherhood premiums and motherhood penalties in career-related outcomes, employers discriminatory behaviours are often argued to constitute a possible explanation for observed gender gaps. However, there is as yet no conclusive evidence of such discrimination. Utilizing a field experiment design, we test (i) whether job applicants are subject to recruitment discrimination on the basis of their gender and parenthood status, and (ii) whether discrimination by gender and parenthood is conditional on the qualifications required by the job applied for. We applied for 2,144 jobs in the Swedish labour market, randomly assigning gender and parenthood status to fictitious job applicants. Based on the rate of callbacks, we do not find that employers practise systematic recruitment discrimination on the basis of the job applicants gender or parental status, neither in relation to less qualified nor more highly qualified jobs.
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| 17. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Elite Schools, Elite Ambitions? The Consequences of Secondary-Level School Choice Sorting for Tertiary-Level Educational Choices
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 36:4, s. 594-609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We ask if school choice, through its effect on sorting across schools, affects high school graduates’ application decisions to higher education. We exploit a school choice reform that dramatically increased achievement sorting across secondary schools in the municipality of Stockholm, employing a before–after design with a control group of students in similar schools located outside this municipality. The reform had a close to zero mean effect on the propensity to apply for tertiary educational programs, but strongly affected the self-selection by achievement into the kinds of higher educational programs applied for. Low achievers increased their propensity to apply for the ‘low-status’ educational programs, on average destining them to less prestigious, less well-paid occupations, and high achievers increased their propensity to apply for ‘high-status’ educational programs, on average destining them to more prestigious, well-paid occupations. The results suggest that increased sorting across schools reinforces differences across schools and groups in ‘cultures of ambition’. Although these effects translate into relatively small increases in the gender gap, the immigration gap, and the parental education gap in educational choice, our results indicate that school choice, and the increased sorting it leads to, through conformity mechanisms in schools polarizes educational choices of students across achievement groups.
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| 18. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Environment During Childhood and the Educational Attainment of Immigrant Children in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:3, s. 1305-1329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We ask whether ethnic residential segregation influences the future educational careers of children of immigrants in Sweden. We use a dataset comprising a cohort of children who finished compulsory school in 1995 (n = 6,560). We follow these children retrospectively to 1990 to measure neighborhood characteristics during late childhood, and prospectively through 2003 to measure the number of years of education attained thus far. The largest immigrant groups came from Finland, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Iran and Chile. Our empirical analysis reveals that immigrant children who grow up in neighborhoods with many young coethnics who have limited educational resources, obtain relatively low average grades from compulsory school, and on average, do not attain the same levels of education as do immigrant children who grow up elsewhere. For a minority of immigrant children who lived in neighborhoods with educationally successful young coethnics, we find a positive effect of growing up in an ethnic enclave. Also in this case, the effect of the ethnic environment on future educational attainment is mediated by school results in compulsory school.
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| 19. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Family Formation and Men's and Women's Attainment of Workplace Authority
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:3, s. 795-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish panel data, we assess whether the gender gap in supervisory authority has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent the gap can be attributed to gender-specific consequences of family formation. The results indicate that the gap has narrowed modestly during the period, and that the life-event of parenthood is a major cause. As long as women and men are childless and single, the gender gap in supervisory authority is marginal, even reversed. When men become fathers, however, they strongly increase their chances for supervisory authority whereas women's chances remain unaffected when they become mothers. We also find a male "marriage premium" on workplace authority, but this premium is generated by selection.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms of Organizational Segregation: Organizational Characteristics and the Sex of Newly Recruited Employees
- 2005
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Ingår i: Work and Occupations. - : SAGE Publications. - 0730-8884 .- 1552-8464. ; 32:1, s. 39-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the process underlying sex segregation at the organizational level by focusing on the process through which organizations renew their workforce. The authors used a sample of 1,460 Swedish workplaces that recruited 75,261 employees during the period 1991 to 1995. The results indicate that the most important factor in reproducing segregation at the organizational level is sex segregation in the occupations from which organizations recruit their personnel. Organizations’ sex composition is to a very high degree determined by the sex composition of the occupations they employ. In addition, large organizations and expanding organizations tend to make more sex-atypical recruitments compared with other organizations.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Parents’ Workplace Situation and Fathers’ Parental Leave Use
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Marriage and Family. - : Wiley. - 0022-2445 .- 1741-3737. ; 68:2, s. 363-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines how the workplace situation of both parents affects fathers' parental leave use. We used parental leave-taking register data from Statistics Sweden for dual-earner couples who resided in Stockholm and had children in 1997 (n= 3,755). The results indicate that fathers shorten their parental leave if their workplaces are such that one can expect leave to be associated with high costs and that fathers appear to be influenced by the leave use of other fathers in the workplace. Mothers' workplace situation appears to be less important for fathers' leave use. The results point to the importance of actors other than parents (such as employers) for understanding the gender-based division of child care.
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| 27. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Pay Reference Groups and Pay Satisfaction. What Do Workers Evaluate Their Pay To?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Social Science Research. ; 33, s. 206-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reference group theory postulates that actors’ satisfaction originates in relative rather than absolute standing, but largely neglects the question of what these comparison standards actually are. This study contributes to filling this void through an empirical investigation of the standards against which workers evaluate their pay. The associations between several indicators of reference pay and pay satisfaction are examined among Swedish employees. The data set is unusually rich in its information about both the individual and the structural context in which workers’ pay satisfaction is formed: the past pay of the worker, and the pay level of the organizational, occupational, and national labor market context. The results indicate that Swedish workers’ satisfaction primarily stems from more general comparisons, relating to others in their occupation, and to others in the labor market at large. Comparisons with co-workers and the individuals’ own past pay seem to be of minor importance.
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| 28. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The Constant Gap : Parenthood Premiums in Sweden 1968–2010
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 100:1, s. 137-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We know that parenthood has different consequences for men’s and women’s careers. Still, the research remains inconclusive on the question of whether this is mainly a consequence of a fatherhood premium, a motherhood penalty, or both. A common assumption is that women fall behind in terms of pay when they become mothers.Based on longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU), and individual fixed-effects models, we examine the support for this assumption by mapping the size of parenthood effects on wages during the years 1968–2010. During this period, Swedish women’s labor supply increased dramatically, dual-earner family policies were institutionalized, and society’s norms on the gendered division of labor changed. We describe the development of parenthood effects on wages during this transformative period.Our results indicate that both genders benefit from a gross parenthood premium, both at the beginning of the period and in recent years, but the size of this premium is larger for men. Individual fixed-effects models indicate that the wage premium is mainly the result of parents’ increased labor market investments. Controlling for these, women suffer from a small motherhood penalty early in the period under study whereas parenthood is unrelated to women’s wages in later years and to men’s wages throughout the period. Neither for men nor for women do we find a statistically significant period change in the parenthood effects. Instead, patterns are remarkably stable over time given the radical changes in family policies and norms that took place during the period examined.
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| 29. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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The Gender Composition of Workplaces and Men's and Women's Turnover
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 26:2, s. 193-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a data set of 721,123 employees in 1,890 Swedish workplaces, the author tests whether employees’ propensity to leave a workplace is dependent on the share of the employees of the opposite sex in a workplace. Net of time-invariant workplace heterogeneity, the probability to leave a workplace is found to decrease with the share of employees of the opposite sex. This is true for men as well as women. The results contradict theories suggesting that men and women prefer to work in work settings with a high proportion of employees of their own sex. On the contrary, a plausible explanation of the results is that both men and women prefer work settings with a high proportion of employees of the opposite sex.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968–2000 – a family affair?
- 2007
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- We assess whether the gender gap in authority in Sweden has changed during the period 1968–2000, and investigate to what extent family factors are respon-sible for this gap. We find that the gap has narrowed modestly during this period, and identify the life-event of parenthood as a major cause of the gap. When men become fathers, they gain authority; when women become mothers, they do not. Our fixed effects panel estimates of the effects of family factors deviate from the cross-sectional estimates, suggesting that unobserved individ-ual heterogeneity – routinely neglected in this line of research – matters.
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| 32. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The more things change, the more they stay the same : a follow up of participants in Social Fund financed projects
- 2014
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Every year in Sweden, over one hundred thousand job-seekers are assigned to local labour market policy measures, of which a large proportion are financed with money from the European Social Fund. But what do we actually know about the contents of these projects and their effects on the participants’ chances of getting a job? What could be done to improve this knowledge? This report constitutes a follow-up of Labour Market Policies against the Odds (2014), which studied the labour market outcomes of job-seekers who had been assigned to Social Fund projects by the Swedish Public Employment Service. Here we go a step further and include all individuals who participated in a Social Fund project over a period of three years. The objective is to examine whether the participants’ participation in the projects improved their chances of getting a job or affected their subsequent incomes.We find relatively small – but transient – positive effects of participation in ESF-projects on employment chances and income from work. However, our sensitivity analyses indicate that even these small effects can be questioned. One of the important conclusions drawn in the report is that the opportunities for evaluating the effects of these projects are very limited. The available information on the contents of the projects is poor, and the projects have not been designed in a way that makes scientific evaluation possible. The report therefore concludes with recommendations that could improve the evaluability of Social Fund financed activities.
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| 33. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Unpacking the Causes of Ethnic Segregation across Workplaces
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a large sample of employees-within-workplaces, the author investigates the relative role of random and systematic sorting for ethnic segregation across workplaces. If employees, in a counterfactual world, were randomly allocated to workplaces, the level of ethnic segregation across workplaces would just be halved. The remainder of segregation - systematic segregation - is upheld because employees that are recruited to workplaces tend to be similar to those already employed there, not because underrepresented groups within workplaces are systematically screened out of them. This homosocial inflow of employees appears largely to be sustained by employers’ tendency to select new employees from a pool of workplaces where its employees have been employed previously.
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| 34. |
- Bygren, Magnus
(författare)
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Unpacking the causes of segregation across workplaces
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 56:1, s. 3-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The way employee flows generate ethnic and gender segregation across workplaces is investigated using a population sample of 80,139 workplaces with 977,978 employees in the Stockholm area. Comparisons of actual stocks and flows of employees across workplaces to counterfactual simulations of these reveal that segregation clearly has a random component to it: Even with random allocation of employees to workplaces, segregation would still be substantial. Systematic (non-random) segregation appears to be upheld primarily because employees recruited to workplaces are similar to those already employed there, not because underrepresented groups within workplaces are systematically screened out. This tendency appears to be less connected to between-group differences in education, occupation or industry, but instead largely sustained by the tendency of employers to select new employees from a pool of workplaces where their employees have been employed previously. Network recruiting might generate this pattern, but unobserved individual and workplace factors cannot be ruled out as potential confounders. The results speak to theories of homosociality applied to segregation processes: If homosocial biases affect segregation, they apparently do so mostly in the recruitment process to workplaces, but less so through processes of exclusion of minorities from workplaces.
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| 35. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Using register data to estimate causal effects of interventions : An ex post synthetic control-group approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 45:17, s. 50-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: It is common in the context of evaluations that participants have not been selected on the basis of transparent participation criteria, and researchers and evaluators many times have to make do with observational data to estimate effects of job training programs and similar interventions. The techniques developed by researchers in such endeavours are useful not only to researchers narrowly focused on evaluations, but also to social and population science more generally, as observational data overwhelmingly are the norm, and the endogeneity challenges encountered in the estimation of causal effects with such data are not trivial. The aim of this article is to illustrate how register data can be used strategically to evaluate programs and interventions and to estimate causal effects of participation in these. Methods: We use propensity score matching on pretreatment-period variables to derive a synthetic control group, and we use this group as a comparison to estimate the employment-treatment effect of participation in a large job-training program. Results: We find the effect of treatment to be small and positive but transient. Conclusions: Our method reveals a strong regression to the mean effect, extremely easy to interpret as a treatment effect had a less advanced design been used (e.g. a within-subjects panel data analysis), and illustrates one of the unique advantages of using population register data for research purposes.
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| 36. |
- Erlandsson, Anni, 1987-
(författare)
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Gender, Parenthood, Ethnicity and Discrimination in the Labor Market : Experimental Studies on Discrimination in Recruitment in Sweden
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation uses experimental methods to study hiring discrimination based on gender, parenthood and ethnicity in the Swedish labor market. Also, the role of recruiter gender for gender and ethnic discrimination is studied. Three of the four empirical studies (Study I, Study II and Study IV), are based on field experiment data using a correspondence testing method. This involves fictitious job applications sent to announced jobs, and the employer responses to these. Signals of applicant characteristics such as gender, parenthood status, and ethnicity are randomly assigned to the job applications whereas qualifications are held constant (within occupations). Study III is based on a laboratory experiment in which (fictious) job candidates are evaluated.Study I does not show any evidence of discrimination based on gender or parenthood, or any combination of these, in the first step of the hiring process, neither in highly nor less qualified occupations. Study II shows that male job applicants are favored by male recruiters, especially in gender-balanced occupations.Study III shows a statistically significant gender bias in job applicant ratings in favor of female applicants in a laboratory setting. This is particularly the case for female evaluators. Moreover, Study III shows no motherhood penalty in the applicant ratings.Study IV presents evidence of ethnic discrimination against foreign-named job applicants by both male and female recruiters. Further, there is evidence of gendered ethnic discrimination, i.e., male applicants with foreign-sounding names receive considerably fewer positive responses than female applicants with foreign-sounding names. While female recruiters favor foreign-named female applicants over foreign-named male applicants, particularly in highly qualified occupations, male recruiters appear to prefer foreign-named females over foreign-named males in male-dominated occupations.To summarize, the findings from this dissertation provide little support for the notion of discrimination in recruitment as an important mechanism behind gender inequalities in the Swedish labor market. However, the results indicate that discrimination in the recruitment process contributes to the labor market inequality of ethnic minorities, and of ethnic minority men in particular. Moreover, the findings suggest that recruiter gender matters for the success of male and female job candidates, and in particular for foreign-named men and women, at least in some occupational contexts.
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| 37. |
- Erlandsson, Anni, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
Is there a rating bias of job candidates based on gender and parenthood? A laboratory experiment on hiring for an accounting job
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biased practices by employers have been suggested as one possible cause for the observed gender disparities in labor market outcomes. While US-based laboratory experiments show a clear motherhood penalty in recruitment, European laboratory experiments on the topic are to our knowledge lacking. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 228 university students to study a potential gender bias in the evaluation of (fictitious) job candidates for an accounting manager position, and how recruitment decisions are made. We explore two dimensions of decision-making, that is, evaluators’ individual ratings and collectively made ratings. The results show a statistically significant gender bias in job applicant ratings in favor of female applicants. Thus, female job applicants are more often than male applicants rated as the top candidates, regardless of their parental status. Also, we find no motherhood penalty in the applicant ratings. Moreover, there is a statistically significant pro-female bias in applicant ratings made by female evaluators individually and by all-female evaluation groups.
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| 38. |
- Erlandsson, Anni, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
She is a woman and women rule! A laboratory experiment on recruitment discrimination based on gender and parenthood
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Discriminatory practices by employers have been suggested as one possible cause for the observed gender disparities in labor market outcomes. While U.S.-based laboratory experiments show a clear motherhood penalty in recruitment, European laboratory experiments on the topic are lacking. The purpose of this paper is to study recruitment discrimination based on gender and parenthood in a laboratory setting in Sweden. We conducted a laboratory experiment with 228 human relations or business students enrolled at Stockholm University, i.e., potential future recruiters, to study potential gender bias in the evaluation of (fictitious) job candidates and how recruitment decisions are made. The results show a statistically significant gender bias in job applicant ratings in favor of female applicants. Thus, female job applicants are more often than male applicants rated as the top candidate, regardless of their parental status. Contrary to previous U.S.-based laboratory experiments, we find no motherhood penalty in the applicant ratings. Moreover, there is a statistically significant pro-female bias in applicant ratings made by female evaluators individually as well as all-female evaluation groups.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Hällsten, Martin, 1980-
(författare)
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Essays on Social Reproduction and Lifelong Learning
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained papers that deal with social reproduction and lifelong learning in Sweden and all use large-scale longitudinal data from public registers. The first paper analyses inequality by class origin in programme choice at university. It is found that individuals of working class origin choose programs of shorter duration with lower grade point requirements closer to their parents’ home compared to individuals of higher class origin. Children of the higher class instead prefer programs with higher expected earnings and avoid non-traditional institutions. This inequality leads to non-negligible differences in expected labour market outcomes further on. The second paper examines the wage gap between individuals of working and higher class origin, given education. By using an unusually detailed measure of education, the net wage gap between classes is found to be considerably smaller compared to standard specifications. The wage gap is found to be relatively small in the public sector, and also somewhat smaller in large compared to small private firms, suggesting that bureaucracy may act as a leveller. The third paper investigates the relation between economic inequality and the decision to take up studies at the tertiary level late in life. The results show the likelihood of a late entry to be especially high for individuals who are disadvantaged to a moderate extent in terms of current earnings rank and also had some unemployment experience. The fourth paper addresses life-long learning in tertiary education and its economic returns. Matching techniques are combined with panel data methods to account for non-random selection. The results reveal average positive returns of considerable magnitude on late degrees; between 10 to 20 percentiles in the earnings distribution. The largest effects are found in the lower parts of the earnings distribution.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Palm, Johanna, 1979-
(författare)
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There is power in a union : Trade union organization, union membership and union activity in Sweden
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates what factors affect union organization and, to some degree, union activity in the face of declining union density in the majority of Western countries. Union structures have been changing in recent decades, not only in terms of declining membership but also because women and white-collar workers are becoming a more stable part of the membership base, whereas previously highly organized groups, such as blue-collar workers, are in decline. The point of departure for this thesis is that union density changes must be understood on several different levels. Thus, we must investigate changing union density in light of changing institutional settings, changing labour market structures and changing norms and values on the individual level. The thesis consists of three empirical studies investigating union density changes and union activity in Sweden, and an introductory chapter that develops the theoretical and empirical (historical) background. The empirical studies investigate: (1) whether and how the influence of various aspects of class and ideology on union organization have changed over time, (2) the effect of structural change on union density increase and decline, and(3) what factors influence different attitudes towards industrial action among Swedish employees. Results show that union density decline in Sweden since the mid-1990s cannot be explained by any forceful shifts in the labour market structure or individuals’ opinions and/or attitudes related to trade unions to any significant degree. Union density decline in Sweden is of a general nature. However, an increasing divergence in union density across various categories of employees, including, e.g., private-sector vs. public-sector employees, young vs. older employees, employees of foreign origin vs. employees of Swedish origin, and the atypically employed vs. employees with standardized employment, is observed. Moreover, previously strong predictors of union membership, including class identity, ideology, sector of employment and type of employment contract, are in decline, but they still influence union organization and attitudes towards industrial action.
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| 44. |
- Rosenqvist, Erik, 1983-
(författare)
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Social Influence and Educational Decisions : Studies on Peer Influence in Secondary Education
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis examines the role of peers when students’ educational decisions are formed. The thesis uses rich administrative data from Sweden, which provides opportunities to follow students over different transitions in their educational career and assess the role of peers in different educational situations. The thesis consists of one introductory chapter and four empirical studies. Study I examines how peers influence each other’s applications to upper secondary education through two different influence functions, where students both conform to their peers’ ambitious decisions and simultaneously can be discouraged from ambitious decisions by high-achieving peers. Study II builds on the findings from Study I and examines if students who conform to their peers’ educational ambitions and enroll in ambitious and demanding educations are more prone to leave such educations since their applications potentially were too myopic when influenced by their peers. Study III examines how students’ decisions to apply to gender typical and gender atypical upper secondary educations were affected by their peers. The study additionally examines if students enrolled in atypical educations are more likely to leave the education and if such decisions are mediated by the peer composition in their upper secondary education. Study IV examines how an admission reform to upper secondary education, which increased the sorting of students on achievements, affected application behavior to different tertiary education.
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| 45. |
- Sonmark, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual and contextual expressions of school demands and their relation to psychosomatic health : a comparative study of students in France and Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Child Indicators Research. - 1874-897X .- 1874-8988. ; 9:1, s. 93-109
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the health-related implications of both individual students’ and class-level concentrations of perceived demands in terms of pressuring, difficult and tiring schoolwork in France and Sweden, two countries with substantial differences in their educational systems and recent notable differences in PISA-results. Data come from Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (2001/02, 2005/06 and 2009/10) and comprise a total of 33,243 students aged 11, 13 and 15. Findings show that feeling under pressure from schoolwork is less prevalent in Sweden than in France among 11 and 13-year olds, but almost twice as common among 15-year olds. Yet its correlation with 15-year olds’ psychosomatic complaints is stronger in France than in Sweden. Feeling tired by schoolwork is equally common for 11- and 13-year olds in the two countries, but more frequent among 15-year olds in Sweden. It is also a stronger predictor of psychosomatic complaints in Sweden than in France across all age-groups. While it is more common at all ages to perceive the schoolwork as difficult in France, its relationship with psychosomatic complaints is stronger among students in Sweden. The proportion of classmates reporting high school demands is also linked to poorer student health, but these effects were largely confined to girls in both countries.
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| 46. |
- Sonmark, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual and contextual expressions of school demands and their relation to psychosomatic health : a comparative study of students in France and Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Child Indicators Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1874-897X .- 1874-8988. ; 9:1, s. 93-109
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores the health-related implications of both individual students’ and class-level concentrations of perceived demands in terms of pressuring, difficult and tiring schoolwork in France and Sweden, two countries with substantial differences in their educational systems and recent notable differences in PISA-results. Data come from Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (2001/02, 2005/06 and 2009/10) and comprise a total of 33,243 students aged 11, 13 and 15. Findings show that feeling under pressure from schoolwork is less prevalent in Sweden than in France among 11 and 13-year olds, but almost twice as common among 15-year olds. Yet its correlation with 15-year olds’ psychosomatic complaints is stronger in France than in Sweden. Feeling tired by schoolwork is equally common for 11- and 13-year olds in the two countries, but more frequent among 15-year olds in Sweden. It is also a stronger predictor of psychosomatic complaints in Sweden than in France across all age-groups. While it is more common at all ages to perceive the schoolwork as difficult in France, its relationship with psychosomatic complaints is stronger among students in Sweden. The proportion of classmates reporting high school demands is also linked to poorer student health, but these effects were largely confined to girls in both countries.
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| 47. |
- Szulkin, Ryszard, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic environment during childhood and the educational attainment of immigrant children in Sweden
- 2007
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- We ask whether growing up with persons of the same national background (which we refer to as coethnics), in the immediate neighbourhood, influences future educational careers of children of immigrants. We use administrative data to follow an entire cohort of immigrant children who graduated from Swedish compulsory schools in 1995. We have information on their parents and on their ethnic environment during the period they were 10 – 15 years old. The dependent variable studied is the highest completed education in years at age 24. We are able to account for unobserved heterogeneity with neighbourhood fixed effects and ethnic group fixed effects. We find that the effect of the quantitative side of the ethnic environment (the number of coethnics) on educational attainment is strongly conditioned by the qualitative side of this environment (the educational success of coethnics). The individual’s educational career is positively related to the number of young coethnics in the neighbourhood, but only if they can be characterized as being educationally successful. Growing up in a large ethnic community with average or poor educational success is harmful for the future educational success. The effect of the ethnic surrounding on the highest completed education is fully mediated by success in compulsory school.
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| 48. |
- Weber, Rosa, 1991-
(författare)
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Borders and Barriers : Studies on Migration and Integration in the Nordic and Mexico-U.S. Settings
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- International migration engages large numbers of people. Men, women and children break up from their homes and move to another country temporarily or permanently. Depending on the country of origin and the destination, this comes with varying degrees of uncertainties about where to settle, how much to invest in building a new life abroad and how to retain ties to the country of origin. In recent years, policies have become increasingly salient for migrants’ experiences. They impact entry possibilities and the ease of travelling back home. Increased policing of migrants can interfere in the building of a new life abroad and contribute to stress and apprehension felt among both migrants and their children. To some extent counteracting this, family and friends may provide newly arrived migrants with information on job opportunities and facilitate the transition into the new country.This dissertation analyses the links between migration and integration patterns and migrants’ ties to the home and destination country. It does this in two ultimately distinct settings when it comes to the borders and barriers that migrants face: the Nordic and Mexico-U.S. settings. Until recently, Swedish migration policy was among the most welcoming to migrants from different parts of the world. Migration within the Nordic countries, in particular, is characterised by open borders. By contrast, Mexico and the U.S. are separated by an increasingly militarised border and internal policing of migrants has risen dramatically. Consequently, these settings provide contrasting and interesting examples of the relationship between the policy context and migrants’ experiences.Study 1 shows that many moves are temporary and short term in the Nordic setting of free mobility. Still, the threshold to the first move is notably higher than for subsequent moves. Study 2 reveals that rising deportations of Mexican migrants in the U.S. are associated with a shift from savings brought home to the sending of remittances. Afraid of a sudden arrest or deportation, migrants maintain transnational ties by sending remittances back to Mexico rather than carrying savings across the border. Study 3 investigates the different roles that social contacts play for male and female migrants’ integration into the Swedish labour market. Whereas friends provide men with benefits in the labour market, women’s job search is often constrained by factors linked to having family in Sweden. Study 4 shows that the implementation of local level immigration enforcement in the U.S. has a negative impact on district level average educational achievement among Hispanic students. This indicates that integration and resulting ethnic achievement gaps are shaped by increased policing and surveillance of migrants.This dissertation reveals a series of complex relationships between migration, integration and policies. Family and kin influence migration decisions also when barriers to movement are low. In the new country, kin can assist migrants’ job search or slow it down when newly arrived migrants are expected to care for them. Policing of migrants makes it more difficult to return and may affect migrants’ abilities to invest in building a new life, as indicated by negative effects for educational outcomes among groups targeted by immigration enforcement. Taken together, these factors shape the experiences and life chances of both migrants and their children in the new country.
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