| 1. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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A Process for Product and Service Definition
- 2016
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Ingår i: 9th International Workshop on Software Product Management (IWSPM 2016). - : IEEE. - 9781509036943 ; , s. 322-327
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This short paper presents an iterative and incrementalprocess to improve the probability that the product or service definition leading to requirements and implementation is both representative of the market needs and has a reasonable expecta-tion of a financially viable business model. Rather than a relative-ly linear process wherein marketing delivers a product definition to the development team, this process ensures that all assump-tions are validated during the definition stage and that all team members are engaged. The process balances the need to address current challenges against future opportunities, providing short-term customer satisfaction (and justification for purchasing or adoption) and a coherent vision for future development efforts (and maintaining and growing the customer base). The process is applied to a case in the agriculture commodities sector.
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| 2. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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Confounding Factors When Conducting Industrial Replications in Requirements Engineering
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Conducting Empirical Studies in Industry. ; , s. 55-58
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the widely recognized importance of replications in software engineering, industrial replications in software engineering are still rarely reported. Although the literature provides some evidence about the issues and challenges related to conducting experiments and replications the practitioner's view of the issues and challenges has not been fully explored. This paper reports an industrial practitioner's review of a replicated experiment on linguistic tool support for consolidation of requirements from multiple sources. The review identified potential confounding factors from a perspective that differed significantly from that of the designers of the experiment. The results suggest that industrial practice may focus upon specific process aspects that are not necessarily reflected in academic practice.
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| 3. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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Experience requirements in video games definition and testability
- 2015
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Ingår i: Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), 2015 IEEE 23rd International. - : IEEE. - 9781467369060
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A properly formed requirement is testable, a necessity for ensuring that design goals are met. While challenging in productivity applications, entertainment applications such as games compound the problem due to their subjective nature. We report here on our efforts to create testable experience requirements, the associated scope challenges and challenges with test design and result interpretation. We further report on issues experienced when performing focus group testing and provide practitioner guidance.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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More than requirements: Applying requirements engineering techniques to the challenge of setting corporate intellectual policy, an experience report
- 2011
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9781457709470 ; , s. 35-42
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creation and adoption of corporate policies requires significant commitment of scarce senior management resources. In the absence of processes and tools, convergence upon final policy and may not be achieved in a timely manner. Significant similarities between policy and requirements documents suggest that requirements engineering techniques could be used to generate policy. However, neither evidence of feasibility of this approach nor theoretical investigation is present in the research literature. This paper reports upon our experience from an exploratory study where well-established requirements engineering methodologies were applied to generate corporate intellectual property policy. Interview, brainstorming and survey techniques were used to successfully apply structure and process to the task, generating a new corporate intellectual property policy that met or exceeded all stakeholder goals. The materials gathered during stakeholder interactions and analysis not only provided functional guidance for the policy itself, but also non-functional guidance with respect to the diversity of stakeholder opinions and the strength with which opinions were held. This knowledge greatly facilitated the creation of draft policy: this insider knowledge increased our expectation of stakeholder acceptance and also facilitated subsequent negotiation efforts. The feasibility of applying RE techniques to crafting corporate policy has been demonstrated and the results show sufficient promise that further investigation is warranted.
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| 6. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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New Frontiers for Requirements Engineering
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference, RE 2017. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538631911 ; , s. 184-193
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Requirements Engineering (RE) has grown from its humble beginnings to embrace a wide variety of techniques, drawn from many disciplines, and the diversity of tasks currently performed under the label of RE has grown beyond that encom-passed by software development. We briefly review how RE has evolved and observe that RE is now a collection of best practices for pragmatic, outcome-focused critical thinking-A pplicable to any domain. We discuss an alternative perspective on, and de-scription of, the discipline of RE and advocate for the evolution of RE toward a discipline that supports the application of RE prac-tice to any domain. We call upon RE practitioners to proactively engage in alternative domains and call upon researchers that adopt practices from other domains to actively engage with their inspiring domains. For both, we ask that they report upon their experience so that we can continue to expand RE frontiers. © 2017 IEEE.
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| 7. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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Public policy challenges : An RE perspective
- 2018
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Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - : CEUR-WS. ; , s. 24-33
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this perspective paper, we investigate the parallels between public policy and IT projects from the perspective of traditional RE practice. Using the mainstream media as an information source (as would an average citizen), over a period of approximately one year we captured documents that presented analyses of public policy issues. The documents were categorized into eight topic areas, then analyzed to identify patterns that RE practitioners would recognize. We found evidence of policy failures that parallel project failures traceable to requirements engineering problems. Our analysis revealed evidence of bias across all stakeholder groups, similar to the rise of the “beliefs over facts” phenomenon often associated with “fake news”. We also found substantial evidence of unintended consequences due to inadequate problem scoping, terminology definition, domain knowledge, and stakeholder identification and engagement. Further, ideological motivations were found to affect constraint definitions resulting in solution spaces that may approach locally optimal but may not be globally optimal. Public policy addresses societal issues; our analysis supports our conclusion that RE techniques could be utilized to support policy creation and implementation. © 2018 SPIE. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Callele, David, et al.
(författare)
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Risk Identification on the Interface Between Business Case and Requirements
- 2013
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Ingår i: Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality / Lecture Notes in Computer Science. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783642374210 ; 7830, s. 253-268
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivation: The requirements engineering (RE) research community is aware of the importance of performing feasibility studies before starting requirements elicitation. Unfortunately, projects still frequently fail to achieve commercial success, responsibility is often unknown, and requirements engineers may be deemed responsible for mistakes made by others. Problem: There is neither empirical evidence available from a post-mortem risk analysis for projects that performed adequate RE but commercially failed nor guidance for requirements engineers on validating a business case analysis to mitigate this risk. Principal idea: By performing a post-mortem analysis of software development projects that failed to achieve commercial success, we investigate the root causes for the failures and, in most cases, trace the causes back to business case issues. We identify risk areas and provide practical due diligence guidance to the practitioner. Contribution: This exploratory case study performs an in-depth review of a detailed post-mortem analysis of three software development projects performed over a 2.5 year period. Each of the analyzed projects failed to make the expected transition to commercialization despite using appropriate RE techniques and achieving satisfactory deliverables. The analysis identifies risk factors that the RE practitioner should consider and we provide a checklist for RE practitioners to use when checking for these risks in an antecedent business case as part of their due diligence. A low-cost commercial viability assessment technique, employing Fermi approximation, is provided to equip the RE practitioner with a risk mitigation tool in the absence of business analyst resources.
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| 9. |
- Hoffman, Krystian, et al.
(författare)
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On the Facets of Stakeholder Inertia: A Literature Review
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2014 IEEE IWSPM 8th International Workshop on Software Product Management (IWSPM). ; , s. 31-37
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intense competition in rapidly changing markets puts intense pressure on product definition and the associated requirements engineering processes. An extensive literature review has identified that brand inertia, customer inertia, inappropriate market entry strategies and an inability to satisfy customer needs or expectations are the principle contributors to customer product rejection. While RE practice has developed a number of methodologies for addressing aspects of the contributing factors to these failures, very little prior work has focused on the inertia aspects of the problem. In this work we present the results of our literature review and build upon this review to develop an initial framework for incorporating stakeholder inertia into RE practice and management processes. We conclude with a detailed agenda for further research into aspects of the stakeholder inertia problem.
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| 10. |
- Ocieszak, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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On the use of Financial Valuation Techniques in Requirements Engineering
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2018 1ST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LEARNING FROM OTHER DISCIPLINES FOR REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING (D4RE 2018). - : IEEE Communications Society. - 9781538684184 ; , s. 16-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates methods and techniquesfrom finance for supporting value estimation for features orrequirements. We discuss the applicability and challenges as-sociated with applying financial techniques for feature valueestimation and for supporting requirements prioritization
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| 11. |
- Ocieszak, Marcin, et al.
(författare)
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Using financial valuation techniques to minimize waste in requirements scoping
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2019 IEEE 27th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops, REW 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728151656 ; , s. 3-6
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents our initial experiences with employing option theory and NPV techniques for optimizing waste reduction in requirements scoping. Inspired by financial market theories, we analyze a large requirements scoping decision making history from the mobile handset domain. We outline how we can optimize waste reduction in requirements scoping by modeling the neutral, positive and negative scenarios, giving each of the scenarios appropriate budget and development team commitment. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 12. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling Lost Opportunity Costs in Agile Development – the Basic Lost Opportunity Estimation Model for Requirements Scoping
- 2012
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Ingår i: Software Business/Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642307454 ; 114:2, s. 255-260
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a model for estimating the final keep/cancel decision point, on a per-feature basis, for scope inclusion in a future release. The Basic Lost Opportunity Estimation Model (BLOEM), based on data from a company that uses an agile-inspired software development model, supports feature selection when the time-dependent business value estimates change as the requirements analysis progresses. The initial BLOEM validation, conducted on a set of 166 features, suggests that the model can valuable input to the feature selection process for a given release, helping to control lost opportunity costs due to feature cancellation. Limitations of BLOEM are discussed and issues for further research are presented.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring factors affecting decision outcome and lead time in large-scale requirements engineering
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of software: Evolution and Process. - : Wiley. - 2047-7481 .- 2047-7473. ; 27:9, s. 647-673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lead time, defined as the duration between the moment a request was filed and the moment the decision was made, is an important aspect of decision making in market-driven requirements engineering. Minimizing lead time allows software companies to focus their resources on the most profitable functionality and enables them to remain competitive within the quickly changing software market. Achieving and sustaining low decision lead time and the resulting high decision efficiency require a better understanding of factors that may affect both decision lead time and outcome. In order to identify possible factors, we conducted an exploratory two-stage case study that combines the statistical analysis of seven possible relationships among decision characteristics at a large company with a survey of industry participants. Our results show that the number of products affected by a decision increases the time needed to make a decision. Practitioners should take this aspect into consideration when planning for efficient decision making and possibly reducing the complexity of decisions. Our results also show that when a change request originates from an important customer, the request is more often accepted. The results provide input into the discussion of whether a large company should focus on only a few of its large customers and disregard its significantly larger group of small customers. The results provide valuable insights for researchers, who can use them to plan research of decision-making processes and methods, and for practitioners, who can use them to optimize their decision-making processes. In future work, we plan to investigate other decision characteristics, such as the number of stakeholders involved in the discussion about the potential change or the number of dependencies between software components. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 15. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Guiding requirements scoping using ROI: towards agility, openness and waste reduction
- 2010
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Ingår i: IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference. - 9781424480227 ; , s. 409-410
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a model for supporting scoping decisions that is based on an analysis of the ROI for a given feature. Employing a ROI threshold value for making scoping decisions, the utility of the model was investigated using data from a single large project and identified a group of outlying features responsible for a disproportionate wasted investment. These initial results are promising and indicate that further investigation and validation efforts are warranted.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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How can Open Source Software Development Help Requirements Management Gain the Potential of Open Innovation: An Exploratory Study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings Of The ACM-IEEE International Symposium On Empirical Software Engineering And Measurement (ESEM'12). - 1938-6451. ; , s. 271-279
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key component in successfully managing software products is to properly, and in a timely manner, identify and secure competitive advantage by innovation via feature differentiation. Although open source software (OSS) is not a new idea, several product development companies that operate in a market-driven context have started to use open source solutions as core software components in their products. Adopting open source core components implies a lower degree of control over software development and increased business risk associated with integrating differentiating contributions into the core release stream. Whether and how to adjust the current requirements management practices after the adoption of OSS components to fully benefit from the concept of open innovation has not yet been empirically explored. We outline experiences and challenges related to leveraging open innovation via engaging in OSS identified during 19 interviews with practitioners occupying different roles in the requirements management process at a large company followed by four validation interviews with other practitioners. We then propose a research agenda for requirements and decision management in the open innovation context and suggest which challenges in requirements engineering open innovation affects.
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| 18. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements Scoping Visualization for Project Management
- 2011
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Ingår i: Software Business. - 1865-1348. ; 80, s. 168-180
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Determining requirements process efficiency, and measuring the corresponding monetary impacts, is a challenging but necessary aspect of project management. In this paper, we perform an independent analysis of scoping decisions from a large industrial project with the goal of providing visualizations that facilitate investigations of process efficiency, agility, and the effects of scoping decisions. The visualizations proposed in this paper can be used to analyze scoping dynamics and support process management decisions on a quantitative rather than a qualitative basis.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Wnuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting Scope Tracking and Visualization for Very Large-Scale Requirements Engineering-Utilizing FSC+, Decision Patterns, and Atomic Decision Visualizations
- 2016
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 42:1, s. 47-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deciding the optimal project scope that fulfills the needs of the most important stakeholders is challenging due to a plethora of aspects that may impact decisions. Large companies that operate in rapidly changing environments experience frequently changing customer needs which force decision makers to continuously adjust the scope of their projects. Change intensity is further fueled by fierce market competition and hard time-to-market deadlines. Staying in control of the changes in thousands of features becomes a major issue as information overload hinders decision makers from rapidly extracting relevant information. This paper presents a visual technique, called Feature Survival Charts+ (FSC+), designed to give a quick and effective overview of the requirements scoping process for Very Large-Scale Requirements Engineering (VLSRE). FSC+ were applied at a large company with thousands of features in the database and supported the transition from plan-driven to a more dynamic and change-tolerant release scope management process. FSC+ provides multiple views, filtering, zooming, state-change intensity views, and support for variable time spans. Moreover, this paper introduces five decision archetypes deduced from the dataset and subsequently analyzed and the atomic decision visualization that shows the frequency of various decisions in the process. The capabilities and usefulness of FSC+, decision patterns (state changes that features undergo) and atomic decision visualizations are evaluated through interviews with practitioners who found utility in all techniques and indicated that their inherent flexibility was necessary to meet the varying needs of the stakeholders.
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| 21. |
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