| 1. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
-
Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Hess, C. N., et al.
(författare)
-
A Structured Review of Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease With a Focus on Revascularization A TASC (InterSociety Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease) Initiative
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Circulation. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 135:25, s. 2534-2555
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peripheral artery disease affects >200 million people worldwide and is associated with significant limb and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Limb revascularization is recommended to improve function and quality of life for symptomatic patients with peripheral artery disease with intermittent claudication who have not responded to medical treatment. For patients with critical limb ischemia, the goals of revascularization are to relieve pain, help wound healing, and prevent limb loss. The baseline risk of cardiovascular and limb-related events demonstrated among patients with stable peripheral artery disease is elevated after revascularization and related to atherothrombosis and restenosis. Both of these processes involve platelet activation and the coagulation cascade, forming the basis for the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies to optimize procedural success and reduce postprocedural cardiovascular risk. Unfortunately, few high-quality, randomized data to support use of these therapies after peripheral artery disease revascularization exist, and much of the rationale for the use of antiplatelet agents after endovascular peripheral revascularization is extrapolated from percutaneous coronary intervention literature. Consequently, guideline recommendations for antithrombotic therapy after lower limb revascularization are inconsistent and not always evidence-based. In this context, the purpose of this structured review is to assess the available randomized data for antithrombotic therapy after peripheral arterial revascularization, with a focus on clinical trial design issues that may affect interpretation of study results, and highlight areas that require further investigation.
|
|
| 5. |
- Govsyeyev, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
-
Rivaroxaban in Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease after Lower Extremity Bypass Surgery with Venous and Prosthetic Conduits
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Vascular Surgery. - : Elsevier. - 0741-5214 .- 1097-6809. ; 77:4, s. 1107-1118.e2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) requiring lower extremity revascularization (LER) are at high risk of adverse limb and cardiovascular events. VOYAGER PAD demonstrated that rivaroxaban significantly reduced this risk with an overall favorable net benefit in patients undergoing surgical revascularization; however, the efficacy and safety in those treated by surgical bypass including stratified by bypass conduit (venous or prosthetic) has not been described.METHODS: In the VOYAGER PAD trial, patients with PAD after surgical and endovascular infrainguinal LER were randomized to rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily or placebo and followed for a median of 28 months. The primary endpoint was a composite of acute limb ischemia (ALI), major amputation of vascular etiology, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or cardiovascular death. The principal safety outcome was Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding. Index procedure details including conduit type (venous or prosthetic) were collected at baseline.RESULTS: Among 6564 randomized, 2185 (33%) underwent surgical LER. Of these, surgical bypass was performed in 1448 (66%), using prosthetic conduit in 773 (53%) and venous in 646 (45%). Adjusting for baseline differences and anatomic factors, the risk for unplanned limb revascularization in the placebo arm was 2.5-fold higher for those receiving prosthetic versus venous conduits (adjHR 2.53, 95% CI 1.65-3.90; p<0.001) while the risk for ALI was 3 times greater (adjHR 3.07, 95% CI 1.84-5.11; p<0.001). Rivaroxaban reduced the primary outcome in patients treated with bypass surgery (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.98) with consistent benefits in those receiving venous (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.49-0.96) and prosthetic (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.66-1.15) conduits (pinteraction 0.254). In the overall trial, TIMI major bleeding was increased with rivaroxaban; however, numbers in those treated with bypass surgery were low (5 with rivaroxaban, 9 with placebo, HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.18-1.65) and not powered to show statistical significance.CONCLUSIONS: Surgical bypass with prosthetic conduit is associated with significantly higher rates of major adverse limb events relative to venous conduits even after adjusting for patient and anatomic characteristics. Adding rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily to aspirin or dual antiplatelet therapy significantly reduces this risk, increases bleeding, but has a favorable benefit risk in patients treated with bypass surgery and regardless of conduit type. Rivaroxaban should be considered after lower extremity bypass for symptomatic PAD to reduce ischemic complications of the heart, limb, and brain.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Hess, Connie N., et al.
(författare)
-
A Structured Review of Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Artery Disease with a Focus on Revascularization : A TASC (InterSociety Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease) Initiative
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Circulation. - 0009-7322. ; 135:25, s. 2534-2555
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peripheral artery disease affects >200 million people worldwide and is associated with significant limb and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Limb revascularization is recommended to improve function and quality of life for symptomatic patients with peripheral artery disease with intermittent claudication who have not responded to medical treatment. For patients with critical limb ischemia, the goals of revascularization are to relieve pain, help wound healing, and prevent limb loss. The baseline risk of cardiovascular and limb-related events demonstrated among patients with stable peripheral artery disease is elevated after revascularization and related to atherothrombosis and restenosis. Both of these processes involve platelet activation and the coagulation cascade, forming the basis for the use of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies to optimize procedural success and reduce postprocedural cardiovascular risk. Unfortunately, few high-quality, randomized data to support use of these therapies after peripheral artery disease revascularization exist, and much of the rationale for the use of antiplatelet agents after endovascular peripheral revascularization is extrapolated from percutaneous coronary intervention literature. Consequently, guideline recommendations for antithrombotic therapy after lower limb revascularization are inconsistent and not always evidence-based. In this context, the purpose of this structured review is to assess the available randomized data for antithrombotic therapy after peripheral arterial revascularization, with a focus on clinical trial design issues that may affect interpretation of study results, and highlight areas that require further investigation.
|
|
| 8. |
- Tonderski, Karin, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
BONUS MIRACLE ‐ Mediating integrated actions for sustainable ecosystem services in a changing climate
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Water and nutrient governance in the Baltic Sea Region face several challenges. The future is highly uncertain due to climate change and on-going land-use changes, and different sectors works towards partly contradicting objectives, which makes it difficult to bring about integrated governance. In BONUS MIRACLE, a social learning process has been enacted to identify new configurations for water governance based on the hypothesis that more effective approaches to 'nutrient governance' need to bring on-board new constellations of actors with stakes in local issues that are interconnected with nutrient enrichment. A series of learning events between stakeholder groups and researchers in four case areas have been orchestrated. To support the process of reconciling stakeholder interests, researchers were asked to provide ´on-demand´ results regarding effects, cost-efficiency and benefits of suggested measures on water flow, nutrient transport (using the HYPE model) and other ecosystem services benefits under different climate change and land-use scenarios. Results were visualized in the MIRACLE Visualization Tool. Lessons learnt and results of policy analyses were used to discuss governance approaches on the BSR level that could support more integrated actions. An important project insight is that case level stakeholders, in general, are not interested in learning how different measures perform in reducing nutrient enrichment at a larger Baltic Sea basin level. Rather, they are interested in the impact measures have in terms of addressing multiple demands in the local settings. Regarding stakeholder positions, insights have emerged pertaining the important role position holders play in hindering or enabling change processes. In the ´pathways to change´, application of mineral fertilizers was one of the more cost-efficient measures suggested, along with creation of increased water retention, floodplains and wetlands. The latter also provide other ecosystem service benefits, and an approach was developed to interactively assess those, despite considerable knowledge gaps regarding effects and values. On the BSR level, the Visualization Tool provided useful learning support by visualizing E-HYPE model results regarding water flow and nutrient transport, as on this level the stakeholder´s system of interest is on governance innovations that address the nutrient issue. E-HYPE scenario modeling showed that while the mean water flow is expected to decrease in some southern BSR catchments, a substantial increase is predicted for most others. Similarly, the load of nitrogen may increase up to 25 % in some parts of the northern BSR, whereas a slight decrease is predicted for the south/southwestern parts. Governance innovations are needed that can accommodate those differences. However, current policies are insufficiently coordinated and integrated between sectors, due to imbalanced power relations and opposing agendas. This remains a constraint for the effectiveness of existing policy strategies, regulations and directives in addressing multiple ecosystem benefits. The involvement of local stakeholders needs to be strengthened and new models for cooperative and collective measures with intermediaries tested, to stimulate the use of local knowledge in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of management measures and reducing transaction costs. The synthesized BONUS MIRACLE results will be translated into a "Roadmap for improving water resource management in the Baltic Sea Region", with suggestions for adaptation of policies, institutional settings and governance arrangements.
|
|
