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- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
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Ingår i: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Facchini, Maria Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates
- 2008
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 35:17, s. L17814-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chemical properties of sea-spray aerosol particles produced by artificially generated bubbles using oceanic waters were investigated during a phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic. Spray particles exhibited a progressive increase in the organic matter ( OM) content from 3 +/- 0.4% up to 77 +/- 5% with decreasing particle diameter from 8 to 0.125 mu m. Submicron OM was almost entirely water insoluble (WIOM) and consisted of colloids and aggregates exuded by phytoplankton. Our observations indicate that size dependent transfer of sea water organic material to primary marine particles is mainly controlled by the solubility and surface tension properties of marine OM. The pattern of WIOM and sea-salt content in the different size intervals observed in bubble bursting experiments is similar to that measured in atmospheric marine aerosol samples collected during periods of high biological activity. The results point to a WIOM/sea-salt fingerprint associated with submicron primary marine aerosol production in biologically rich waters.
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Ellen, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Hygrophorus exiguus, a new species in subgenus Colorati section Olivaceoumbrini, subsection Tephroleuci
- 2014
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Ingår i: Karstenia. - 0453-3402. ; 54:2, s. 41-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Fennoscandia the new species H. exiguus is associated with rather moist old growth mixed Picea abies forests of the Vaccinium myrtillus type. In Southern Europe it is associated with mixed P. abies and Abies alba forests on higher elevations. It seems to be growing solitarily deep in mosses, often among Tricholoma inamoenum. The species is likely to be rare but has a broad distribution in Europe and is found in Finland, Sweden, Italy and France. It is closely related to H. agathosmus, H. hyacinthinus and H. odoratus, but can be segregated from these by its small fruiting bodies, the pinkish tint in the lamellae, with a cap diameter rarely exceeding 20-25 mm. Like H. agathosmus, it has the odour of marzipan or bitter almonds.
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| 5. |
- Olariaga, Ibai, et al.
(författare)
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A monograph of Otidea (Pyronemataceae, Pezizomycetes)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Persoonia. - Netherlands : ingentaconnect. - 0031-5850 .- 1878-9080. ; 35, s. 166-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The easily recognised genus Otidea is subjected to numerous problems in species identification. A numberof old names have undergone various interpretations, materials from different continents have not been compared andmisidentifications occur commonly. In this context, Otidea is monographed, based on our multiple gene phylogeniesassessing species boundaries and comparative morphological characters (see Hansen & Olariaga 2015). All namescombined in or synonymised with Otidea are dealt with. Thirty-three species are treated, with full descriptions andcolour illustrations provided for 25 of these. Five new species are described, viz. O. borealis, O. brunneoparva,O. oregonensis,O. pseudoleporina and O. subformicarum. Otidea cantharella var. minor and O. onotica var. brevisporaare elevated to species rank. Otideopsis kaushalii is combined in the genus Otidea. A key to the species of Otideais given. An LSU dataset containing 167 sequences (with 44 newly generated in this study) is analysed to placecollections and determine whether the named Otidea sequences in GenBank were identified correctly. Fourty-ninenew ITS sequences were generated in this study. The ITS region is too variable to align across Otidea, but had lowintraspecific variation and it aided in species identifications. Thirty type collections were studied, and ITS and LSUsequences are provided for 12 of these. A neotype is designated for O. cantharella and epitypes for O. concinna,O. leporina and O. onotica, along with several lectotypifications. The apothecial colour and shape, and spore charactersare important for species identification. We conclude that to distinguish closely related or morphologicallysimilar species, a combination of additional features are needed, i.e. the shape of the paraphyses, ectal excipulumstructure, types of ectal excipulum resinous exudates and their reactions in Melzer’s reagent and KOH, tomentumand basal mycelium colours and exudates. The KOH reaction of excipular resinous exudates and basal myceliumare introduced as novel taxonomic characters.
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