| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Skriftsystem
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen. - 9789144083391
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 3. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Tankar om språk
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen : människans språk 1-2. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 299-314
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 4. |
- Holmer, Arthur, et al.
(författare)
-
Språk i världen
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen : människans språk 1-2. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 91-124
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 5. |
- Allassonnière-Tang, Marc, et al.
(författare)
-
Expansion by migration and diffusion by contact is a source to the global diversity of linguistic nominal categorization systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-9992. ; 8, s. 1-6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages of diverse structures and different families tend to share common patterns if they are spoken in geographic proximity. This convergence is often explained by horizontal diffusibility, which is typically ascribed to language contact. In such a scenario, speakers of two or more languages interact and influence each other’s languages, and in this interaction, more grammaticalized features tend to be more resistant to diffusion compared to features of more lexical content. An alternative explanation is vertical heritability: languages in proximity often share genealogical descent. Here, we suggest that the geographic distribution of features globally can be explained by two major pathways, which are generally not distinguished within quantitative typological models: feature diffusion and language expansion. The first pathway corresponds to the contact scenario described above, while the second occurs when speakers of genetically related languages migrate. We take the worldwide distribution of nominal classification systems (grammatical gender, noun class, and classifier) as a case study to show that more grammaticalized systems, such as gender, and less grammaticalized systems, such as classifiers, are almost equally widespread, but the former spread more by language expansion historically, whereas the latter spread more by feature diffusion. Our results indicate that quantitative models measuring the areal diffusibility and stability of linguistic features are likely to be affected by language expansion that occurs by historical coincidence. We anticipate that our findings will support studies of language diversity in a more sophisticated way, with relevance to other parts of language, such as phonology.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert, et al.
(författare)
-
Talets atomer
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen : människans språk 1-2 - människans språk 1-2. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 125-164
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 7. |
- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
The sounds of a mixed language
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Scandoromani. - Leiden & Boston : Brill Academic Publishers. - 9789004266445 - 9789004266452 ; , s. 24-63
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 8. |
- Andrén, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Att lära sig språk
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Språket, människan och världen : människans språk 1-2 - människans språk 1-2. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144083391 ; , s. 73-89
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
A study in de-iconization : phonological and morphological adaptations of Indo-European bird names
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ; , s. 38-38
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bird names are very important and interesting when it comes to studying iconicity. In particular, words naming birds with a distinct call, such as crow, raven, cuckoo, owl, and eagle, typically emerge by direct imitation. Initially, the name of the bird in languages mimic the sound of the bird’s call (Marttila 2011). However, over time, the sound structure of the name of the bird often becomes subdued to phonological change, leading to an interesting dichotomy: previous iconic forms of the bird’s name may exist in a language parallel to a renewed form, more similar to the bird’s call. This is an interesting example of de-iconization (Flaksman 2017), which has interested linguists for a long time (Carling and Johansson 2014; Jespersen 1922). Another aspect of the de-iconization is the morphological adaptation of the lexemes: the more they de-iconize, the more they become adapted to the morphological system of the language. We will look more carefully at bird names for crow, raven, cuckoo, owl, goose, and eagle in several Indo-European branches, including Germanic, Italic, Indo-Aryan, and Tocharian, compiling a dataset of (IPA-coded) sound structures, sound changes and morphological adaptations, demonstrating how these birds’ names in languages may follow or deviate from phonological conditions synchronically and in the prehistory of the branches. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that iconicity has a capacity, with certain meanings, to alter the regular conditions for sound change. Besides dealing with the theoretical preconditions for iconicity in relation to regular sound change, we will measure how the different forms variate phonologically and morphologically with respect to the different birds.Carling, Gerd and Johansson, Niklas (2014), 'Motivated language change: processes involved in the growth and conventionalization of onomatopoeia and sound symbolism', Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 46 (2), 199-217.Flaksman, Maria (2017), 'Iconic treadmill hypothesis', in Matthias Bauer Angelika Zirker, Olga Fischer, Christina Ljungberg (ed.), Dimensions of Iconicity. Iconicity in Language and Literature 15 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 15-38.Jespersen, Otto (1922), Language: its nature, development and origin (London: Allen & Unwin).Marttila, Annu (2011), A cross-linguistic study of lexical iconicity and its manifestation in bird names (Muenchen: LINCOM Europa).
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Borrowability, inheritance, and semantic change in the Indo-European and Caucasian vocabulary for hunting, farming, and technology
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vocabulary for subsistence and technology may vary a great deal in their degree of borrowability, depending on time, place, inherent subsistence and technology, and the situation of the borrowing. In cross-linguistic typological studies of borrowability, these words tend to group somewhere from middle to high in borrowability, depending on lexical concept (Haspelmath & Tadmor, 2009).We have compiled a set of 100 lexical concepts of importance to hunting, farming, and technology from a perspective of high age and presumed high stability from a cultural perspective. These concepts include, e.g., bovine cattle (BULL, OX, COW), animals of traction (HORSE, DONKEY), important metals (GOLD, IRON, COPPER), important crops (GRAIN, WHEAT), important game (HARE, DEER), essential technological innovations (WHEEL, WAGON). We have compiled a complete data set of lexemes from Indo-European, Caucasian (Kartvelian, Nakh-Dagestanian, Northwest Caucasian), as well as adjacent Uralic and Turkic languages, in all around 300 languages. In particular the Caucasian data is rich and new, based on fieldwork of poorly documented languages. The lexemes have been coded for etymology as well as for borrowing, lexical derivation and semantic change, and are amassed in a lexical cognacy database (Carling, 2017). Preliminary studies on the material indicate, first, that there is a high degree of inherited words for both farming and technology, which are paralleled and independent in both Indo-European and Caucasian families. Interestingly enough, we also find a great deal of vocabulary in the families that apparently have their roots in joint, very ancient migration words. Also, we notice that some words are similar between the families in the way they are derived (e.g., Proto-Kartvelian *borbal ‘wheel’, from *bor- ‘rotation’). An interesting parallel between Indo-European and Caucasian is that semantic change of culture words within etymologies follow almost identical principles, indicating a high cultural component in semantic change. Finally, we notice that borrowability may be high in certain areas and in certain languages, also targeting concepts of very high age, such as farming words. Much of this borrowing is relatively late (e.g., in Caucasian from Persian, Arabic, or Turkic), indicating that cultural impact may have played an important role in changing the vocabulary also for concept for which there must have been an inherent vocabulary.The presentation will look at particular concepts and lexemes, both inherited words, possible ancient loans, migration words, as well as later, obvious borrowings. Further, we will look at statistics on borrowability in general, and type and direction of semantic change of culture concepts of the data. Carling, G. (2017). DiACL - Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics Online (Publication no. https://diacl.ht.lu.se/). from Lund University https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Haspelmath, M., & Tadmor, U. (2009). Loanwords in the world's languages: a comparative handbook (M. Haspelmath & U. Tadmor Eds.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Caucasian Typology and Indo-European reconstruction
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Language and Society in the Caucasus : Understanding the Past, Navigating the Present - Understanding the Past, Navigating the Present. - 9789187439674 ; , s. 47-58
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Cultural connotations of categorizing the environment : does the presence of a linguistic gender and noun class system in any way connect to cultural feature data?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: ; , s. 1-1
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social studies indicate that a gendered language may limit equal opportunities for women (Jakiela and Ozier 2018). Likewise, the use of gender-neutral pronouns may improve gender equality (Tavits and Pérez 2019). We aim to investigate this issue using cross-cultural data. The studies of (Whyte 1978) and (Sanderson and Donoghue 1989) (W1978/SD1989) connect gender inequality to cultural features.Testing three theories, the Warfare hypothesis, the Marxian hypothesis, and the Non-marxian materialist hypothesis, they found significant effects only for the latter (lower percentage of contribution to food by women, intense agriculture, use of plow, patrilineality, partilocality). Wh1978/SD1989 used a sample of 186 cultures, selected to avoid Galton effects. We use a global set of linguistic gender/noun class (3079 languages), retrieved by automation (Virk et al. 2017) and corrected manually. We extracted the features of Wh1989/SD1989 from D-PLACE (Kirby et al. 2016). We tested (using a mixed model) the inequality features Domestic authority of women, Ritualized female solidarity, and Control of women’s sexuality, against linguistic gender and/or noun class. We found no correlation. We tested the features significantly correlated with gender inequality in W1989/SD1989 and found effects for noun class, which is a Galton effect (most noun classes are found in Africa). When we merged gender/noun class and tested against the significant features, we found several negative and positive correlations, connected to, e.g., participation in agriculture, crosscousin marriage, patrilocal residence, and intense agriculture. Therefore, we suspect that gender/noun class may correlate with subsistence and kinship, to which inequality may be another side-effect.
|
|
| 21. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Deixis in narrative : a study of Kamaiurá, a Tupí- Guaraní language of Upper Xingu, Brazil
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Revista Brasilieira de Linguística Antropológica. - 2317-1375. ; 9:1, s. 13-48
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current paper describes the deictic system of Kamaiurá, a language of the Tupí-Guaraní family. The Kamaiurá system of deictic demonstratives and adverbials has a high degree of complexity, including at least 17 different forms, of which several have different functions. The system codes four levels of Participant deixis, with proximal, medial, distal and far distal deixis. Forms can also code anaphora and highly specialized locations of the referent, such as 'moving away' and 'located beside something'. A further peculiar and unusual characteristic of the Kamaiurá system is the coding of Modal and Evidential deixis, which is found among the forms marking far distal deixis. Our study has two foci: the first part describes the system in its independent or exophoric use, and this part is based on deep interviews with native speakers and a deixis elicitation study. The second part of the paper represents the core of our study. Here, we investigate the uses of the deictic system in a recorded frog story, looking at anaphoric and cataphoric usages of the forms as well as how they are used to mark topic and focus in the narrative discourse. The text is very rich in deictic forms, and out of the 17 different forms recorded for Kamaiurá, 9 occur in our frog story. We notice a tendency where the hierarchy of increasing distance from the ego in the independent forms is transferred into increasing focus of the narrative. Epistemic modality of the independent forms is used to mark uncertainty in the narrative, i.e., to indicate lack of terms for a specific item, whereas anaphoric deixis of the independent forms marks general reference in the narrative. 1 *Lund University, **University of Brasilia. Gerd Carling has written the text and worked with coding and analysis of all data, Sandra Cronhamn has worked with recording, transcription, coding, and analysis of narrative data (chapter 3), Wary Kamaiurá has worked with transcription and coding of narrative data (chapter 3), and served as main language consultant, and Elis Jarl Skute has worked with recording of elicitation study (which serves as background to chapter 2) and compilation of deixis data. Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral and Ariel Pheula Couto Silva have served as consultants on grammar and analysis of Kamaiurá and related Tupí-Guaraní languages. Vera da Silva Sinha has contributed to the fieldwork for the narrative and as discussant for coding sessions, Ceni Kamaiurá has contributed as language consultant for the elicitation study.
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL)—A database for ancient language typology
- 2018
-
Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Feature stability, time and tempo of change, and the role of genealogy versus areality in creating linguistic diversity are important issues in current computational research on linguistic typology. This paper presents a database initiative, DiACL Typology, which aims to provide a resource for addressing these questions with specific of the extended Indo-European language area of Eurasia, the region with the best documented linguistic history. The database is pre-prepared for statistical and phylogenetic analyses and contains both linguistic typological data from languages spanning over four millennia, and linguistic metadata concerning geographic location, time period, and reliability of sources. The typological data has been organized according to a hierarchical model of increasing granularity in order to create datasets that are complete and representative.
|
|
| 24. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
DiACL : Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics
- 2017
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DiACL is an open access database with lexical and typological/morphosyntactic data for historical, comparative and phylogenetic linguistics. It contains data from 500 languages of 18 families, divided into three macro-areas: Eurasia, Pacific, and the Amazon.
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Carling, Gerd
(författare)
-
Etymology and iconicity in onomatopoeia and sound symbolism : A Germanic case study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Etymology and the European Lexicon : Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen - Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen. - 9783954902026 ; , s. 93-104
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 28. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolutionary aspects of Indo-European gender assignment
- 2019
-
Ingår i: ; , s. 65-65
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender assignment in languages with a gender system is a complex issue, as this can be influenced by both semantic, morphological, and phonological factors (Corbett, 1991, 2013; Corbett & Fraser, 2000). Many Indo-European languages possess a three-gender system, which distinguishes masculine, feminine, and neuter gender. Whereas this system is preserved in several Indo-European branches, it has merged in other branches or languages, either to a system with a masculine – feminine distinction, or to a system with an uter – neuter distinction. Most historical linguists agree that the Indo-European three-gender system is an innovation, which emerged out of a two-gender-system of Proto-Indo-European (Luraghi, 2011; Matasović, 2004). However, an evolutionary reconstruction of the gender system reconstructs a three-gender system, in which the masculine gender continues to be stable and dominant over the tree, the feminine is frequently lost due to areal pressure, and the neuter is both gained and lost due to areality (Cathcart, Carling, Larsson, Johansson, & Round, 2018). In the current presentation, we will look at gender assignment, instability and evolution in two datasets. The first is a dataset of 1,300 lexical meanings in Scandinavian three-gender languages, which have been coded for gender, cognacy and morphological marking of the earliest attested language (Old Norse). The second is a dataset of fewer lexical meanings, around 100 lexical concepts, which have been compiled from 118 contemporary and historical Indo-European languages within the domains of farming/pastoralism, hunting/war, and technology/industry. The dataset has been coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological marking of the earliest attested form (Proto-Indo-European). All concepts have also been coded for properties assumed to underlie gender assignment, such as animate/inanimate, higher/lower (of animals), collective/individual, male/female, concrete/abstract, or various forms (oblong/blunt etc). Using these two datasets allows us to look at the Indo-European family as a whole, in order to see how the general tendencies play out, and then to focus on a dataset of higher granularity of one specific branch, to check our general results against more detailed data.We will consider both predictors of gender assignment as well as predictors of gender instability and change, observing how they relate to each other. Against a phylogenetic reference tree, accounting for the changes in gender systems (as concluded by morphosyntactic data of languages) of attested languages and ancestral nodes (Felsenstein, 2004), we will infer change rates of various genders as well as different concepts. We will test these predictors, both individually and in semantic clusters, defined by colexification and semantic change patterns. As for gender instability, our preliminary results indicate that the feminine gender is the least stable, followed by the neuter. Further, we will account for gender assignment by semantic domain, trying to explain why the dominant gender in some domains is feminine and neuter instead of masculine (which is the overall dominant gender) and how this correlates with overall patterns of gender instability. These are our basic research questions:●Which are the change rates for genders in general and gender assignment by different concepts?●Which are the strongest predictors for the overall gender assignment of concepts in our corpus?●When a new word enters the lexicon, which are the strongest predictors for the assignment of gender?●When a language changes its gender system, which are the strongest predictors for the evolution of the gender of concepts?●When a word changes its gender (without the language changing its gender system), which are the strongest predictors for the directionality of the change?●What is the observed correlation between the predictors of gender assignment and the predictors of gender instability? Is instability an indicator of a changing system, or is it generally implied by certain genders (e.g., feminine or neuter)? The research will make a significant contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms at work in gender assignment and how gender systems evolve over time.Cathcart, C., Carling, G., Larsson, F., Johansson, N., & Round, E. R. (2018). Areal pressure in grammatical evolution. Diachronica, 35(1), 1-34. Corbett, G. G. (1991). Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Corbett, G. G. (2013). Gender typology. In G. G. Corbett (Ed.), The Expression of Gender (pp. 87-130). Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Corbett, G. G., & Fraser, N. M. (2000). Gender assignment: a typology and a model. In G. Senft (Ed.), Systems of Nominal Classification (pp. 293-325). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Felsenstein, J. (2004). Inferring phylogenies. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer.Luraghi, S. (2011). The origin of the Proto-Indo-European gender system: Typological considerations. Folia Linguistics, 45(2), 435-464. Matasović, R. (2004). Gender in Indo-European. Heidelberg: Winter.
|
|
| 29. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Evolutionary dynamics of Indo-European alignment patterns
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Diachronica. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 0176-4225. ; 38:3, s. 358-412
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper employs phylogenetic modeling to reconstruct the alignment system of Indo-European. We use a data set of categorical morphosyntactic features, which take states such as ‘nominative-accusative’, ‘active-stative’, or ‘ergative’. We analyze these characters with a standard Bayesian comparative phylogenetic method, inferring transition rates between character states on the basis of a phylogenetic representation of the languages in the data. Using these rates, we then reconstruct the probability of presence of traits at the root and nodes of Indo-European. We find that the most probable alignment system for Proto-Indo-European is a nominative-accusative system, with low probabilities of neutral marking and ergativity in the categories lower in grammatical hierarchies (nouns, past). Using a test of phylogenetic signal, we find that characters pertaining to categories higher in hierarchies show greater phylogenetic stability than categories lower in hierarchies. We examine our results in relation to theories of Proto-Indo-European alignment as well as to general typology.
|
|
| 30. |
|
|
| 31. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Inheritability and transmissibility of linguistic and other cultural features : The coevolution of noun categorization and kinship systems
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presentation will focus on the extent to which linguistic and other cultural features are vertically or horizontally transmitted in relation to human population history, and how such processes lead to the coevolution of languages and other cultural traits. Structural features of language may vary in their inherent propensity to become transmitted vertically (by lineage) or horizontally (via contact). As an example, grammatical gender is commonly transmitted within language families (Allassonnière-Tang and Dunn 2020; Carling and Cathcart 2021). The same scenario is present for cultural features: in particular, systems of kinship are strongly inclined towards vertical transmissibility (Guglielmino et al. 1995), and can be reconstructed to earlier states of language families (Fortunato and Jordan 2010; Jordan et al. 2009). We take typological data for 3044 languages worldwide for gender, noun class and classifier systems, which we test for geographic and phylogenetic cohesion. We find that more grammaticalized features, i.e., gender and noun class, are more likely to be transmitted by lineage, whereas classifier systems are more likely to be transmitted by contact. By contrasting to climatological data, we find that it is highly likely that the global patterns of distribution for these systems (gender/noun class and classifiers) are caused by migrations and contact events during the mid-Holocene period (Allassonnière-Tang et al. 2021). In relation to this result, we suspect that the expansion of these linguistic systems by migration may pertain to mid-Holocene change in subsistence systems (i.e., emergence of agricultural systems), which may coevolve with other cultural changes in for instance kinship systems. Preliminary tests of correlation between presence of gender/noun class and cultural features, such as patrilocality and agricultural systems, indicate that this is a likely scenario. We test various models, including mixed models accounting for area and family as random effects. We also conduct a phylogenetic analysis of correlated evolution (Dunn et al. 2011) between the linguistic and cultural features involved in our study.Allassonnière-Tang, Marc and Dunn, Michael (2020), 'The evolutionary trends of grammatical gender in Indo-Aryan languages', Language Dynamics and Change, 11 (2), 211-40.Allassonnière-Tang, Marc, et al. (2021), 'Expansion by migration and diffusion by contact is a source to the global diversity of linguistic nominal categorization systems', Nature Humanities & Social Science - CommunicationsCarling, Gerd and Cathcart, Chundra (2021), 'Reconstructing the evolution of Indo-European grammar', Language 97(3).Dunn, Michael, et al. (2011), 'Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals', Nature, 473 (7345), 79-82.Fortunato, Laura and Jordan, Fiona (2010), 'Your place or mine? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of marital residence in Indo-European and Austronesian societies', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365 (1559), 3913-22.Guglielmino, C. R., et al. (1995), 'Cultural Variation in Africa: Role of Mechanisms of Transmission and Adaptation', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92 (16), 7585-89.Jordan, Fiona M., et al. (2009), 'Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies', Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276 (1664), 1957-64.
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Carling, Gerd
(författare)
-
Linguistic archaeology : An introduction and methodological guide
- 2024
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Linguistic Archaeology provides students with an accessible introduction to the field of linguistic archaeology, both as theoretical framework and methodological toolkit, for understanding the conceptual foundations and practical considerations involved in reconstructing the prehistory of language. The book introduces the field's expansion out of traditional approaches to focus more on the interplay of related disciplines and the reconstruction of human language beyond the written period. The opening chapter outlines key theories and charts their development from the nineteenth century through to today, drawing on work from computational historical linguistics, phylogenetics, and linguistic anthropology. Subsequent chapters build on theory to take a hands-on approach in mining empirical data in the process of reconstructing language prehistory, including references, links, and instructions to open access resources, and offering a step-by-step guide for employing the rich range of available methods in working with this data. Closing chapters situate theory and method in context against chronological and geographic perspectives and look ahead to future trajectories for continued progress in this emerging area of study. Offering a holistic entry point into linguistic archaeology, this innovative volume will be a helpful resource for students in historical linguistics, linguistic anthropology, language evolution, and cultural geography.
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconstructing the Evolution of Indo-European Grammar
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Language. - : Project Muse. - 0097-8507 .- 1535-0665. ; 97:3, s. 561-598
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses phylogenetic methods adopted from computational biology in order to reconstruct features of Proto-Indo-European morphosyntax. We estimate the probability of the presence of typological features in Proto-Indo-European on the assumption that these features change according to a stochastic process governed by evolutionary transition rates between them. We compare these probabilities to previous reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European morphosyntax, which use either the comparative-historical method or implicational typology. We find that our reconstruction yields strong support for a canonical model (synthetic, nominative-accusative, headfinal) of the protolanguage and low support for any alternative model. Observing the evolutionary dynamics of features in our data set, we conclude that morphological features have slower rates of change, whereas syntactic traits change faster. Additionally, more frequent, unmarked traits in grammatical hierarchies have slower change rates when compared to less frequent, marked ones, which indicates that universal patterns of economy and frequency impact language change within the family
|
|
| 42. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconstructing the origin of language families and variation
- 2024
-
Ingår i: The Oxford Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780198813781
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter looks at language variation and change, and the relation of these processes to language reconstruction and classification. The chapter gives an overview of theories, models, methods, and data, describing how diversity and variation is modelled and measured for reconstruction and classification within traditional, comparative and statistical, evolutionary, or phylogenetic methods. First, the chapter identifies the basic principles of language change and the way in which these differ within various subdomains of language. A second part delves into the outcomes of change, describing the diverse results of sound change, lexical change, and typological/morphosyntactic change. Here, important aspects include the inherent propensity of change, the role of arbitrariness, the role of systems, horizontal transfer, and the outcome of change at macro-levels. Finally, the chapter deals with the issue of the ontological status of the reconstruction, and how various theoretical approaches may affect the interpretation of results. The chapter reviews results and controversies arising from current research.
|
|
| 43. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Regeringen bör erkänna älvdalska
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Språktidningen. - 1654-5028. ; :2021-04-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Romer – 500 år i Sverige : språk, kultur, identitet
- 2016
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Romani chib har talats i Sverige i 500 år. Det är inte ett enhetligt, väldefinierat språk, som man kan skriva en enkel grammatik om. Tvärtom, i Sverige talas en stor mängd väldigt olika varianter av romani chib. Några har talats här länge, andra bara en kort tid.Boken fokuserar på de tre varianter som har talats längst i Sverige: skandoromani, kelderash och kale. Förutom språken behandlar boken talarnas kultur och identitet, såväl historiskt som i nutid.Boken är ett resultat av det nationella ansvar för ämnet romani chib som 2008-2012 låg vid Linköpings universitet. Delar av boken har använts som läromedel på kurser i ämnet vid Linköpings universitet.
|
|
| 47. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Romer : 500 år i Sverige
- 2016
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Romani chib har talats i Sverige i 500 år. Det är inte ett enhetligt, väldefinierat språk, som man kan skriva en enkel grammatik om. Tvärtom, i Sverige talas en stor mängd väldigt olika varianter av romani chib. Några har talats här länge, andra bara en kort tid.Boken fokuserar på de tre varianter som har talats längst i Sverige: skandoromani, kelderash och kale. Förutom språken behandlar boken talarnas kultur och identitet, såväl historiskt som i nutid.Boken är ett resultat av det nationella ansvar för ämnet romani chib som 2008-2012 låg vid Linköpings universitet. Delar av boken har använts som läromedel på kurser i ämnet vid Linköpings universitet.
|
|
| 48. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
Scandoromani : Remnants of a mixed language
- 2014
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scandoromani: Remnants of a Mixed Language is the first, comprehensive, international description of the language of the Swedish and Norwegian Romano, also labeled resande/reisende. The language, an official minority language in Sweden and Norway, has a history in Scandinavia going back to the early 16th century. A mixed language of Romani and Scandinavian, it is spoken today by a vanishingly small population of mainly elderly people.This book is based on in-depth linguistic interviews with two native speakers of different families (one of whom is the co-author) as well as reviews of earlier sources on Scandoromani. The study reveals a number of interesting features of the language, as well as of mixed languages in general. In particular, the study gives support to the model of autonomy of mixed languages.
|
|
| 49. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
-
The causality of borrowing : Lexical loans in Eurasian languages
- 2019
-
Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All languages borrow words from other languages. Some languages are more prone to borrowing, while others borrow less, and different domains of the vocabulary are unequally susceptible to borrowing. Languages typically borrow words when a new concept is introduced, but languages may also borrow a new word for an already existing concept. Linguists describe two causalities for borrowing: need, i.e., the internal pressure of borrowing a new term for a concept in the language, and prestige, i.e., the external pressure of borrowing a term from a more prestigious language. We investigate lexical loans in a dataset of 104 concepts in 115 Eurasian languages from 7 families occupying a coherent contact area of the Eurasian landmass, of which Indo-European languages from various periods constitute a majority. We use a cognacy-coded dataset, which identifies loan events including a source and a target language. To avoid loans for newly introduced concepts in languages, we use a list of lexical concepts that have been in use at least since the Chalcolithic (4000–3000 BCE). We observe that the rates of borrowing are highly variable among concepts, lexical domains, languages, language families, and time periods. We compare our results to those of a global sample and observe that our rates are generally lower, but that the rates between the samples are significantly correlated. To test the causality of borrowing, we use two different ranks. Firstly, to test need, we use a cultural ranking of concepts by their mobility (of nature items) or their labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (of culture items). Secondly, to test prestige, we use a power ranking of languages by their socio-cultural status. We conclude that the borrowability of concepts increases with increasing mobility (nature), and with increased labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (culture). We also conclude that language prestige is not correlated with borrowability in general (all languages borrow, independently of prestige), but prestige predicts the directionality of borrowing, from a more prestigious language to a less prestigious one. The process is not constant over time, with a larger inequality during the ancient and modern periods, but this result may depend on the status of the data (non-prestigious languages often remain unattested). In conclusion, we observe that need and prestige compete as causes of lexical borrowing.
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
