| 1. |
- Aspholm-Hurtig, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 305:5683, s. 519-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.
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| 2. |
- Carlstedt, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical activity and hand function restoration in a patient after spinal cord surgery
- 2009
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Ingår i: NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1759-4758 .- 1759-4766. ; 5:10, s. 571-574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Following a motorcycle accident, a 9-year-old boy experienced a complete right-sided ( dominant) arm and hand paralysis with total sensory loss, Horner syndrome and severe constant pain. This study assessed the long-term outcome of spinal cord surgery undertaken on the patient, focusing on the restored hand function and related cortical activity. The study follows on from previous reports on the same patient. Investigations. Clinical functional and electrophysiological examinations. Functional MRI of cortical activity. Diagnosis. Complete brachial plexus (C5-T1) avulsion from the spinal cord. Management. Spinal cord surgery to restore motor trajectories.
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| 3. |
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| 5. |
- Carlstedt, Anita, et al.
(författare)
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Does Victim Age Differentiate Between Perpetrators of Sexual Child Abuse? A Study of Mental Health, Psychosocial Circumstances, and Crimes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Sexual Abuse. - : SAGE Publications. - 1079-0632 .- 1573-286X. ; 21:4, s. 442-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To test the theory that sexual offenders who abuse very young children (0-5 years) have more severe mental health and psychosocial problems than those who victimize older children, authors compared psychiatric diagnoses, social circumstances, and crime-related data in all sexual offenders against minors referred to forensic psychiatric investigation in Sweden during a 5-year period. Thirty-one men had committed index crimes involving victims between the ages of 0 and 5 years (Group 1), 90 had 6- to 11-year-old victims (Group 2), and 41 had 12- to 15-year-old victims (Group 3). All three offender groups were characterized by severe mental health problems, in many cases fulfilling American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for both Axis I and Axis II diagnoses, but these problems did not differ between groups. Neither did social situation or sexual orientation. Offenders with 0- to 5-year-old victims significantly more often abused both boys and girls. Frequencies of retrospectively diagnosed childhood-onset behavior disorders were high in all three offender groups. The authors' data did not support previous findings of increasingly severe mental health problems with decreasing victim age.
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| 6. |
- Jergovic, Davor, 1959-
(författare)
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Facial nerve injury and microsurgical repair : Experimental and clinical studies
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Facial palsy is a relatively common clinical condition with a variety of causes. Irrespective of its etiology, facial palsy always represents a very serious problem for the patient. This underlines the need for more effective treatment procedures. Retrospective evaluation of a clinical material of 16 patients with facial palsy treated at the University Hospital of Linköping during the period 1990-2000 showed that to improve the results of microsurgical nerve repair experimental research - controlled studies on homogeneous materials - is imperative.To produce relevant experimental data we used a rat model. Dissections showed that the mandibular branch (MB) of the rat facial nerve is suitable for experimental studies. Electron rnicroscopy revealed that the normal rat MB contains some 2,200 axons, 1,825 of which are myelinated and show a unimodal size distribution with a mode at 4.5 µm. It was also found that the normal rat MB contains myelinated and unmyelinated sympathetic axons and that about half the C-fibers in the normal rat MB belong to capsaicin-sensitive putative polymodally nociceptive sensory neurons. Importantly, repair of the MB through transmedian grafting in one stage and in two stages, respectively, had largely similar outcomes in terms of anatomy.These data evoked questions concerning the functional outcome of the two types of repair. Electrophysiological analysis (force recordings andelectromyography) revealed that repair of the rat MB through transmedian grafting in one stage gives a somewhat better functional restoration than repair in two stages.The observations on the rat MB called for experimental studies on the effects of denervation and repair on mimic muscle. We found that the rat dilator naris muscle (DNM) is suitable for that purpose. The normal DNM contains 1,200 fast MyHC fibers with MyHC IIB fibers predominating. It is a very fast contracting muscle without static functions. A brief denervation of the DNM followed by spontaneous reinnervation by the MB did not influence fiber number, had long-term effects on fiber diameter, and had little effect on fiber types. Fiber number, fiber diameter, and occurrence of fiber types in the DNM remained abnormal both after immediate and delayed surgical repair of the MB. Long-term denervation of the DNM had severe effects on qualitative histology, fiber number, fiber diameter and fiber type distribution. Hence, a long delay between facial nerve injury and repair reduces the chances of restoring normal facial muscle function.Conventional cross facial grafting includes division of a facial nerve branch (the donor nerve) on the intact side of the face. This non-optimal situation prompted us to test cross-facial grafting with a less traumatic end-to-side procedure in the rat. After coaptation of a sural nerve graft to the rat MB in an end-to-side fashion, including opening of a perineurial window, axons in the donor nerve emitted myelinated and umnyelinated sprouts into the graft. A predegenerated graft did not stimulate sprouting more than a fresh graft. Retrograde tracing with fast blue and fluoro-ruby showed that many sprouts originate from facial motor axons. Of all traced facial motoneurons 50% projected exclusively into the graft, 45% projected into the graft and the donor MB and 5% projected exclusively into the donor MB. This shows that the end-to- side procedure can be used for cross-facial repair of the rat MB.Altogether these results provide new experimental data, which hopefully will contribute to improvements of the microsurgical treatment of patients with facial palsy.
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| 11. |
- Linden, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Role of ABO secretor status in mucosal innate immunity and H. pylori infection
- 2008
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 4:1, s. 0006-0013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fucosylated ABH antigens, which constitute the molecular basis for the ABO blood group system, are also expressed in salivary secretions and gastrointestinal epithelia in individuals of positive secretor status; however, the biological function of the ABO blood group system is unknown. Gastric mucosa biopsies of 41 Rhesus monkeys originating from Southern Asia were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. A majority of these animals were found to be of blood group B and weak-secretor phenotype (i.e., expressing both Lewis a and Lewis b antigens), which are also common in South Asian human populations. A selected group of ten monkeys was inoculated with Helicobacter pylori and studied for changes in gastric mucosal glycosylation during a 10-month period. We observed a loss in mucosal fucosylation and concurrent induction and time-dependent dynamics in gastric mucosal sialylation (carbohydrate marker of inflammation), which affect H. pylori adhesion targets and thus modulate host-bacterial interactions. Of particular relevance, gastric mucosal density of H. pylori, gastritis, and sialylation were all higher in secretor individuals compared to weak-secretors, the latter being apparently "protected.'' These results demonstrate that the secretor status plays an intrinsic role in resistance to H. pylori infection and suggest that the fucosylated secretor ABH antigens constitute interactive members of the human and primate mucosal innate immune system.
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| 12. |
- Lindén, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Strain- and blood group-dependent binding of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric MUC5AC glycoforms.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Gastroenterology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1528-0012 .- 0016-5085. ; 123:6, s. 1923-1930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background & Aims: In the stomach, Helicobacter pylori is found both in the mucus layer and adhering to the gastric epithelium. The aim of this study is to characterize the binding of H. pylori to human gastric mucins. Methods:H. pylori strains that bind the Lewisb (Leb) structure (via the BabA adhesin) and/or sialylated structures, along with isogenic adhesion deletion mutants, were used to identify microbe-binding mucins. Gastric mucins from 5 healthy individuals, isolated by density-gradient centrifugation, were investigated for H. pylori binding at neutral pH using a microtiter-based technique. Results:H. pylori strains that express the BabA adhesins were shown to bind to the MUC5AC mucin in individuals expressing the Leb antigen. Further fractionation with an ion-exchange chromatography revealed Leb-positive MUC5AC glycoforms that differed in their receptor properties for different H. pylori strains. None of the H. pylori strains studied bound to mucins from Leb-negative individuals. However, all strains bound to low-density, nonmucin, Leb-negative material on top of the gradients. Conclusions: Binding of H. pylori to human gastric MUC5AC isolated from healthy individuals is BabA dependent and mediated by the Leb structure presented by the mucin. However, the BabA adhesins demonstrate strain-dependent preference in binding to MUC5AC glycoforms substituted with Leb, allowing for great interindividual variability in host–microbe interactions.
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| 13. |
- Lindh, Liselott, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of MUC5B and the role of mucins in early salivary film formation
- 2002
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. - : Elsevier. - 1873-4367 .- 0927-7765. ; 25:2, s. 139-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Salivary mucins are known to play important roles in the formation of oral salivary films. The aims of the present study were to investigate the behaviour of salivary mucins at solid surfaces with different wettabilities, as well as the influence of electrolyte on the adsorption behaviour. A pure preparation of human salivary MUC5B was used together with a commercial one of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). Amounts adsorbed from freshly prepared solutions onto hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces versus time were measured in situ by ellipsometry. At low concentrations, larger amounts were adsorbed onto hydrophobic than onto hydrophilic silica indicating a higher affinity for the former surfaces. Furthermore, on hydrophilic surfaces adsorbed amounts of MUC5B and BSM show good agreement at low concentrations (< 0. 10 mg ml(-1)). However, at higher concentrations MUM adsorbed to a lower extent than BSM. At hydrophobic surfaces, isotherm shapes were similar for the two preparations, but the amounts were shifted to higher values for MUC5B. Finally, the presence of electrolyte increased adsorption and the increase was more pronounced on hydrophilic surfaces. The increased adsorption at a higher ionic strength indicates a more compact structure of the mucin due to electrostatic screening and the fact that the effect was more pronounced on the hydrophilic surfaces points to a higher relative importance of electrostatic interactions in this case. We conclude that the two mucins investigated behave in a qualitatively similar manner and show the highest affinity for hydrophobic surfaces.
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| 14. |
- Lindholm, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of Semaphorins, Neuropilins, VEGF, and Tenascins in Rat and Human Primary Sensory Neurons after a Dorsal Root Injury
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2295. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dorsal root injury is a situation not expected to be followed by a strong regenerative growth, or growth of the injured axon into the central nervous system of the spinal cord, if the central axon of the dorsal root is injured but of strong regeneration if subjected to injury to the peripherally projecting axons. The clinical consequence of axonal injury is loss of sensation and may also lead to neuropathic pain. In this study, we have used in situ hybridization to examine the distribution of mRNAs for the neural guidance molecules semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A), semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), and semaphorin 4F (SEMA4F), their receptors neuropilin 1 (NP1) and neuropilin 2 (NP2) but also for the neuropilin ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Tenascin J1, an extracellular matrix molecule involved in axonal guidance, in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after a unilateral dorsal rhizotomy (DRT) or sciatic nerve transcetion (SNT). The studied survival times were 1-365 days. The different forms of mRNAs were unevenly distributed between the different size classes of sensory nerve cells. The results show that mRNA for SEMA3A was diminished after trauma to the sensory nerve roots in rats. The SEMA3A receptor NP1, and SEMA3F receptor NP2, was significantly upregulated in the DRG neurons after DRT and SNT. SEMA4F was upregulated after a SNT. The expression of mRNA for VEGF in DRG neurons after DRT showed a significant upregulation that was high even a year after the injuries. These data suggest a role for the semaphorins, neuropilins, VEGF, and J1 in the reactions after dorsal root lesions.
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| 15. |
- Nilsson, Thomas, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Intra- and extra-familial child sexual abusers and recidivism in Sweden: A 10- to 15-year follow-up study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1478-9949 .- 1478-9957. ; 25:3, s. 341-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rates of recidivism and types of recidivist crime have varied greatly in follow-up studies of child sexual abusers. In this long-term study of a population-based cohort (n = 193) and a nationwide clinic-referred study group (n = 166) of child sexual abusers, rates of recidivism and associations between index descriptors and outcomes were compared between intra-familial offenders and extra-familial offenders. Overall, 9.8% relapsed into sexual offence, 12.4% relapsed into violence and 2.6% relapsed into both types of offences in the population-based cohort. Corresponding numbers for the clinic-referred group were 13.9, 10.8 and 4.2%. Extra-familial offenders at index were significantly more likely to relapse into both sexual and violent criminality than intra-familial offenders, but no differences were found in rates of hands-off and hands-on crimes. Analysis of receiver operating characteristics showed that age at first conviction predicted sexual, violent and any criminality, with areas under the curve ranging from .67 to .80.
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| 16. |
- Söderström, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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The childhood-onset neuropsychiatric background to adulthood psychopathic traits and personality disorders.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Comprehensive psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X. ; 46:2, s. 111-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood conduct disorder (CD) and adult psychopathic traits according to the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) were the closest psychiatric covariates to repeated violent crimes and aggression among offenders under forensic psychiatric investigation in Sweden. As psychopathy is not included in the present psychiatric diagnostic systems, we compared total and factor PCL-R scores to Axis I disorders, including childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders, and to Axis II personality disorders, to establish the convergence of psychopathic traits with other psychiatric diagnoses, and to identify possible unique features. Psychopathic traits were positively correlated with bipolar mood disorder and negatively with unipolar depression. The total PCL-R scores as well as the Factor 2 (unemotionality) and Factor 3 (behavioral dyscontrol) scores were significantly correlated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Asperger's syndrome/high-functioning autistic traits, CD, substance abuse, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Cluster B personality disorders. The interpersonal Factor 1 showed none of these correlations and may capture features that are specific to psychopathy, distinguishing core psychopathy from other diagnostic definitions.
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