| 1. |
- Moldovan, M., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental risk of particulate and soluble platinum group elements released from gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Science of the Total Environment. ; 296, s. 199-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparison of platinum-group element (PGE) emission between gasoline and diesel engine catalytic converters is reported within this work. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were examined during their useful lifetime, from fresh to 80 000 km. Two were gasoline engine catalysts (PtPdRh and PdRh), while the other two were diesel engine catalysts (Pt). Samples were collected following the 91441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing, and the sample collection device used allowed differentiation between the particulate and soluble fractions, the latter being the most relevant from an environmental point of view. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (quadrupole and high resolution), and special attention was paid to the control of spectral interference, especially in the case of Pd and Rh. The results obtained show that, for fresh catalysts, the release of particulate PGE through car exhaust fumes does not follow any particular trend, with a wide range (onetwo orders of magnitude) for the content of noble metals emitted. The samples collected from 30 00080 000 km present a more homogeneous PGE release for all catalysts studied. A decrease of approximately one order of magnitude is observed with respect to the release from fresh catalysts, except in the case of the diesel engine catalyst, for which PGE emission continued to be higher than in the case of gasoline engines. The fraction of soluble PGE was found to represent less than 10% of the total amount released from fresh catalysts. For aged catalysts, the figures are significantly higher, especially for Pd and Rh. Particulate PGE can be considered as virtually biologically inert, while soluble PGE forms can represent an environmental risk due to their bioavailability, which leads them to accumulate in the environment.
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| 2. |
- Palacios, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Platinum-group elements: quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces
- 2000
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Ingår i: The Science of the Total Environment. ; 257, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automotive catalytic converters, in which Pt, Pd and Rh (platinum-group elements; PGEs) are the active components for eliminating several noxious components from exhaust fumes, have become the main source of environmental urban pollution by PGEs. This work reports on the catalyst morphology through changes in catalyst surface by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) from fresh to aged catalytic converters. The distribution of these elements in the fresh catalysts analysed (PtPdRh gasoline catalyst) is not uniform and occurs mainly in a longitudinal direction. This heterogeneity seems to be greater for Pt and Pd. PGEs released by the catalysts, fresh and aged 30 000 km, were studied in parallel. Whole raw exhaust fumes from four catalysts of three different types were also examined. Two of these were gasoline catalysts (PtPdRh and PdRh) and the other two were diesel catalysts (Pt). Samples were collected following the 91441 EUDC driving cycle for light-duty vehicle testing. The results show that at 0 km the samples collected first have the highest content of particulate PGEs and although the general tendency is for the release to decrease with increasing number of samples taken, exceptions are frequent. At 30 000 km the released PGEs in gasoline and diesel catalysts decreased significantly. For fresh gasoline catalysts the mean of the total amount released was approximately 100, 250 and 50 ng km−1 for Pt, Pd and Rh, respectively. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 400800 ng km−1. After ageing the catalysts up to 30 000 km, the gasoline catalysts released amounts of Pt between 6 and 8 ng km−1, Pd between 12 and 16 ng km−1 and Rh between 3 and 12 ng km−1. In diesel catalysts the Pt release varied in the range 108150 ng km−1. The soluble portion of PGEs in the HNO3 collector solution represented less than 5% of the total amount for fresh catalysts. For 30 000 km the total amount of soluble PGEs released was similar or slightly higher than for 0 km.
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| 3. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Statement by Members of the Task Force on Prevention and Public Health of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Obesity Facts. - 1662-4025. ; 2:1, s. 54-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document is signed by all members of the task force, who will contribute knowledge on the problem of obesity in the various regions of Europe. It is apparent from the wide range of available prevalence estimates that the magnitude of the obesity epidemic varies across Europe. However certain similarities are present, including consistent but varying increases in prevalence in all countries from the end of the 20th century to the present, together with clear inverse socioeconomic gradients. The lack of harmonized surveillance efforts across Europe makes international monitoring and comparative assessments imprecise at best. A particularly worrisome aspect of this epidemic is the recently observed increase in the proportion of European children with overweight and obesity. The Task Force is in agreement that the epidemic reflects changing lifestyles and environments and that prevention can only be achieved by identifying and arresting these trends, a statement that has been repeated by many groups advocating obesity prevention over the years. For instance, in 1999 the Milan Declaration was made on behalf of all members of the EASO, resolving to support the development of coherent national and Europe-wide strategies for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity. Since then, there have been recent steps to develop a public health strategy for obesity prevention across Europe, including most notably the 2006 European Ministerial Conference on Counteracting Obesity in the European Region. At that time, all member states of WHO Europe met in Istanbul and explicitly agreed on an ecological approach to fighting the obesity epidemic, with a charter recognizing that counteracting obesity requires a multidisciplinary effort with a timeline for improvements (www.euro.who.int/ document/E89567.pdf). In this context, the vision of our Task Force is to provide guidance and leadership to researchers, governments, and agencies that are trying to fulfill the charter developed in Istanbul and other recent initiatives. Specifically, we will support and strengthen research and interventions to improve prevention of obesity across Europe, within the framework of the EASO.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Gomez, B., et al.
(författare)
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Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinum group elements in the airborne particles of some European cities
- 2002
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Ingår i: The Science of the Total Environment. ; 299, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic is the main source of platinum-group element (PGE) contamination in populated urban areas. There is increasing concern about the hazardous effects of these new pollutants for people and for other living organisms in these areas. Airborne and road dusts, as well as tree bark and grass samples were collected at locations in the European cities of Göteborg (Sweden), Madrid (Spain), Rome (Italy), Munich (Germany), Sheffield and London (UK). Today, in spite of the large number of parameters that can influence the airborne PGE content, the results obtained so far indicate significantly higher PGE levels at traffic sites compared with the rural or non-polluted zones that have been investigated (background levels). The average Pt content in airborne particles found in downtown Madrid, Göteborg and Rome is in the range 7.313.1 pg m−3. The ring roads of these cities have values in the range 4.117.7 pg m−3. In Munich, a lower Pt content was found in airborne particles (4.1 pg m−3). The same tendency has been noted for downtown Rh, with contents in the range 2.22.8 pg m−3, and in the range 0.83.0 and 0.3 pg m−3 for motorway margins in Munich. The combined results obtained using a wide-range airborne classifier (WRAC) collector and a PM-10 or virtual impactor show that Pt is associated with particles for a wide range of diameters. The smaller the particle size, the lower the Pt concentration. However, in particles
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Cattaneo, A, et al.
(författare)
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Overweight and obesity in infants and pre-school children in the European Union a review of existing data
- 2010
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Ingår i: OBESITY REVIEWS. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 1467-7881. ; 11:5, s. 389-398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pandgt;The objective of this study was to synthesize available information on prevalence and time trends of overweight and obesity in pre-school children in the European Union. Retrieval and analysis or re-analysis of existing data were carried out. Data sources include WHO databases, Medline and Google, contact with authors of published and unpublished documents. Data were analysed using the International Obesity Task Force reference and cut-offs, and the WHO standard. Data were available from 18/27 countries. Comparisons were problematic because of different definitions and methods of data collection and analysis. The reported prevalence of overweight plus obesity at 4 years ranges from 11.8% in Romania (2004) to 32.3% in Spain (1998-2000). Countries in the Mediterranean region and the British islands report higher rates than those in middle, northern and eastern Europe. Rates are generally higher in girls than in boys. With the possible exception of England, there was no obvious trend towards increasing prevalence in the past 20-30 years in the five countries with data. The use of the WHO standard with cut-offs at 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations yields lower rates and removes gender differences. Data on overweight and obesity in pre-school children are scarce; their interpretation is difficult. Standard methods of surveillance, and research and policies on prevention and treatment, are urgently needed.
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| 10. |
- DeSouza, Nandita M., et al.
(författare)
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Standardised lesion segmentation for imaging biomarker quantitation : a consensus recommendation from ESR and EORTC
- 2022
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Ingår i: Insights into Imaging. - : Springer. - 1869-4101. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Lesion/tissue segmentation on digital medical images enables biomarker extraction, image-guided therapy delivery, treatment response measurement, and training/validation for developing artificial intelligence algorithms and workflows. To ensure data reproducibility, criteria for standardised segmentation are critical but currently unavailable. Methods A modified Delphi process initiated by the European Imaging Biomarker Alliance (EIBALL) of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Imaging Group was undertaken. Three multidisciplinary task forces addressed modality and image acquisition, segmentation methodology itself, and standards and logistics. Devised survey questions were fed via a facilitator to expert participants. The 58 respondents to Round 1 were invited to participate in Rounds 2-4. Subsequent rounds were informed by responses of previous rounds. Results/conclusions Items with >= 75% consensus are considered a recommendation. These include system performance certification, thresholds for image signal-to-noise, contrast-to-noise and tumour-to-background ratios, spatial resolution, and artefact levels. Direct, iterative, and machine or deep learning reconstruction methods, use of a mixture of CE marked and verified research tools were agreed and use of specified reference standards and validation processes considered essential. Operator training and refreshment were considered mandatory for clinical trials and clinical research. Items with a 60-74% agreement require reporting (site-specific accreditation for clinical research, minimal pixel number within lesion segmented, use of post-reconstruction algorithms, operator training refreshment for clinical practice). Items with <= 60% agreement are outside current recommendations for segmentation (frequency of system performance tests, use of only CE-marked tools, board certification of operators, frequency of operator refresher training). Recommendations by anatomical area are also specified.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Fournier, Laure, et al.
(författare)
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Incorporating radiomics into clinical trials : expert consensus endorsed by the European Society of Radiology on considerations for data-driven compared to biologically driven quantitative biomarkers
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Radiology. - : SPRINGER. - 0938-7994 .- 1432-1084. ; 31:8, s. 6001-6012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing quantitative imaging biomarkers (QIBs) are associated with known biological tissue characteristics and follow a well-understood path of technical, biological and clinical validation before incorporation into clinical trials. In radiomics, novel data-driven processes extract numerous visually imperceptible statistical features from the imaging data with no a priori assumptions on their correlation with biological processes. The selection of relevant features (radiomic signature) and incorporation into clinical trials therefore requires additional considerations to ensure meaningful imaging endpoints. Also, the number of radiomic features tested means that power calculations would result in sample sizes impossible to achieve within clinical trials. This article examines how the process of standardising and validating data-driven imaging biomarkers differs from those based on biological associations. Radiomic signatures are best developed initially on datasets that represent diversity of acquisition protocols as well as diversity of disease and of normal findings, rather than within clinical trials with standardised and optimised protocols as this would risk the selection of radiomic features being linked to the imaging process rather than the pathology. Normalisation through discretisation and feature harmonisation are essential pre-processing steps. Biological correlation may be performed after the technical and clinical validity of a radiomic signature is established, but is not mandatory. Feature selection may be part of discovery within a radiomics-specific trial or represent exploratory endpoints within an established trial; a previously validated radiomic signature may even be used as a primary/secondary endpoint, particularly if associations are demonstrated with specific biological processes and pathways being targeted within clinical trials.
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| 13. |
- Altomare, Daniele, et al.
(författare)
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Prognostic value of Alzheimer’s biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment : the effect of age at onset
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-5354 .- 1432-1459. ; 266:10, s. 2535-2545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of age at onset on the prognostic value of Alzheimer’s biomarkers in a large sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: We measured Aβ42, t-tau, hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cortical metabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in 188 MCI patients followed for at least 1 year. We categorised patients into earlier and later onset (EO/LO). Receiver operating characteristic curves and corresponding areas under the curve (AUCs) were performed to assess and compar the biomarker prognostic performances in EO and LO groups. Linear Model was adopted for estimating the time-to-progression in relation with earlier/later onset MCI groups and biomarkers. Results: In earlier onset patients, all the assessed biomarkers were able to predict cognitive decline (p < 0.05), with FDG-PET showing the best performance. In later onset patients, all biomarkers but t-tau predicted cognitive decline (p < 0.05). Moreover, FDG-PET alone in earlier onset patients showed a higher prognostic value than the one resulting from the combination of all the biomarkers in later onset patients (earlier onset AUC 0.935 vs later onset AUC 0.753, p < 0.001). Finally, FDG-PET showed a different prognostic value between earlier and later onset patients (p = 0.040) in time-to-progression allowing an estimate of the time free from disease. Discussion: FDG-PET may represent the most universal tool for the establishment of a prognosis in MCI patients and may be used for obtaining an onset-related estimate of the time free from disease.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Caroli, A., et al.
(författare)
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Mild cognitive impairment with suspected nonamyloid pathology (SNAP) Prediction of progression
- 2015
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 84:5, s. 508-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of progressive cognitive deterioration in patients with suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathology (SNAP) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods:We measured markers of amyloid pathology (CSF -amyloid 42) and neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume on MRI and cortical metabolism on [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET) in 201 patients with MCI clinically followed for up to 6 years to detect progressive cognitive deterioration. We categorized patients with MCI as A+/A- and N+/N- based on presence/absence of amyloid pathology and neurodegeneration. SNAPs were A-N+ cases.Results:The proportion of progressors was 11% (8/41), 34% (14/41), 56% (19/34), and 71% (60/85) in A-N-, A+N-, SNAP, and A+N+, respectively; the proportion of APOE epsilon 4 carriers was 29%, 70%, 31%, and 71%, respectively, with the SNAP group featuring a significantly different proportion than both A+N- and A+N+ groups (p 0.005). Hypometabolism in SNAP patients was comparable to A+N+ patients (p = 0.154), while hippocampal atrophy was more severe in SNAP patients (p = 0.002). Compared with A-N-, SNAP and A+N+ patients had significant risk of progressive cognitive deterioration (hazard ratio = 2.7 and 3.8, p = 0.016 and p < 0.001), while A+N- patients did not (hazard ratio = 1.13, p = 0.771). In A+N- and A+N+ groups, none of the biomarkers predicted time to progression. In the SNAP group, lower time to progression was correlated with greater hypometabolism (r = 0.42, p = 0.073).Conclusions:Our findings support the notion that patients with SNAP MCI feature a specific risk progression profile.
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| 16. |
- Caroli, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Mild cognitive impairment with suspected nonamyloid pathology (SNAP) Prediction of progression
- 2015
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 84:5, s. 508-515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of progressive cognitive deterioration in patients with suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathology (SNAP) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods:We measured markers of amyloid pathology (CSF -amyloid 42) and neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume on MRI and cortical metabolism on [F-18]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET) in 201 patients with MCI clinically followed for up to 6 years to detect progressive cognitive deterioration. We categorized patients with MCI as A+/A- and N+/N- based on presence/absence of amyloid pathology and neurodegeneration. SNAPs were A-N+ cases.Results:The proportion of progressors was 11% (8/41), 34% (14/41), 56% (19/34), and 71% (60/85) in A-N-, A+N-, SNAP, and A+N+, respectively; the proportion of APOE epsilon 4 carriers was 29%, 70%, 31%, and 71%, respectively, with the SNAP group featuring a significantly different proportion than both A+N- and A+N+ groups (p 0.005). Hypometabolism in SNAP patients was comparable to A+N+ patients (p = 0.154), while hippocampal atrophy was more severe in SNAP patients (p = 0.002). Compared with A-N-, SNAP and A+N+ patients had significant risk of progressive cognitive deterioration (hazard ratio = 2.7 and 3.8, p = 0.016 and p < 0.001), while A+N- patients did not (hazard ratio = 1.13, p = 0.771). In A+N- and A+N+ groups, none of the biomarkers predicted time to progression. In the SNAP group, lower time to progression was correlated with greater hypometabolism (r = 0.42, p = 0.073).Conclusions:Our findings support the notion that patients with SNAP MCI feature a specific risk progression profile.
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| 17. |
- de Boer, Anneloes, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus-Based Technical Recommendations for Clinical Translation of Renal Phase Contrast MRI
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1053-1807 .- 1522-2586. ; 55:2, s. 323-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Phase-contrast (PC) MRI is a feasible and valid noninvasive technique to measure renal artery blood flow, showing potential to support diagnosis and monitoring of renal diseases. However, the variability in measured renal blood flow values across studies is large, most likely due to differences in PC-MRI acquisition and processing. Standardized acquisition and processing protocols are therefore needed to minimize this variability and maximize the potential of renal PC-MRI as a clinically useful tool.PURPOSE: To build technical recommendations for the acquisition, processing, and analysis of renal 2D PC-MRI data in human subjects to promote standardization of renal blood flow measurements and facilitate the comparability of results across scanners and in multicenter clinical studies.STUDY TYPE: Systematic consensus process using a modified Delphi method.POPULATION: Not applicable.SEQUENCE FIELD/STRENGTH: Renal fast gradient echo-based 2D PC-MRI.ASSESSMENT: An international panel of 27 experts from Europe, the USA, Australia, and Japan with 6 (interquartile range 4-10) years of experience in 2D PC-MRI formulated consensus statements on renal 2D PC-MRI in two rounds of surveys. Starting from a recently published systematic review article, literature-based and data-driven statements regarding patient preparation, hardware, acquisition protocol, analysis steps, and data reporting were formulated.STATISTICAL TESTS: Consensus was defined as ≥75% unanimity in response, and a clear preference was defined as 60-74% agreement among the experts.RESULTS: Among 60 statements, 57 (95%) achieved consensus after the second-round survey, while the remaining three showed a clear preference. Consensus statements resulted in specific recommendations for subject preparation, 2D renal PC-MRI data acquisition, processing, and reporting.DATA CONCLUSION: These recommendations might promote a widespread adoption of renal PC-MRI, and may help foster the set-up of multicenter studies aimed at defining reference values and building larger and more definitive evidence, and will facilitate clinical translation of PC-MRI.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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| 18. |
- Pongelli, C., et al.
(författare)
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The impact of board of directors’ characteristics on the internationalization of family SMEs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of world business (Print). - : Elsevier. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 58:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face both general bounded rationality challenges and a unique expression of bounded rationality in their internationalization process: the bifurcation bias, a concept aligned with modern transaction cost theory (TCT). We argue that efficient governance in family SMEs, and especially features of the Board of Directors’ composition, can help alleviate bounded rationality. Complementing TCT with upper echelons theory (UET), we investigate which Board characteristics in family SMEs contribute to efficient governance and the ensuing strategy decisions. We focus specifically on strategy decisions in the internationalization sphere. Our empirical analysis of survey data from 328 Belgian family SMEs, operating out of a small open economy, reveals that family SMEs internationalize more if their Boards are ‘open’, ‘inclusive’, ‘experienced’ and ‘active’. These Board characteristics, all reflective of efficient governance, i.e., providing the Board with the capacity to alleviate bounded rationality constraints, positively contribute to internationalization, especially (and perhaps paradoxically) when the family SME is managed by a CEO who is also a family member.
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| 19. |
- Prestia, Annapaola, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of AD dementia by biomarkers following the NIA-AA and IWG diagnostic criteria in MCI patients from three European memory clinics
- 2015
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 11:10, s. 1191-1201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Proposed diagnostic criteria (international working group and National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer's Association) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) include markers of amyloidosis (abnormal cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] amyloid beta [A beta]42) and neurodegeneration (hippocampal atrophy, temporo-parietal hypometabolism on [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and abnormal CSF tau). We aim to compare the accuracy of these biomarkers, individually and in combination, in predicting AD among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Methods: In 73 MCI patients, followed to ascertain AD progression, markers were measured. Sensitivity and specificity, positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios, and crude and adjusted hazard ratios were computed. Results: Twenty-nine MCI patients progressed and 44 remained stable. Positivity to any marker achieved the lowest LR- (0.0), whereas the combination A beta 42 plus FDG-PET achieved the highest LR+ (6.45). In a survival analysis, positivity to any marker was associated with 100% conversion rate, whereas negativity to all markers was associated with 100% stability. Discussion: The best criteria combined amyloidosis and neurodegeneration biomarkers, whereas the individual biomarker with the best performance was FDG-PET.
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| 20. |
- Prestia, Annapaola, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of dementia in MCI patients based on core diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 80:11, s. 1048-1056
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The current model of Alzheimer disease (AD) stipulates that brain amyloidosis biomarkers turn abnormal earliest, followed by cortical hypometabolism, and finally brain atrophy ones. The aim of this study is to provide clinical evidence of the model in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A total of 73 patients with MCI from 3 European memory clinics were included. Brain amyloidosis was assessed by CSF A beta 42 concentration, cortical metabolism by an index of temporoparietal hypometabolism on FDG-PET, and brain atrophy by automated hippocampal volume. Patients were divided into groups based on biomarker positivity: 1) A beta 422- FDG-PET- Hippo-, 2) A beta 42+ FDG-PET- Hippo-, 3) A beta 42+ FDG-PET + Hippo-, 4) A beta 42+ FDG-PET+ Hippo+, and 5) any other combination not in line with the model. Measures of validity were prevalence of group 5, increasing incidence of progression to dementia with increasing biological severity, and decreasing conversion time. Results: When patients with MCI underwent clinical follow-up, 29 progressed to dementia, while 44 remained stable. A total of 26% of patients were in group 5. Incident dementia was increasing with greater biological severity in groups 1 to 5 from 4% to 27%, 64%, and 100% (p for trend, 0.0001), and occurred increasingly earlier (p for trend = 0.024). Conclusions: The core biomarker pattern is in line with the current pathophysiologic model of AD. Fully normal and fully abnormal pattern is associated with exceptional and universal development of dementia. Cases not in line might be due to atypical neurobiology or inaccurate thresholds for biomarker (ab) normality.
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