| 1. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Disruptions and diversions : the demographic consequences of natural disasters in sparsely populated areas
- 2021
-
Ingår i: The demography of disasters. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030499198 - 9783030499204 ; , s. 81-99
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Eight Ds model (Carson and Carson 2014) explains the unique characteristics of human and economic geography for sparsely populated areas (SPAs) as disconnected, discontinuous, diverse, detailed, dynamic, distant, dependent and delicate. According to the model, SPAs are subject to dramatic changes in demographic characteristics that result from both identifiable black swan events and less apparent tipping points in longer-term processes of demographic change (Carson et al. 2011). The conceptual foundations for this assertion are clear. Populations in SPAs can experience large and long-term impacts on the overall demographic structureas a result of decisions by a relatively small number of people. High levels of migration and mobility cause constant shifts in the demographic profile and prime SPAs to adapt to many different demographic states (Carson and Carson 2014). The Northern Territory of Australia, for example, experienced previously unseen waves of pre-retirement aged migrants in the past decade or so (Martel et al. 2013) as evidence of detailed but important changes to past trends. However, while dramatic demographic changes are conceptually possible and occasionally observable, there have been few attempts to examine the conditions under which such changes are likely to occur or not to occur. This is an important question particularly in relation to black swan events such as natural disasters because effective disaster management policy and planning is at least partially dependent on understanding who is affected and in what ways (Bird et al. 2013). The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to begin the process of identifying the conditions under which dramatic demographic responses to natural disasters in SPAs might occur. In the process, we introduce two new 'Ds' with which to describe the nature of demographic change. We propose that natural disasters such as cyclones, floods, earthquakes, bushfires, landslides, avalanches and crop failures present the potential to disrupt or to divert demographic development.
|
|
| 2. |
- Carson, Doris A., et al.
(författare)
-
Cities, hinterlands and disconnected urban-rural development : Perspectives from sparsely populated areas
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 93, s. 104-111
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces the special issue ‘Rural hinterland development in sparsely populated areas (SPAs): new challenges and opportunities arising from urbanisation within the periphery’. It problematises the relationships between growing cities and hinterland areas in SPAs, such as those commonly found in Arctic, Outback and similar remote resource peripheries of developed countries. Many SPAs are rapidly urbanising, with polarised development becoming an ever-increasing concern for regional planners and policy-makers. This special issue contributes to debates about the impact that urban growth and city-centric development strategies in SPAs might have on the development prospects for small and distant settlements in the hinterland. We first discuss why SPAs are different from other rural contexts when it comes to urban-rural interactions and introduce the idea of regional disconnectedness as a defining feature of SPAs. We then review the papers in this collection, which include perspectives from northern Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Scotland, Alaska, and Australia, and position them according to their contributions to theory, policy and practice. The special issue challenges assumptions that city-centric regional development in SPAs will automatically generate spillover or backwash effects for the hinterland. It emphasises the need to consider diverse mobility flows within SPAs as part of urban-rural interactions. It also raises attention to micro-scale urbanisation within the hinterland, with housing, services, and amenities increasingly concentrating in a few small towns. The final discussion outlines important areas for research into more effective urban-rural partnership building in SPAs and on how to embrace regional disconnectedness for more targeted hinterland development.
|
|
| 3. |
- Carson, Doris A., et al.
(författare)
-
International lifestyle immigrants and their contributions to rural tourism innovation : Experiences from Sweden's far north
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 64, s. 230-240
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the contributions of international lifestyle immigrants to new tourism development and innovation in the sparsely populated north of Sweden. Based on a qualitative case study, the paper examines how lifestyle immigrants contributed as tourism entrepreneurs to the formation of local capital in tourism, and stimulated local learning and innovation spillover through networks of interaction and collaboration. The theoretical framework integrates concepts from rural lifestyle migration, local community development, and local tourism innovation systems. The results document how immigrants emerged as important drivers of new tourism products, processes and markets, and introduced a range of new ideas, skills and external networks to the region. Yet, an in-depth social network analysis reveals that immigrants made more limited contributions to networks, collaborations and knowledge exchange with local tourism stakeholders, thus limiting learning outcomes and innovation spillover at a broader local system level. Reasons for this lack of systemic interaction included socio-cultural distance between immigrants and locals, limited levels of trust and reciprocity, diverging development and lifestyle priorities, and issues around exclusive immigrant networking. Finally, the relevance of the theoretical framework is discussed in relation to its applicability to other immigrant mobilities in sparsely populated rural areas.
|
|
| 4. |
- Carson, Doris A., et al.
(författare)
-
Northern cities and urban–rural migration of university-qualified labour in Australia and Sweden : Spillovers, sponges, or disconnected city–hinterland geographies?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Geographical Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1745-5863 .- 1745-5871. ; 59:3, s. 424-438
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the migration flows of university-qualified labour (UQL) between cities and hinterland regions in the sparsely populated north of both Australia and Sweden. These peripheries have become increasingly urbanised in recent decades and have received substantial investment in urban higher education hubs that are expected to generate skills for their regions. Whether these skills remain within the few urban centres or are redistributed internally to benefit rural and remote locations is not known. The article identifies the extent to which there have been urban–rural ‘spillover’ or ‘sponge’ effects in UQL migration flows within the north and establishes whether there has been a ‘disconnect’ in the regional exchange of UQL. Drawing on recent Australian census and Swedish register data, the results suggest that ‘spillover’ and ‘sponging’ of UQL have been limited, particularly in Northern Australia where cities appeared quite disconnected from their hinterlands. Spillover was more common in Northern Sweden, but cities with universities targeting regional skill needs did not necessarily generate more net-migration gains for their hinterland. The discussion illustrates why urban–rural human capital relationships in northern peripheries may be more diverse and complex than assumed and flags what policy lessons can be drawn from comparing different northern peripheries.
|
|
| 5. |
- Carson, Doris A., et al.
(författare)
-
Opportunities and barriers for degrowth in remote tourism destinations : overcoming regional inequalities?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Degrowth and tourism. - Milton Park : Routledge. - 9780367335656 - 9780429320590 ; , s. 100-115
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines the opportunities and barriers for de-growth to be used in future tourism development strategies for remote or peripheral destinations, illustrated by the case of the Top End region in the Northern Territory of Australia. In such remote contexts, tourism has often evolved around an entrenched boosterist growth paradigm, a dependence on export markets and external investors, a susceptibility to 'boom and bust' cycles, and increasing spatial and social inequalities between the dominant urban growth centre and a declining sparsely populated hinterland. The chapter discusses how de-growth may help in reducing the city-hinterland development gap by directing attention to the benefits of alternative niche markets, the regional dispersal of tourists, smaller-scale and dispersed infrastructure and product investment, a re-positioning of tourism as part of broader community development agendas, and renewed efforts to encourage local involvement in decision-making. The chapter also considers the institutional barriers to such an approach, and considers why it may remain an unrealistic concept for remote political economies that are increasingly confronted with recurring periods of economic crisis and highly volatile industries and populations.
|
|
| 6. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Disasters, market changes and 'The Big Smoke' : understanding the decline of remote tourism in Katherine, Northern Territory Australia
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Perspectives on rural tourism geographies. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030119492 - 9783030119508 ; , s. 93-114
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines the decline of tourism in Katherine, one of the Northern Territory's iconic remote destinations. While the decline coincided with severe floods damaging much of the town and its tourism infrastructure in 1998, other factors such as the overall decline of Outback tourism in Australia and changes in key markets such as backpackers and self-drive tourists contributed to the difficulty in reviving Katherine's tourism industry following the floods. Katherine tourism demonstrates characteristics consistent with the Beyond Peripherymodel of tourism development in remote or sparsely populated areas. The chapter argues that Katherine has become even more distant and disconnected from tourist markets, investors and policy makers since the floods. Key issues for future development include an increasingly uneven relationship between Katherine and the capital city of Darwin, and an inability to identify alternative markets and development paths independent of the dominant tourism structures in the Northern Territory. Katherine is an example of a remote destination which initially had substantial competitive advantages because of its location and levels of local investment in tourism, but has since lost those advantages due to a failure to respond to changing market forces. The chapter thus emphasises the fragile nature of tourism in remote locations, and its vulnerability to exogenous shocks and changing government priorities, reminding us of the broader challenges for economic development in remote resource peripheries.
|
|
| 7. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Indigenous experiences of the mining resource cycle in Australia’s northern territory : Benefits, burdens and bridges?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Northern Studies. - Umeå : Umeå University & The Royal Skyttean Society. - 1654-5915 .- 2004-4658. ; 12:2, s. 11-36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a model of how Indigenous communities may engage with the mining sector to better manage local development impacts and influence governance processes. The model uses a resource lifecycle perspective to identify the various development opportunities and challenges that remote Indigenous communities and stakeholders may face at different stages of the mining project. The model is applied to two case studies located in the Northern Territory of Australia (Gove Peninsula and Ngukurr) which involved different types and scales of mining and provided different opportunities for development and governance engagement for surrounding Indigenous communities. Both cases emphasise how the benefits and burdens associated with mining, as well as the bridges between Indigenous and outsider approaches to development and governance, can change very quickly due to the volatile nature of remote mining operations. There is thus a need for more flexible agreements and more dynamic relationships between Indigenous, mining and other governance stakeholders that can be adjusted and renegotiated as the conditions for mining change. The final discussion reflects on how the model may be applied in the context mining governance and Indigenous stakeholder engagement in the Fennoscandian north.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Resource deserts, village hierarchies and de-growth in sparsely populated areas : The case of Southern Lapland, Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Fennia. - : Geographical Society of Finland. - 1798-5617. ; 200:2, s. 210-227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small villages in northern Sweden have seen a continuing removal of key services, such as schools, shops and public transport, since the 1970s. Disinvestment in public services has not been strategically planned but has happened in response to population loss and increased costs on a case-by-case basis. More recently, there has been a shift in policy thinking to what might be termed a ‘de-growth’ approach where digitalisation and increased personal mobility are used to provide new ways of delivering services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the existence of ‘resource deserts’ in Southern Lapland and the emergence (or consolidation) of village hierarchies in allocating public services. We map out the distribution of neighbourhood services (grocery stores, pre-/schools and petrol pumps) among villages, and explore the lived experiences in accessing these resources in different villages. Our results show that resource deserts clearly exist in the south and east of the region, while villages in the more sparsely populated western mountain areas were generally in a better position to retain resources. We identify a lack of consistent and transparent service planning at the village level as a key shortcoming in municipal and regional service strategies. There appear to be unofficial settlement hierarchies in the differential treatment of villages that are otherwise similar in population size, population change and distance to central places. We find that political decisions on service allocations are likely influenced by several factors. These include legacy effects relating to historic settlement status, the location of villages in relation to key transport or mobility corridors, as well as ideological factors favouring villages with more ‘exotic’ features and development potential in line with the municipalities’ economic, social and political priorities. We finally argue that a shift to de-growth needs to be more strategically planned if it is to eliminate resource deserts and promote equity of service access across all villages.
|
|
| 10. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The continuing advance and retreat of rural settlement in the northern inland of Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Northern Studies. - Umeå : Umeå University; The Royal Skyttean Society. - 1654-5915 .- 2004-4658. ; 13:1, s. 7-33
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1960, a range of leading rural geographers started a debate about population development and the “advance and retreat” of human settlement in sparsely populated rural areas, including in the inland north of Sweden. In what came to be known as the “Siljan Symposium,” they identified a number of key themes in relation to migration and human mobility that were thought to determine settlement patterns in the inland north, including: internal migration and urbanisation of populations; the role of simultaneous in- and out-migration in re-shaping settlement patterns; redistribution of rural populations through return migration and international migration; and changing preferences for settlement in different northern “zones” based on the methods for exploiting natural resources for agriculture, forestry, mining and energy production. This paper re-visits the main themes from the 1960 Siljan Symposium and examines Swedish register data to identify how migration patterns and the resulting “advance and retreat” of human settlement have changed across the inland of Västerbotten and Norrbotten. The results suggest that, while general urban-rural and regional- local settlement patterns appear to have been relatively consistent, new forms of migration (including internal, return and international) with different preferences for rural settlement emerging in different localities as a result of both persistent (mining, forestry, energy) and changing (tourism, lifestyle) values of natural resources. We also observe substantial differences in migration and urbanisation rates between Norrbotten and Västerbotten. The paper then discusses how the persistence and discontinuity of experiences over the past decades may provide insights into the potential future patterns of northern settlement.
|
|
| 11. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The local demography of resource economies : long term implications of natural resource industries for demographic development in sparsely populated areas
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Settlements at the edge. - Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781784711955 - 9781784711962 ; , s. 357-378
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Settlements at the Edge examines the evolution, characteristics, functions and shifting economic basis of settlements in sparsely populated areas of developed nations. With a focus on demographic change, the book features theoretical and applied cases which explore the interface between demography, economy, well-being and the environment. This book offers a comprehensive and insightful knowledge base for understanding the role of population in shaping the development and histories of northern sparsely populated areas of developed nations including Alaska (USA), Australia, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland and other nations with territories within the Arctic Circle.
|
|
| 12. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The mining resource cycle and settlement demography in Malå, Northern Sweden
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Polar Record. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0032-2474 .- 1475-3057. ; 56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the demographic impacts of mining in sparsely populated areas has focused primarily on relatively large towns. Less attention has been paid to smaller villages, which may experience different impacts because of their highly concentrated economies and their small populations, making them more vulnerable to demographic “boom and bust” effects. This paper examines demographic change in four small villages in northern Sweden, which are located close to several mining projects but have evolved through different degrees of integration with or separation from mining. Using a longitudinal “resource cycle” perspective, the demographic trajectories of the villages are compared to understand how different types of settlement and engagement with mining have led to different demographic outcomes in the long term. While the four villages experienced similar trajectories in terms of overall population growth and decline, their experiences in relation to more nuanced indicators, including age and gender distributions and population mobilities, were different, and potential reasons for this are discussed. Due to data limitations, however, the long-term demographic consequences of mining for local Sami people remain unclear. The paper problematises this research gap in light of general concerns about mining impacts on traditional Sami livelihoods.
|
|
| 13. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding the demographic future of small Arctic villages using agent-based modelling
- 2022
-
Ingår i: More than 'nature'. - Vienna : LIT Verlag. - 9783643912183 - 9783643962188 ; , s. 263-281
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large parts of the Scandinavian Arctic and sub-Arctic are characterized by small settlements of just a few dozen or hundred inhabitants. Many of these villages have experienced loss of population and services. However, recent in-migration and new technologies facilitating ageing in place and e-commute work have seen some villages grow, some stabilize their population base, and many undergo dramatic demographic transformation. These local processes have largely been hidden from policy-makers and planners because standard statistical analyses and demographic modeling are either only applied at regional level, or are poorly suited to such small populations. This chapter introduces an agent-based demographic model (ABDM) applied to small villages in the north of Sweden. ABDMs provide a way to combine quantitative and qualitative data about demographic change processes and model the impacts of these on population size, structure, and dynamics over time. This chapter presents examples of how ABDMs provide insights into demographic change in the northern inland of Sweden and how they might facilitate truly local-level planning in a peripheral Arctic context.
|
|
| 14. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Who gives? Non-commercial distribution networks in domestic food production in the inland north of Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 16:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the social context of “domestic food production” (dfp) in the inland North of Sweden, with a focus on understanding the contributions of non-commercial food distribution to local food security and sustainable rural community-building. We report on the findings of an exploratory pilot study that included an online survey of 305 people who engaged in at least one dfp activity (hunting, fishing, foraging, or farming). The aims were to uncover common social practices of dfp, as well as to identify key values attached to dfp, the extent of commercial and non-commercial distribution of home-produced food, and motivations to give away food. The main findings emphasize the social nature of dfp activities, with the vast majority of respondents undertaking dfp in groups or as part of formal clubs. Key values attached to dfp included social and community-related aspects, while commercial interests were limited. Respondents were more likely to engage in non-commercial distribution networks, usually involving close family and friends. Food givers mostly cited social factors as their main motivations rather than other food-related aspects (such as food security, health benefits, or food waste). Food givers were also likely to receive food from others, emphasizing the relatively narrow and reciprocal character of non-commercial food networks. We conclude that non-commercial dfp networks may be expanded to the broader community by exploiting the social nature of dfp and encouraging generalized reciprocity led by dfp clubs. This could potentially reduce the negative impacts of food deserts whilst also stimulating community interactions, learning and local dfp communities of practice.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
A socially accountable health and care workforce in Northern Sweden : who should it contain, who is it for and what should it do?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Dipping in to the North. - Singapore : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9789811566233 - 9789811566226 ; , s. 175-194
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter examines two myths affecting development of the health and care workforce in places like the rural north of Sweden. The first is that 'rural health' is primarily concerned with medical care, and the second is that the major challenge facing rural health and care systems is population ageing. We argue that a focus on ageing populations leads to a workforce that is poorly equipped to deal with the needs of youth, Indigenous people, migrants and others. Further, a workforce focused on medical care is limited in capacity to provide holistic and coordinated care for rural residents. We acknowledge that demanding a more knowledgeable and better prepared health and care workforce will increase the challenges of recruitment and retention, but this needs to be balanced against the benefits of having a 'socially accountable' workforce.
|
|
| 17. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Addressing the workforce crisis in (rural) social care : a scoping review
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Health Planning and Management. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0749-6753 .- 1099-1751. ; 39:3, s. 806-823
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This scoping review identifies strategies potentially addressing the ‘workforce crisis’ in rural social care. The increasing global demand for social care has been coupled with widely recognised challenges in recruiting and retaining sufficient staff to provide this care. While the social care workforce crisis is a global phenomenon, it is particularly acute in rural areas.Methods: The review identified 75 papers which (i) had been published since 2017, (ii) were peer reviewed, (iii) concerned social care, (iv) were relevant to rural settings, (v) referenced workforce shortages, and (vi) made recommendations for ways to address those shortages. Thematic synthesis was used to derive three analytical themes with a combined 17 sub-themes applying to recommended strategies and evidence supporting those strategies.Results: The most common strategies for addressing social care workforce shortages were to improve recruitment and retention (‘recruit and retain’) processes without materially changing the workforce composition or service models. Further strategies involved ‘revitalising’ the social care workforce through redeploying existing staff or identifying new sources of labour. A small number of strategies involved ‘re-thinking’ social care service models more fundamentally. Very few papers specifically considered how these strategies might apply to rural contexts, and evidence for the effectiveness of strategies was sparse.Conclusion: The review identifies a significant gap in the literature in relation to workforce innovation and placed-based studies in rural social care systems. It is unlikely that the social care workforce crisis can be addressed through continuing attempts to recruit and retain workers within existing service models.
|
|
| 18. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-
(författare)
-
Conclusion
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Settlements at the edge. - Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781784711955 - 9781784711962 ; , s. 427-434
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 19. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Divining the local : specific challenges for place based planning in sparsely populated areas
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Local Economy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0269-0942 .- 1470-9325. ; 28:3, s. 304-319
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the processes of demographic change is critical for economic and services planning. Often times, planning in ‘rural’ areas is based on an assumption of homogenous populations and drivers of change (ageing, declining traditional rural industries, adaptation to changing environments and so on). This article argues that attention to spatial, social and temporal scales reveals great diversity between places and within places with regards to demographic change and economic potential. We use evidence from seemingly incomparable case examples from the Alpine villages of Austria and the remote Indigenous communities of Australia to demonstrate that differences in mobility over time and between social groups results in very different experiences of local economies. Specifically, social groups (and individuals) experience the local within their own actor-networks. The article examines how the diverse experiences of the local might be measured, and why they are important for ‘local’ policy making and planning. The research is grounded in theories of social and human geography around ‘fragmented development’, actor-network theory and scale.
|
|
| 20. |
- Carson, Dean B, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Government with a Cast of Dozens : Policy Capacity Risks and Policy Work in the Northern Territory
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Australian journal of public administration. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0313-6647 .- 1467-8500. ; 74:2, s. 162-175
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are a number challenges to maintaining high-quality policy capacity in sparsely populated areas such as Australia's Northern Territory (e.g. natural resource dependent economy, prominence of Indigenous issues, provision of local services). Moreover, the Territory government has recently been undergoing a host of public sector changes. This paper utilises survey methodologies of policy workers that were recently developed in Canada and examines nine risk factors to policy work. A survey of 119 policy workers in the Northern Territory was conducted in 2013. The analysis examined four key policy-work areas (policy activities, barriers, areas for improved policy capacity, nature of change in work environment). The survey findings offer some practical insights for managers. Formal policy-work training is recognised as critical. Policy capacity may be increased through better inter-departmental (and potentially inter-governmental) cooperation and information sharing, more opportunities to engage with non-governmental stakeholders, and more opportunities for those leaving the full-time Northern Territory policy workforce to continue to contribute. From a conceptual point of view, the extent to which policy capacity' as commonly conceived in the literature is applicable to contexts, such as Australia's Northern Territory, warrants further examination.
|
|
| 21. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Hot-spots and spaces in-between : Development and settlement in the "Old North"
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The politics of Arctic resources. - London : Routledge. - 9781138040601 - 9781315174969 ; , s. 18-37
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chapter 2 discusses the changes in habitation or human geography, contextualizing the idea of a sparsely populated region with in fact great variation, from large coastal cities down to the village level. The chapter illustrates that even villages close to each other and with similar economic or other backgrounds can come to vary vastly, depending on factors that are not accessible within a pure demographic context, and questions the use of a sparsely populated area assumption, which may make areas seem unitary in their development.
|
|
| 22. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Innovation in rural health services requires local actors and local action
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Public Health Reviews. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 0301-0422 .- 2107-6952. ; 43
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: We examine the role of "local actors" and "local action" (LALA) in health service innovation in high-resource small rural settings and aim to inform debates about the extent to which communities can be empowered to drive change in service design and delivery.Methods: Using an adapted roles and activities framework we analyzed 32 studies of innovation projects in public health, clinical interventions, and service models.Results: Rural communities can investigate, lead, own and sustain innovation projects. However, there is a paucity of research reflecting limited reporting capacity and/or understanding of LALA. Highlighting this lack of evidence strengthens the need for study designs that enable an analysis of LALA.Conclusion: Innovation and community participation in health services are pressing issues in small rural settings where population size and distance from health infrastructure make service delivery challenging. Current reviews of community participation in rural health give little insight into the process of innovation nor understanding of how local actors produce improvements in innovation. This review outlines how communities and institutions can harness the essential role of LALA in supporting health innovations.
|
|
| 23. |
- Carson, Dean B., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Regionalisation and general practitioner and nurse workforce development in regional northern Australia : Insights from 30 years of census migration data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 91, s. 98-107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which Australia's northern cities have become increasingly important mediators of migration of nurses and general practitioners (GPs) to the regional north since the 1980s. Over that period, national and provincial policy has focused on ‘regionalisation’ of health workforce development, including creating education and training infrastructure outside of metropolitan areas. This paper hypothesises that the effectiveness of regionalisation in northern Australia should be reflected in an increased net flow of GPs and nurses from northern cities (which are the hubs of education and training) to the regional north. Data from the seven Australian Census between 1986 and 2016 are used to model changing patterns of migration. Overall, there was limited evidence of substantial change in migration patterns, although for GPs there was a reduction in migration from the key metropolitan source markets (Brisbane and Adelaide) matching an increase in supply from northern cities. Northern cities have consistently been the source of about one quarter of new nurse and GP migrants to the regional north, but the regional north has become a much less favoured destination for professionals leaving northern cities as cities' populations have grown much faster than regional populations. Net flows have remained small and for nurses have favoured the cities while for GPs favoured the regional north. The paper concludes that, while there is limited evidence of increased ‘spillover’ of labour from the cities to the regional north, there is also no evidence of the cities increasingly ‘spongeing’ regional labour. Cities and regional migration systems may be increasingly disconnected as labour demands diverge, but new connections are being created with the rest of non-metropolitan Australia. The research is the first to analyse health professional migration over such a long period, and contributes to the debates about the roles of cities in sparsely populated areas in the development of their rural and remote hinterlands.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Dubois, Alexandre, et al.
(författare)
-
Die hard : On the persistence of Swedish upland farming
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 69, s. 41-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an inductive quantitative approach, this article examines empirically the main characteristics of upland farming in the northern periphery of Sweden. This approach allows us to stepwise 'reconstruct' upland farming in its north Swedish manifestation. The data features farm-level and aggregated data from four municipalities stretching from the Bothnian Golf to the Norwegian border. The combination of GIS and advanced statistical analysis (clustering and regression) provides a robust evidence-base characterising upland farming at the nexus of multiple dimensions: territoriality (e.g. remote location, harsh climate, scattered settlement structure), style (e.g. labour extensive, small-scale, mixed fanning) and livelihood (e.g. plurlactive, diversification, subsidy dependent). The article emphasizes the potentially central role of upland farming in bringing into coherent policy initiatives promoting sustainable community development in the periphery. The study also looks ahead and urges scholars to adopt more systematically mixed methods in future upland farming studies in order to render the complexity of this socio-spatial phenomenon.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Haynes, Katharine, et al.
(författare)
-
Adaptation lessons from Cyclone Tracy part II : Institutional response and Indigenous experiences of Cyclone Tracy
- 2011
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the time of Cyclone Tracy in 1974, Darwin's population included a substantial number of both permanent and transitory Aboriginal people (members of the Larrakia people and the Stolen Generation). This retrospective study collated the experiences of 37 people (23 Indigenous, 14 key government officials). In general, Indigenous people did not appear to have been treated substantially differently from non-Indigenous people in terms of evacuation procedures, health care or resettlement. Some Indigenous study participants discussed how they had been aware of traditional knowledge, but due to their cultural heritage being mixed with a more contemporary Australian education they had not taken the Indigenous early warnings seriously. The interviews revealed that in many ways, Indigenous people considered that they were better better able to cope and recover from the disaster than non-Indigenous people, as they were often more self sufficient than their non-Indigenous neighbours. Their resilience came from not being as reliant on material possessions, their ability to rely on the land for food, and the many family connections and people whom they could get help from. This research has demonstrated that much of the Indigenous population living in Darwin is fairly urbanised and although they retain Indigenous cultural heritage, they are able to work with standard Australian emergency management warnings and procedures. The exception to this is the transient, itinerant Indigenous people and those living in rural areas outside of Darwin who may be without shelter and connection to communities. There is a need for emergency management protocols to also consider the particular vulnerability of such transient itinerant individuals.
|
|
| 29. |
- Heidelbeer, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Experiences of non-resident nurses in Australia's remote Northern Territory
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Rural and remote health. - 1445-6354. ; 13:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: There is emerging concern in the health literature about the impacts of non-resident work modes on the quality of service delivery particularly in sparsely populated or remote areas, but little is known about what non-resident health workers themselves see as the advantages and disadvantages of their modes of work, and whether non-resident workers face the same or different social/personal and professional barriers to rural and remote practice as their resident colleagues. Although literature from the resources sector provides insights into the expected social/personal advantages and disadvantages, very little is said about professional issues. Methods: This article reports on semi-structured interviews conducted with seven non-resident nurses working in remote locations in Australia's Northern Territory in 2011. All nurses lived outside the Northern Territory when not at work. The interviews focussed on how the separation of place of residence and place of work affected nurses' private and professional lives. Results: Social/personal issues faced by these nurses are similar to what has been reported in the broader literature on non-resident work. Nurses who successfully engage in non-resident work develop strategies to manage their lives across multiple locations. However, questions are raised about the professional impacts of non-resident work, in terms of the continuing competency of the workers themselves, the performance of work teams that consist of resident and non-resident workers, and the maintenance of context-specific skills. Conclusions: Non-resident work is likely to become more common in remote areas such as Australia's Northern Territory because of the advantages workers experience in their personal lives. There is an urgent need to address professional issues associated with non-resident work modes.
|
|
| 30. |
- Jonsson, Frida, et al.
(författare)
-
Landscapes of care and despair for rural youth : a qualitative study in the northern Swedish 'periphery'
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal for Equity in Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1475-9276. ; 19:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: This study emerges as a response to the lack of youth perspectives when it comes to discussions about access to and experiences of health and social services in rural areas. It subsequently contributes to the literature by positioning young people at the centre of this debate, and by taking a more holistic approach to the topic than is typically the case. Specifically, based on the idea that a good life in proper health for young people may be contingent on notions of care that are bounded up in multi-layered social and spatial environments, the aim of this study was to explore what characterises 'landscapes of care' for rural youth.METHODS: In this qualitative study, the participants included young people and professionals residing in five diverse areas across the northern Swedish 'peripheral' inland. Individual interviews (16 in total) and focus group discussions (26 in total) were conducted with 63 youth aged 14-27 years and with 44 professionals operating across sectors such as health centres, school health, integration units, youth clinics and youth clubs. Following an emergent design and using thematic analysis, we developed one main theme, 'landscapes of care and despair', comprising the two themes: '(dis)connectedness' and 'extended support or troubling gaps'.RESULTS: The findings illustrate how various health-promoting and potentially harmful aspects acting at structural, organisational and interpersonal levels contributed to dynamic landscapes characterised simultaneously by care and despair. In particular, our study shows how rural youths' feelings of belongingness to people and places coupled with opportunities to participate in society and access practical and emotional support appear to facilitate their care within rural settings. However, although the results indicate that some in the diverse group of rural youth were cared for and about, a negative picture was painted in parallel. These aspects of despair included youths' senses of exclusion and marginalisation, degrading attitudes towards them and their problems, as well as recurrent gaps in the provision and practices of care.CONCLUSIONS: To gain a more comprehensive understanding about the health of rural youth, this study highlights the benefits investigating 'care-ful' and 'uncaring' aspects bounded up in dynamic and multi-layered landscapes.
|
|
| 31. |
- Jonsson, Frida, et al.
(författare)
-
Strengthening Community Health Systems Through Novel eHealth Initiatives? Commencing a Realist Study of the Virtual Health Rooms in Rural Northern Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Health Policy and Management. - : Maad Rayan Publishing Company. - 2322-5939. ; 11:1, s. 39-48
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Unlike the large body of research that has examined the ‘success’ or ‘failure’ of eHealth in terms of patientand provider perceptions or cost- and clinical effectiveness, the current study teases out ways through which a noveleHealth initiative in rural northern Sweden might result in more distal or systemic beneficial outcomes. More specifically,this paper aims to explore how and under what circumstances the so-called virtual health rooms (VHRs) are expectedto improve access to person-centred care and strengthen community health systems, especially for elderly residents ofrural areas.Methods: The first phase of the realist evaluation methodology was conducted, involving qualitative interviews with 8key stakeholders working with eHealth, business development, digitalisation, and process management. Using thematicanalysis and following an abductive-retroductive analytical process, an intervention-context-actor-mechanism-outcome(ICAMO) configuration was developed and elicited into an initial programme theory.Results: The findings indicate that a novel eHealth initiative, which provides reliable technologies in a customizedfacility that connects communities and providers, might improve access to person-centred care and strengthencommunity health systems for rural populations. This is theorized to occur if mechanisms acting at individual (suchas knowledge, skills and trust) and collective (like a common vision and shared responsibilities) levels are triggered incontexts characterised by supportive societal transitions, sufficient organisational readiness and the harnessing of ruralcohesiveness and creativity.Conclusion: The elicited initial programme theory describes and explains how a novel eHealth initiative in ruralnorthern Sweden is presumed to operate and under what circumstances. Further testing, refinements and continuedgradual building of theory following the realist evaluation methodology is now needed to ascertain if the ‘VHRs’ work asintended, for whom, in what conditions and why.
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
- Petrie, Samuel, et al.
(författare)
-
What a Pandemic Has Taught Us About the Potential for Innovation in Rural Health : Commencing an Ethnography in Canada, the United States, Sweden, and Australia
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a multi-national federally funded research project examining the potential for health and care services in small rural areas to identify and implement innovations in service delivery. The project has a strong focus on electronic health (eHealth) but covers other areas of innovation as well. The project has been designed as an ethnography to prelude a realist evaluation, asking the question under what conditions can local health and care services take responsibility for designing and implementing new service models that meet local needs? The project had already engaged with several health care practitioners and research students based in Canada, Sweden, Australia, and the United States. Our attention is particularly on rural communities with fewer than 5,000 residents and which are relatively isolated from larger service centres. Between March and September 2020, the project team undertook ethnographic and auto-ethnographic research in their own communities to investigate what the service model responses to the pandemic were, and the extent to which local service managers were able to customize their responses to suit the needs of their communities. An initial program theory drawn from the extant literature suggested that “successful” response to the pandemic would depend on a level of local autonomy, “absorptive capacity,*” strong service-community connections, an “anti-fragile†” approach to implementing change, and a realistic recognition of the historical barriers to implementing eHealth and other innovations in these types of rural communities. The field research in 2020 has refined the theory by focusing even more attention on absorptive capacity and community connections, and by suggesting that some level of ignorance of the barriers to innovation may be beneficial. The research also emphasized the role and power of external actors to the community which had not been well-explored in the literature. This paper will summarize both what the field research revealed about the capacity to respond well to the COVID-19 challenge and highlight the gaps in innovative strategies at a managerial level required for rapid response to system stress.*Absorptive Capacity is defined as the ability of an organization (community, clinic, hospital) to adapt to change. Organizations with flexible capacity can incorporate change in a productive fashion, while those with rigid capacity take longer to adapt, and may do so inappropriately.†Antifragility is defined as an entities' ability to gain stability through stress. Biological examples include building muscle through consistent use, and bones becoming stronger through subtle stress. Antifragility has been used as a guiding principle in programme implementation in the past.
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
- Taylor, Andrew J., et al.
(författare)
-
It’s Raining Men in Darwin : gendered Effects from the Construction of Major Oil and Gas Projects
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural and Community Development. - 1712-8277. ; 9:1, s. 24-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Construction of large onshore oil and gas processing plants brings the promise of significant local economic attributions; however, the injection of a high churning male construction workforce can change and dominate the host community's demographics. This can generate a range of issues which are well documented in the literature on resource 'Boomtowns'. But because most studies are retrospective and focus on small towns, findings may hold limited transitivity to relatively large and economically diverse towns or cities. Consequently research based knowledge for the facilitation of dialogue between governments, the community and industry on the scale and timing of construction impacts is absent. Darwin, a city of around 130,000 residents in the north of Australia, has secured a large liquid natural gas processing plant which is currently under construction. The plant is touted to bring substantial economic benefits with a peak construction workforce of more than 3,500 anticipated. But little meaningful discussion on possible effects on population makeup and social fabric of the city has been forthcoming. This study profiles the INPEX plant construction workforce under several scenarios based on combinations of local worker engagement and total workforce size. Profiles are overlayed onto population projection data to appraise the scale of demographic and social impacts. Findings show that, despite Darwin's size and pre-existing population, labour force and family profiles, the project will contribute significant demographic and social upheaval during construction. Governments, the community and industry are advised to engage in an early and open dialogue focused on mitigating negative and garnering positive long-term outcomes with this research as the basis.
|
|
| 40. |
- Thurmer, James, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling population retention in Australia's Northern Territory : how do current forms of migration contribute to population turnover and retention?
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Australian Geographer. - : Routledge. - 0004-9182 .- 1465-3311. ; 50:4, s. 435-452
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past, population growth in Australia's Northern Territory, as in other peripheral parts of high-income countries, has been driven by internal labour migration and migration from outside of Australia. These have been contributing to the high population turnover experienced in peripheral areas. Since 2010, the Northern Territory has experienced low (and even negative) population growth, and public policy is currently focused on migration as a lever to reverse this trend. However, the extent to which the characteristics of migrants influence the potential for longer-term population growth is poorly understood. This paper uses a new method to analyse the contributions of various types of migrants to both population turnover and retention. Two major sets of findings emerge: First, the significance of separating newer in-migrants from longer-term residents when analysing migration patterns; and secondly, the contribution of age, gender, Indigenous status, international origin, wages and industry of employment to the Northern Territory's population turnover. The research suggests that current forms of migration favour people who are likely to stay for only short periods, and have high wage demands. The main policy inference is that long-term population growth will likely not eventuate unless new forms of migration can be stimulated.
|
|
| 41. |
- Vaughan, Geraldine, et al.
(författare)
-
A "toolkit" for rural aged care? : Global insights from a scoping review
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Political Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-3145. ; 4
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Community-based social models of care for seniors promote better outcomes in terms of quality of life, managing chronic illness and life expectancy than institutional care. However, small rural areas in high income countries face an ongoing crisis in coordinating care related to service mix, workforce and access. A scoping review was conducted to examine initiatives that promoted integrated models of multisectoral, collaborative aged care in rural settings which could help respond to this ongoing crisis and improve responses to emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic database search, screening and a two-stage full text review was followed by a case study critical appraisal. A content analysis of extracted data from included papers was undertaken. Integrated care services, activities and facilities were identified that helped guide the review process and data synthesis. The three included case studies all emphasized key principles that crucially underpinned the models related to collaboration, cooperation and innovation. Challenges to effective care included fiscal and structural constraints, with underlying social determinant impacts. Based on these findings, we describe the genesis of a "toolkit" with components of integrated models of care. Effective care requires aging to be addressed as a complex, interconnected social issue rather than solely a health problem. It demands a series of coordinated system-based responses that consider the complex and heterogeneous contexts (and needs) of communities. Such models are underpinned by leadership and political will, working with a wide breadth of stakeholders across family, community and clinical domains in private and public sectors.
|
|
| 42. |
- Voit, Katharina, et al.
(författare)
-
Post-retirement intentions of nurses and midwives living and working in the Northern Territory of Australia
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Rural and remote health. - 1445-6354. ; 14:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Previous research undertaken in the Northern Territory of Australia has identified interest among nurses in engaging in the active workforce post-retirement. Relatively little is known about which nurses are interested in such engagement, and the types of work arrangements that might be of interest. This study aims to provide an enhanced understanding of the retirement plans and post-retirement employment intentions of nurses and midwives living and working in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Methods: An online survey was developed to examine retirement intentions, and investigate the types and facilitators significant for post-retirement engagement. Results: The results indicated a strong interest among nurses and midwives in engaging in post-retirement work, with 73.2% of respondents (n=207) having considered continuing in the active workforce. The most preferred types of engagement included the gradual reduction of hours in current workplaces, part-year or seasonal employment, short-term placements, job-sharing or job-rotation, mentoring, research and policy development or acting as 'Northern Territory representatives' promoting jobs to prospective nurses and midwives elsewhere in Australia. A range of facilitators for post-retirement engagement was found, including for nurses who had not currently considered such engagement. The data collected from this research also identified barriers to post-retirement employment. The most favoured facilitators were financial incentives (90.0% of respondents identified it as a facilitator for post-retirement engagement), followed by support from line management (82.0%). Regardless of whether they had considered engaging post-retirement, the largest proportion of respondents intended to leave the NT for the time of their retirement (33.7%). The most prominent barrier to post-retirement engagement was that only a smaller proportion intended to retire in the NT (24.1%). Importantly, many nurses who had not currently considered post-retirement engagement were interested in some of the opportunities listed in the survey, and may therefore be tempted to consider continued engagement in the future. Conclusions: This study has provided an enhanced understanding of the retirement intentions of nurses and midwives living and working in the NT, and the significant types and facilitators of post-retirement engagement. The barriers arising from the inability of workplaces to cater to the needs of older workers potentially continuing their employment post-retirement are consistent with previous research. The types and facilitators of engagement presented in this study might assist in overcoming these barriers.
|
|
| 43. |
- Zander, Kerstin K, et al.
(författare)
-
Impacts of service and infrastructure provision on Indigenous temporary mobility in the Northern Territory of Australia : insights from the 2011 census
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Population, Space and Place. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1544-8444 .- 1544-8452. ; 22:1, s. 99-116
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indigenous people comprise a significant proportion of the population living in remote parts of Australia, particularly in the north. A growing body of literature has documented high mobility between remote Indigenous settlements, service towns and cities. The extent and nature of this mobility is thought to be driven, at least partly, by the types of services and infrastructure available in communities. Understanding to what extent these service and infrastructure provisions drive people's mobility and the type of people who move is essential for creating policy for remote communities and making investment decisions. We use 2011 census data to examine this issue for the Northern Territory, the Australian jurisdiction with the highest Indigenous composition in its remote population, by constructing generalised linear mixed models comparing Indigenous people's actual locations on census night with their stated usual place of residence. We found that individual characteristics (gender and age) had high impacts on individuals being at home or away on census night and that good health care provision, government subsidised community jobs and Internet access are associated with higher levels of absences from home. Meanwhile, those living in communities that had recently received new houses were less likely to be away on census night. The results can contribute to the efficiency of service provision and to understanding the dynamics of Indigenous mobility.
|
|
| 44. |
- Zander, K.K., et al.
(författare)
-
Indigenous cultural and natural resources management and mobility in Arnhem Land, northern Australia
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Human Ecology. - : Springer. - 0300-7839 .- 1572-9915. ; 42:3, s. 443-453
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many programmes formally engage Australian Indigenous people in land and sea management to provide environmental services. There are also many Indigenous people who 'look after country' without rewards or payment because of cultural obligations. We investigated how Indigenous peoples' mobility in and around two communities (Maningrida and Ngukurr) is affected by their formal or informal engagement in cultural and natural resource management (CNRM). Understanding factors that influence peoples' mobility is important if essential services are to be provided to communities efficiently. We found that those providing formal CNRM were significantly less likely to stay away from settlements than those 'looking after their country' without payment or reward. Paying Indigenous people to engage with markets for CNRM through carbon farming or payments for environmental services (PES) schemes may alter traditional activities and reduce mobility, particularly movements away from communities that extend the time spent overnight on country. This could have both environmental and social consequences that could be managed through greater opportunities for people to engage in formal CNRM while living away from communities and greater recognition of the centrality of culture to all Indigenous CNRM, formal or otherwise.
|
|
