| 1. |
- Balaz, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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Domain wall dynamics due to femtosecond laser-induced superdiffusive spin transport
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 101:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manipulation of magnetic domain walls via a helicity-independent laser pulse has recently been experimentally demonstrated and various physical mechanisms leading to domain wall dynamics have been discussed. Spin-dependent superdiffusive transport of hot electrons has been identified as one of the possible ways to affect a magnetic domain wall. Here, we develop a model based on superdiffusive spin-dependent transport to study the laser-induced transport of hot electrons through a smooth magnetic domain wall. We show that the spin transfer between neighboring domains can enhance ultrafast demagnetization in the domain wall. More importantly, our calculations reveal that when the laser pulse is properly focused onto the vicinity of the domain wall, it can excite sufficiently strong spin currents to generate a spin-transfer torque that can rapidly move the magnetic domain wall by several nanometers in several hundred femtoseconds, leading to a huge nonequilibrium domain wall velocity.
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| 2. |
- Balaz, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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Theory of superdiffusive spin transport in noncollinear magnetic multilayers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 107:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast demagnetization induced by femtosecond laser pulses in thin metallic layers is caused by the outflow of spin-polarized hot-electron currents describable by the superdiffusive transport model. These laser-generated spin currents can cross the interface into another magnetic layer and give rise to magnetization dynamics in magnetic spin valves with noncollinear magnetizations. To describe ultrafast transport and spin dynamics in such nanostructures, we develop here the superdiffusive theory for general noncollinear magnetic multilayers. Specifically, we introduce an Al/Ni/Ru/Fe/Ru multilayer system with noncollinear Ni and Fe magnetic moments and analyze how the ultrafast demagnetization and spin-transfer torque depend on the noncollinearity. We employ ab initio calculations to compute the spin-and energy-dependent transmissions of hot electrons at the interfaces of the multilayer. Taking into account multiple electron scattering at interfaces and spin mixing in the spacer layer, we find that the laser-induced demagnetization of the Ni layer and the magnetization change of the Fe layer strongly depend on the angle between their magnetizations. Similarly, the spin-transfer torques on the Ni and Fe layers and the total spin momentum absorbed in the Ni and Fe layer are found to vary markedly with the amount of noncollinearity. These results suggest that by changing the amount of noncollinearity in magnetic multilayers, one can efficiently control the hot-electron spin transport, which may open a way toward achieving fast, laser-driven spintronic devices.
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| 3. |
- Balaz, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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Transport theory for femtosecond laser-induced spin-transfer torques
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 30:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast demagnetization of magnetic layers pumped by a femtosecond laser pulse is accompanied by a nonthermal spin-polarized current of hot electrons. These spin currents are studied here theoretically in a spin valve with noncollinear magnetizations. To this end, we introduce an extended model of superdiffusive spin transport that enables the treatment of noncollinear magnetic configurations, and apply it to the perpendicular spin valve geometry. We show how spin-transfer torques arise due to this mechanism and calculate their action on the magnetization present, as well as how the latter depends on the thicknesses of the layers and other transport parameters. We demonstrate that there exists a certain optimum thickness of the out-of-plane magnetized spin-current polarizer such that the torque acting on the second magnetic layer is maximal. Moreover, we study the magnetization dynamics excited by the superdiffusive spin-transfer torque due to the flow of hot electrons employing the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Thereby we show that a femtosecond laser pulse applied to one magnetic layer can excite small-angle precessions of the magnetization in the second magnetic layer. We compare our calculations with recent experimental results.
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| 4. |
- Battiato, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond linear response theory for intensive light-matter interactions : Order formalism and ultrafast transient dynamics
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 85:4, s. 045117-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently constructed radiation sources deliver brilliant, ultrashort coherent radiation fields with which the material's response can be investigated on the femtosecond to attosecond time scale. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for the interaction of the material's electrons with such intensive, short radiation pulses. Our theory is based on the time evolution of the electron density matrix, as defined through the Liouville-von Neumann equation. The latter equation is solved here within the framework of the response theory, incorporating the perturbing field in higher orders. An analytical tool, called the order notation, is developed, which permits the explicit calculation of the arising nth-order operatorial convolutions. As examples of the formalism, explicit expressions for several optical phenomena are worked out. Through the developed theory presented here, two fundamental results are achieved: first, the perturbing field to higher than linear orders is included in an elegant and compact way, allowing to treat highly brilliant light, and, second, the complete transient time response on the subfemtosecond scale is analytically provided, thus dropping the adiabatic approximation commonly made in standard linear response theory.
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| 5. |
- Battiato, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Superdiffusive Spin Transport as a Mechanism of Ultrafast Demagnetization
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 105:2, s. 027203-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a semiclassical model for femtosecond laser-induced demagnetization due to spin-polarized excited electron diffusion in the superdiffusive regime. Our approach treats the finite elapsed time and transport in space between multiple electronic collisions exactly, as well as the presence of several metal films in the sample. Solving the derived transport equation numerically we show that this mechanism accounts for the experimentally observed demagnetization within 200 fs in Ni, without the need to invoke any angular momentum dissipation channel.
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| 6. |
- Battiato, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Theory of laser-induced ultrafast superdiffusive spin transport in layered heterostructures
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 86:2, s. 024404-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Femtosecond laser excitation of a ferromagnetic material creates energetic spin-polarized electrons that have anomalous transport characteristics. We develop a semiclassical theory that is specifically dedicated to capture the transport of laser-excited nonequilibrium (NEQ) electrons. The randomly occurring multiple electronic collisions, which give rise to electron thermalization, are treated exactly and we include the generation of electron cascades due to inelastic electron-electron scatterings. The developed theory can, moreover, treat the presence of several different layers in the laser-irradiated material. The derived spin-dependent transport equation is solved numerically and it is shown that the hot NEQ electron spin transport occurs neither in the diffusive nor ballistic regime, it is superdiffusive. As the excited spin majority and minority electrons in typical transition-metal ferromagnets (e.g., Fe, Ni) have distinct, energy-dependent lifetimes, fast spin dynamics in the femtosecond (fs) regime is generated, causing effectively a spin current. As examples, we solve the resulting spin dynamics numerically for typical heterostructures, specifically, a ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic metallic layered junction (i.e., Fe/Al and Ni/Al) and a ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic insulator junction (Fe or Ni layer on a large band-gap insulator as, e.g., MgO). For the ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic metallic junction where the ferromagnetic layer is laser-excited, the computed spin dynamics shows that injection of a superdiffusive spin current in the nonmagnetic layer (Al) is achieved. The injected spin current consists of screened NEQ, mobile majority-spin electrons and is nearly 90% spin-polarized for Ni and about 65% for Fe. Concomitantly, a fast demagnetization of the ferromagnetic polarization in the femtosecond regime is driven. The analogy of the generated spin current to a superdiffusive spin Seebeck effect is surveyed.
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| 7. |
- Berritta, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Ab Initio Theory of Coherent Laser-Induced Magnetization in Metals
- 2016
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 117:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the first materials specific ab initio theory of the magnetization induced by circularly polarized laser light in metals. Our calculations are based on nonlinear density matrix theory and include the effect of absorption. We show that the induced magnetization, commonly referred to as inverse Faraday effect, is strongly materials and frequency dependent, and demonstrate the existence of both spin and orbital induced magnetizations which exhibit a surprisingly different behavior. We show that for nonmagnetic metals (such as Cu, Au, Pd, Pt) and antiferromagnetic metals the induced magnetization is antisymmetric in the light's helicity, whereas for ferromagnetic metals (Fe, Co, Ni, FePt) the imparted magnetization is only asymmetric in the helicity. We compute effective optomagnetic fields that correspond to the induced magnetizations and provide guidelines for achieving all-optical helicity-dependent switching.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
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Ab Initio Investigation of the Elliott-Yafet Electron-Phonon Mechanism in Laser-Induced Ultrafast Demagnetization
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 107:20, s. 207201-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spin-flip (SF) Eliashberg function is calculated from first principles for ferromagnetic Ni to accurately establish the contribution of Elliott-Yafet electron-phonon SF scattering to Ni's femtosecond laser-driven demagnetization. This is used to compute the SF probability and demagnetization rate for laser-created thermalized as well as nonequilibrium electron distributions. Increased SF probabilities are found for thermalized electrons, but the induced demagnetization rate is extremely small. A larger demagnetization rate is obtained for nonequilibrium electron distributions, but its contribution is too small to account for femtosecond demagnetization.
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| 10. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
-
Ab initio theory of electron-phonon mediated ultrafast spin relaxation of laser-excited hot electrons in transition-metal ferromagnets
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 87:18, s. 184425-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a computational theoretical investigation of electron spin-flip scattering induced by the electron-phonon interaction in the transition-metal ferromagnets bcc Fe, fcc Co, and fcc Ni. The Elliott-Yafet electron-phonon spin-flip scattering is computed from first principles, employing a generalized spin-flip Eliashberg function as well as ab initio computed phonon dispersions. Aiming at investigating the amount of electron-phonon mediated demagnetization in femtosecond laser-excited ferromagnets, the formalism is extended to treat laser-created thermalized as well as nonequilibrium, nonthermal hot electron distributions. Using the developed formalism we compute the phonon-induced spin lifetimes of hot electrons in Fe, Co, and Ni. The electron-phonon mediated demagnetization rate is evaluated for laser-created thermalized and nonequilibrium electron distributions. Nonthermal distributions are found to lead to a stronger demagnetization rate than hot, thermalized distributions, yet their demagnetizing effect is not enough to explain the experimentally observed demagnetization occurring in the subpicosecond regime.
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| 11. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
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Defect-controlled electronic transport in single, bilayer, and N-doped graphene : Theory
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 81:24, s. 245405-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on a theoretical study of the electronic-structure and transport properties of single and bilayer graphene with vacancy defects, as well as N-doped graphene. The theory is based on first-principles calculations as well as model investigations in terms of real-space Green's functions. We show that increasing the defect concentration increases drastically the conductivity in the limit of zero applied gate voltage, by establishing carriers in originally carrier-free graphene, a fact which is in agreement with recent observations. We calculate the amount of defects needed for a transition from a nonconducting to a conducting regime (i.e., a metal-insulator transition) and establish the threshold of the defect concentration where the increase in impurity scattering dominates over the increase in carrier-induced conductivity.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
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Out-of-plane spin-transfer torques : first-principles study
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-8853 .- 1873-4766. ; 322:9-12, s. 1085-1087
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spin-transfer torques in layered structures are studied with particular attention to their direction. Their direction is in spin valves determined mainly by the properties of the free layer and its interfaces. Situations which lead to a significant component of the torque in the direction perpendicular to both magnetizations present in the spin valve (out-of-plane torque) are described and analyzed. This component may arise from the transmitted spin current, as is demonstrated for a Cu vertical bar Ni vertical bar Cu(001) based system, or from the reflected spin current, which is found to be particularly high for systems with Cr vertical bar Co2MnSi interface. Ab initio calculations were performed for these systems employing the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and the linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method. Information about the direction of the torque was obtained from the spin-mixing conductance.
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| 14. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
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Spin-mixing conductances : The influence of disorder
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Physica status solidi A, Applications and materials science. - : Wiley. - 1862-6300. ; 205:8, s. 1805-1808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spin transfer torque exerted on a magnetic layer can be viewed as a linear response to the spin accumulation inside an adjacent non-magnetic layer, information about their response coefficient is provided by the complex spin-mixing conductance C-mix. Substitutional disorder is known to affect the spin-dependent charge conductances and often reduces strongly the magnetoresistance. Here, we examine its impact on C-mix of several selected realistic systems. Recently predicted oscillations of C-mix as a function of ferromagnetic layer thickness in Ni based junctions might be suppressed by interface interdiffusion, but presented ab initio calculations disprove this possibility. Halfmetallic character of the Heusler compound Co(2)Mnsi is destroyed by often encountered antisite disorder; however the impact of this disorder to the predicted C-mix is rather weak. Diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As is an intrinsically disordered system the analysis of calculations shows that the variation of C-mix with substitutional Mn content can be understood in terms of the associated change of the number of carriers, whereas the variation with lattice defects is more complex.
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| 15. |
- Carva, Karel, et al.
(författare)
-
Theory of femtosecond laser-induced demagnetization
- 2015
-
Ingår i: ULTRAFAST MAGNETISM I. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319077437 - 9783319077420 ; , s. 111-115
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using ab initio calculations we computed the ultrafast demagnetization that can be achieved by Elliott-Yafet electron-phonon spin-flip scatterings in laser-excited ferromagnets. Our calculations show that nonequilibrium laser-created distributions contribute mostly to the ultrafast demagnetization. Nonetheless, the total Elliott-Yafet contribution is too small to account for the fs-demagnetization.
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| 16. |
- Carva, Karel
(författare)
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Ultrafast Spintronics: Give It A Whirl
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-2473 .- 1745-2481. ; 10:8, s. 552-553
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 17. |
- Dannegger, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast coherent all-optical switching of an antiferromagnet with the inverse Faraday effect
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 104:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the possibility of ultrafast, coherent all-optical magnetization switching in antiferromagnets by studying the action of the inverse Faraday effect in CrPt, an easy-plane antiferromagnet. Using a combination of density-functional theory and atomistic spin dynamics simulations, we show how a circularly polarized laser pulse can switch the order parameter of the antiferromagnet within a few hundred femtoseconds. This nonthermal switching takes place on an elliptical path, driven by the staggered magnetic moments induced by the inverse Faraday effect and leading to reliable switching between two perpendicular magnetic states.
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| 18. |
- Fan, Tingting, et al.
(författare)
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Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 112:46, s. 14206-14211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 mu m, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phase-matching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N-4,N-5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Frietsch, B., et al.
(författare)
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Disparate ultrafast dynamics of itinerant and localized magnetic moments in gadolinium metal
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Heisenberg-Dirac intra-atomic exchange coupling is responsible for the formation of the atomic spin moment and thus the strongest interaction in magnetism. Therefore, it is generally assumed that intra-atomic exchange leads to a quasi-instantaneous aligning process in the magnetic moment dynamics of spins in separate, on-site atomic orbitals. Following ultrashort optical excitation of gadolinium metal, we concurrently record in photoemission the 4f magnetic linear dichroism and 5d exchange splitting. Their dynamics differ by one order of magnitude, with decay constants of 14 versus 0.8 ps, respectively. Spin dynamics simulations based on an orbital-resolved Heisenberg Hamiltonian combined with first-principles calculations explain the particular dynamics of 5d and 4f spin moments well, and corroborate that the 5d exchange splitting traces closely the 5d spin-moment dynamics. Thus gadolinium shows disparate dynamics of the localized 4f and the itinerant 5d spin moments, demonstrating a breakdown of their intra-atomic exchange alignment on a picosecond timescale.
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| 21. |
- Frietsch, B., et al.
(författare)
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The role of ultrafast magnon generation in the magnetization dynamics of rare-earth metals
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 2375-2548. ; 6:39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast demagnetization of rare-earth metals is distinct from that of 3d ferromagnets, as rare-earth magnetism is dominated by localized 4f electrons that cannot be directly excited by an optical laser pulse. Their demagnetization must involve excitation of magnons, driven either through exchange coupling between the 5d6s-itinerant and 4f-localized electrons or by coupling of 4f spins to lattice excitations. Here, we disentangle the ultrafast dynamics of 5d6s and 4f magnetic moments in terbium metal by time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We show that the demagnetization time of the Tb 4f magnetic moments of 400 fs is set by 4f spin-lattice coupling. This is experimentally evidenced by a comparison to ferromagnetic gadolinium and supported by orbital-resolved spin dynamics simulations. Our findings establish coupling of the 4f spins to the lattice via the orbital momentum as an essential mechanism driving magnetization dynamics via ultrafast magnon generation in technically relevant materials with strong magnetic anisotropy.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Hinzke, D., et al.
(författare)
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Multiscale modeling of ultrafast element-specific magnetization dynamics of ferromagnetic alloys
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 92:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A hierarchical multiscale approach to model the magnetization dynamics of ferromagnetic random alloys is presented. First-principles calculations of the Heisenberg exchange integrals are linked to atomistic spin models based upon the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation to calculate temperature-dependent parameters (e.g., effective exchange interactions, damping parameters). These parameters are subsequently used in the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch (LLB) model for multisublattice magnets to calculate numerically and analytically the ultrafast demagnetization times. The developed multiscale method is applied here to FeNi (permalloy) as well as to copper-doped FeNi alloys. We find that after an ultrafast heat pulse the Ni sublattice demagnetizes faster than the Fe sublattice for the here-studied FeNi-based alloys.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Jafri, Hassan, et al.
(författare)
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Control of Conductivity in Graphene by Formation of Defects
- 2008
-
Ingår i: AVS 55th International Symposium & Exhibition 2008, October 19-24, Boston, USA.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to their large surface areas, the conductivity of graphene and carbonnano-sheets depends strongly on their chemical environment. This is thebase for future environmental sensors containing graphene sheets. Here, abinitiocalculations propose a possibility of conductivity increase. In theexperiment, a 1-2 orders of magnitude increase of the conductivity isobserved experimentally on sub-nanometTe carbon nano-sheets by using anin-situ nano-manipulation set-up. The conductivity of the graphene sheetswas assessed from first-principle simulations. Insertion of defects in thegraphene sheets can lead to a strong increase of the conductivity of singlegraphene sheets. To study this result experimentally, we carried outconductivity measurements on sub-nanometre graphene nano-sheets that aredeposited on W -substrates by radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemicalvapour deposition. This deposition process creates free-standingmicrometer-sized carbon nano-sheets with sub-nanometre thickness. Thesenano-sheets were exposed to an acid treatment. It has been shown recentlythat such acid treatment creates defects in these sheets. Using a nanomanipulatorinside a scanning electron microscope, we individuallycontacted the nano-sheets and measured their resistance as a function oftheir functionalization. From more than 1000 measurements we obtain a 1-2order of magnitude increase of conductivity in the functionalised carbonnano-sheets as compared to just water treated or untreated carbon nanosheets.This result corresponds well to the conductivity change obtainedfrom theory. This study makes it possible to create environmental sensorsbased on graphene like carbon nano-sheets.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Jafri, Syed Hassan Mujtaba, et al.
(författare)
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Conductivity engineering of graphene by defect formation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics D. - : IOP Publishing. - 0022-3727 .- 1361-6463. ; 43:4, s. 045404-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport measurements have revealed several exotic electronic properties of graphene. The possibility to influence the electronic structure and hence control the conductivity by adsorption or doping with adatoms is crucial in view of electronics applications. Here, we show that in contrast to expectation, the conductivity of graphene increases with increasing concentration of vacancy defects, by more than one order of magnitude. We obtain a pronounced enhancement of the conductivity after insertion of defects by both quantum mechanical transport calculations as well as experimental studies of carbon nano-sheets. Our finding is attributed to the defect induced mid-gap states, which create a region exhibiting metallic behaviour around the vacancy defects. The modification of the conductivity of graphene by the implementation of stable defects is crucial for the creation of electronic junctions in graphene-based electronics devices.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Maldonado, Pablo, et al.
(författare)
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Theory of out-of-equilibrium ultrafast relaxation dynamics in metals
- 2017
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 96:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast laser excitation of a metal causes correlated, highly nonequilibrium dynamics of electronic and ionic degrees of freedom, which are, however, only poorly captured by the widely used two-temperature model. Here we develop an out-of-equilibrium theory that captures the full dynamic evolution of the electronic and phononic populations and provides a microscopic description of the transfer of energy delivered optically into electrons to the lattice. All essential nonequilibrium energy processes, such as electron-phonon and phonon-phonon interactions are taken into account. Moreover, as all required quantities are obtained from first-principles calculations, the model gives a realistic and material-dependent description of the relaxation dynamics without the need for fitted parameters. We apply the model to FePt and show that the detailed relaxation is out-of-equilibrium for ps.
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| 31. |
- Mondal, Ritwik, et al.
(författare)
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Ab initio investigation of light-induced relativistic spin-flip effects in magneto-optics
- 2015
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 91:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excitation of a metallic ferromagnet such as Ni with an intensive femtosecond laser pulse causes an ultrafast demagnetization within approximately 300 fs. It was proposed that the ultrafast demagnetization measured in femtosecond magneto-optical experiments could be due to relativistic light-induced processes. We perform an ab initio investigation of the influence of relativistic effects on the magneto-optical response of Ni. To this end, first, we develop a response theory formulation of the additional appearing ultrarelativistic terms in the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformed Dirac Hamiltonian due to the electromagnetic field, and second, we compute the influence of relativistic light-induced spin-flip transitions on the magneto-optics. Our ab initio calculations of relativistic spin-flip optical excitations predict that these can give only a very small contribution (<= 0.1%) to the laser-induced magnetization change in Ni.
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| 32. |
- Ritzmann, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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High-frequency magnon excitation due to femtosecond spin-transfer torques
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 101:17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Femtosecond laser pulses can induce ultrafast demagnetization as well as generate bursts of hot-electron spin currents. In trilayer spin valves consisting of two metallic ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic one, hot-electron spin currents excited by an ultrashort laser pulse propagate from the first ferromagnetic layer through the spacer, reaching the second magnetic layer. When the magnetizations of the two magnetic layers are noncollinear, this spin current exerts a torque on magnetic moments in the second ferromagnet. Since this torque is acting only within the subpicosecond timescale, it excites coherent high-frequency magnons, as recently demonstrated in experiments. Here, we calculate the temporal shape of the hot-electron spin currents using the superdiffusive transport model and simulate the response of the magnetic system to the resulting ultrashort spin-transfer torque pulse by means of atomistic spin-dynamics simulations. Our results confirm that the acting spin-current pulse is short enough to excite magnons with frequencies beyond 1 THz, a frequency range out of reach for current-induced spin-transfer torques. We demonstrate the formation of thickness-dependent standing spin waves during the first picoseconds after laser excitation. In addition, we vary the penetration depth of the spin-transfer torque to reveal its influence on the excited magnons. Our simulations clearly show a suppression effect of magnons with short wavelengths already for penetration depths in the range of 1 nm, confirming experimental findings reporting penetration depths below 2 nm.
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| 33. |
- Rubino, Stefano, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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In-situ contacting of nanosheets and remote EMCD
- 2009
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Ingår i: 2nd International Workshop on Remote Electron Microscopy and In Situ Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden 16-18 November 2009.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 34. |
- Shalaby, Mostafa, et al.
(författare)
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Coherent and incoherent ultrafast magnetization dynamics in 3d ferromagnets driven by extreme terahertz fields
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 98:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrafast spin dynamics in magnetic materials is generally associated with ultrafast heating of the electronic system by a near infrared femtosecond laser pulse, thus offering only an indirect and nonselective access to the spin order. Here we explore spin dynamics in ferromagnets by means of extremely intense THz pulses, as at these low frequencies the magnetic field provides a direct and selective route to coherently control the magnetization. We find that, at low fields, the observed off-resonantly excited spin precession is phase locked to the THz magnetic field. At extreme THz fields, the coherent spin dynamics become convoluted with an ultrafast incoherent magnetic quenching due to the absorbed energy. This demagnetization takes place upon a single shot exposure. The magnetic properties are found to be permanently modified above a THz pump fluence of approximate to 100 mJ/cm(2). We conclude that magnetization switching cannot be reached. Our atomistic spin-dynamics simulations excellently explain the measured magnetization response. We find that demagnetization driven by THz laser-field coupling to electron charges occurs, suggesting nonconducting materials for achieving coherent THz-magnetization reversal.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Thielemann-Kühn, Nele, et al.
(författare)
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Optical control of 4f orbital state in rare-earth metals
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 10:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A change of orbital state alters the coupling between ions and their surroundings drastically. Orbital excitations are hence key to understand and control interaction of ions. Rare-earth elements with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy (MCA) are important ingredients for magnetic devices. Thus, control of their localized 4f magnetic moments and anisotropy is one major challenge in ultrafast spin physics. With time-resolved x-ray absorption and resonant inelastic scattering experiments, we show for Tb metal that 4f-electronic excitations out of the ground-state multiplet occur after optical pumping. These excitations are driven by inelastic 5d-4f-electron scattering, altering the 4f-orbital state and consequently the MCA with important implications for magnetization dynamics in 4f-metals and more general for the excitation of localized electronic states in correlated materials.
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| 38. |
- Turenne, Diego, et al.
(författare)
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Nonequilibrium sub–10 nm spin-wave soliton formation in FePt nanoparticles
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 8:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Magnetic nanoparticles such as FePt in the L10 phase are the bedrock of our current data storage technology. As the grains become smaller to keep up with technological demands, the superparamagnetic limit calls for materials with higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This, in turn, reduces the magnetic exchange length to just a few nanometers, enabling magnetic structures to be induced within the nanoparticles. Here, we describe the existence of spin-wave solitons, dynamic localized bound states of spin-wave excitations, in FePt nanoparticles. We show with time-resolved x-ray diffraction and micromagnetic modeling that spin-wave solitons of sub–10 nm sizes form out of the demagnetized state following femtosecond laser excitation. The measured soliton spin precession frequency of 0.1 THz positions this system as a platform to develop novel miniature devices.
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| 39. |
- Turgut, Emrah, et al.
(författare)
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Stoner versus Heisenberg : Ultrafast exchange reduction and magnon generation during laser-induced demagnetization
- 2016
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Ingår i: PHYSICAL REVIEW B. - 2469-9950. ; 94:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding how the electronic band structure of a ferromagnetic material is modified during laser-induced demagnetization on femtosecond time scales has been a long-standing question in condensed matter physics. Here, we use ultrafast high harmonics to measure time-, energy-, and angle-resolved M-edge magnetic asymmetry spectra for Co films after optical pumping to induce ultrafast demagnetization. This provides a complete data set that we can compare with advanced ab initio magneto-optical calculations. Our analysis identifies that the dominant mechanisms contributing to ultrafast demagnetization on time scales up to several picoseconds are a transient reduction in the exchange splitting and the excitation of ultrafast magnons. Surprisingly, we find that the magnon contribution to ultrafast demagnetization is already strong on subpicosecond time scales, while the reduction in exchange splitting persists to several picoseconds.
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| 40. |
- Unikandanunni, Vivek, et al.
(författare)
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Anisotropic ultrafast spin dynamics in epitaxial cobalt
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 118:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the ultrafast spin dynamics in an epitaxial hcp(11⎯⎯00) cobalt thin film. By performing pump-probe magneto-optical measurements with the magnetization along either the easy or hard magnetic axis, we determine the demagnetization and recovery time for the two axes. We observe an average of 33% slower dynamics along the easy magnetization axis, which we attribute to magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the electron-phonon coupling, supported by our ab initio calculations. This points toward an unambiguous and previously undisclosed role of anisotropic electron–lattice coupling in ultrafast magnetism.
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| 41. |
- Vaskivskyi, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Element-Specific Magnetization Dynamics in Co-Pt Alloys Induced by Strong Optical Excitation
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 125:21, s. 11714-11721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ever since its first observation, the microscopic origin of ultrafast magnetization dynamics has been actively debated. Even more questions arise when considering composite materials featuring a combination of intrinsic and proximity-induced magnetic moments. Currently, it is unknown whether the specific ultrafast dynamics of different sublattices in the popular ferromagnets consisting of 3d (Co, Fe) and 4d, 5d (Pd, Pt) transition metals are playing a crucial role in various effects, including all-optical magnetization switching. Here we investigate the element-specific dynamics of Co-Pt alloys on femtosecond and picosecond time scales using magneto-optical spectroscopy in the extended ultraviolet (EUV) region. Our results reveal that despite the proximity-induced nature of the magnetization of Pt atoms, the two sublattices in the alloy can have different responses to the optical excitation featuring distinct demagnetization rates. Additionally we show that it is important to consider the modification of magnetic anisotropy in opto-magnetic experiments as the vast majority of them are sensitive only to a single projection of the magnetic moment on the predefined axis, which may lead to experimental artifacts.
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| 42. |
- Wienholdt, S., et al.
(författare)
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Orbital-resolved spin model for thermal magnetization switching in rare-earth-based ferrimagnets
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 88:2, s. 020406-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The switching of rare-earth-based ferrimagnets triggered by thermal excitation is investigated on the basis of an atomistic spin model beyond the rigid-spin approximation, distinguishing magnetic moments due to electrons in d and f orbitals of the rare earth. It is shown that after excitation of the conduction electrons a transient ferromagneticlike state follows from a dissipationless spin dynamics where energy and angular momentum are distributed between the two sublattices. The final relaxation can then lead to a new state with the magnetization switched with respect to the initial state. The time scale of the switching event is to a large extent determined by the exchange interaction between the two sublattices.
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| 43. |
- Yamamoto, Kohei, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast demagnetization of Pt magnetic moment in L1(0)-FePt probed by magnetic circular dichroism at a hard x-ray free electron laser
- 2019
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Ingår i: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 1367-2630. ; 21:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unraveling the origin of ultrafast demagnetization in multisublattice ferromagnetic materials requires femtosecond x-ray techniques to trace the magnetic moment dynamics on individual elements, but this could not yet be achieved in the hard x-ray regime. We demonstrate here the first ultrafast demagnetization dynamics in the ferromagnetic heavy 5d-transition metal Pt using circularly-polarized hard x-rays at an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL). The decay time of laser-induced demagnetization of L1(0)-FePt is determined to be tau(Pt) = 0.61 +/- 0.04 ps using time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Pt L-3 edge, whereas magneto-optical Kerr measurements indicate the decay time for the total magnetization as tau(total) < 0.1 ps. A transient magnetic state with a photomodulated ratio of the 3d and 5d magnetic moments is demonstrated for pump-probe delays larger than 1 ps. We explain this distinct photo-modulated transient magnetic state by the induced-moment behavior of the Pt atom and the x-ray probing depth. Our findings pave the way for the future use of XFELs to disentangle atomic spin dynamics contributions.
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| 44. |
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