| 1. |
- Aldahan, Ala, et al.
(författare)
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Anthropogenic I-129 in the Baltic Sea
- 2005
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Ingår i: 10th International conference on accelerator mass spectrometry, Berkeley. ; , s. 33-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Aldahan, Alan, et al.
(författare)
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Antropogenic I-129 in the Baltic Sea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physic research Section B - Beam interactions with materials and atoms. ; B259, s. 491-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Aldahan, Ala, et al.
(författare)
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Iodine-129 enrichment in sediment of the Baltic Sea
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0883-2927 .- 1872-9134. ; 22:3, s. 637-647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sediments are an excellent archive for evaluation of time-series environmental contamination of water systems. Measurements of ultra-trace radioactive species, such as 129I, provide information for both chronologic calibration and anthropogenic emissions during the nuclear era. Here data are presented on 129I and other chemical parameters from two sediment cores collected in the Baltic Sea during 1997. The sediment sections have a relatively uniform grain size (clay–mud) and cover a period of about 50 a. Distribution of 129I in the sediment strongly relates to the liquid release records from the nuclear reprocessing facilities at Sellafield and La Hague. However, syn- and post-depositional alteration of organic matter at the sediment–water interface and within the sediment column may have contributed to slightly obliterating the anthropogenic 129I signals. Indication of Chernobyl-derived 129I occurs in the sediment profile, but is apparently overridden by the overwhelming flux from the nuclear reprocessing facilities. Although the record did not cover the pre-nuclear era (before 1945) sections, the ultra sensitive 129I profile provides a potential tool for relative dating and monitoring sources of water and sediment to the region.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Assefa, Anteneh Taye, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Trends of PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea Sediment Cores Covering the 20th Century
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:2, s. 947-953
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pollution trend of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the Baltic Sea region was studied based on depth profiles of PCDD/Fs in sediment cores collected from six-offshore areas, eight coastal sites impacted by industrial/urban emissions, and one coastal reference site. A general trend was observed for the offshore and coastal reference sites with substantial increase in PCDD/F concentrations in the mid-late 1970s and peak levels during 1985-2002. The overall peak year for PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea offshore areas was estimated (using spline-fit modeling) to 1994 +/- 5 years, and a half-life in sediments was estimated at 29 +/- 11 years. For the industrial/urban impacted coastal sites, the temporal trend was more variable with peak years occurring 1-2 decades earlier compared to offshore areas. The substantial reductions from peak levels (38 +/- 11% and 81 +/- 12% in offshore and coastal areas, respectively) reflect domestic and international actions taken for reduction of the release of PCDD/Fs to the environment. The modeled overall half-life and reductions of PCDD/Fs in offshore Baltic Sea sediment correspond well to both PCDD/F trends in European lakes without any known direct. PCDD/F sources (half-lives 30 and 32 years), and previously modeled reduction in atmospheric deposition of,PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea since 1990. These observations support previous findings of a common diffuse source, such as long-range air transport of atmospheric emissions, as the prime source of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea region. The half-life of PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea offshore sediments was estimated to be approximately 2 and 4-6 times longer than in semirural and urban European air, respectively. This study highlights the need for further international actions to reduce the levels of PCDD/Fs in Baltic Sea air specifically and in European air in general.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Cato, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Bottoms and Sediments
- 1992
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Ingår i: National Atlas of Sweden, Bd 7. ; , s. 16-25
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Cato, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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DIOXINS AND OTHER POPS IN THE BALTIC SEA – TRENDS AND CURRENT
- 2009
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Ingår i: 29th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dioxin 2009) in Bejing, China, August 25-30, 2009.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper summarizes a project that was initiated by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2006. It involved several field studies and fate model calculations with the aim to better understand the present contamination situation of dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Baltic Sea region. Atmospheric inputs were found to be the dominant external source for all of the selected POPs (dioxins, PCBs and HCB). The model also predicted a significant decline of POP-levels in Baltic surface water if atmospheric concentrations are reduced. This issue is highly prioritized by the Swedish EPA since TEQ-levels of fatty fish exceed maximum residue limits set by the EU. Dioxin source regions were identified by air measurements and analysis of air mass origin. It was found that air that had passed over the European continent contained the highest concentrations, and the congener composition indicated that several major sources types may exist. This research has high relevance for the Swedish EPA, and continued efforts for resolving the dioxin issue of the Baltic Sea will follow.
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| 9. |
- Cato, Ingemar
(författare)
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Döda bottnar håller miljögifter
- 2010
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Ingår i: HAVET 2010. - 1654-6741. ; , s. 73-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Cato, Ingemar
(författare)
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Föroreningar och miljökvalitet i biota längs Bohuskusten 1992–2001− förändringar, belastning och samband
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Investigations of environmentally harmful substances carried out on biota between 1992 and 2001 havebeen evaluated from areas along the Bohus Coast bordering the Skagerrak Sea on behalf of the Bohus CoastWater Conservation Association. Biological samples were collected five years apart at static sites. The biotainvestigated were blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus), eel-pout (Zoarces viviparus)and cod (Gadus morhua); at two stations crab (Cancer pagurus) were also sampled. The different media wereanalysed for 11 metals, DBT, TBT, 16 PAHs, methylnaphtalenes, 7 PCBs, non-ortho-PCBs, 7 PBDEs, DecaBDE, HCB, lindan, toxaphene and PCCDs/PCDFs. The evaluations were conducted to record dispersion ofchemicals, changes over time, existing concentration relationships between various investigated media andenvironmental quality according to the Swedish criteria for coast and sea.The results show that a number of elements and compounds are dispersed along the Swedish Bohus Coast,but that the concentrations of the different elements and compounds vary between different media and sites.Metals, PCBs and PBDEs were found in all media at all sites, while in general only a few PAHs seemed to beaccumulated in biota., Toxaphene, TBT (not in bladder wrack), HCB, lindane and PCCDs/PCDFs were alsofound at all sites in those media analysed for these substances. The environmental quality (EQ) with respectto metals in biota along the coast varied from sites with good to sites with very bad conditions. The figuresevidently showed an excess of harmful substances in the urbanized/industrialized areas for all studied mediacategories. The Kosterfjord area is in this respect least strained. The relationship between the concentrationof the compounds in two different media was tested. Out of the 192 selected tests, relationships with P>95%were found in one third of the cases.The trend analyses showed that the major trends are concordant between different media in the biologicalmatrix studied, and with more than 90% probability they generally show decreasing average metal concentrations between 1992/93 and 2001. The only exceptions are tin (Sn) which increased during the period, as wasthe case of tributhyltin (TBT) and PCB in blue mussel and in the latter case also in eel-pout. In cod liver theaverage PCB concentrations have decreased. In summary, the conditions regarding environmentally harmfulsubstances in biota, with a few exceptions, improved along the Bohus Coast during the 1990s.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Cato, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Gerard De Geer - a pioneer in Quaternary geology in Scandinavia
- 2012
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Ingår i: Baltica. - : Association of Lithuanian Serials (Publications). - 0067-3064. ; 25:1, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a pioneer in Quaternary geology, both internationally and in Scandinavia - the Swedish geologist and professor Gerard De Geer (1858-1943). This is done, first by highlighting one of his most important contributions to science - the varve chronology - a method he used to describe the Weichselian land ice recession over Scandinavia, and secondly by the re publication of a summary article on Gerard De Geer's early scientific achievement in 1881-1906 related to the Baltic Sea geology, written by his wife, Ebba Hult De Geer.
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| 13. |
- Cato, Ingemar
(författare)
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Havets icke-levande resurser
- 2008
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Ingår i: Geologiskt forum. - 1104-4721. ; :57, s. 50-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 14. |
- Cato, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Metaller och miljögifter i sediment – inom Stockholms stad och Stockholms län 2007
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) har på uppdrag, dels av Enheten för Miljöanalys vid Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms län, dels av Miljöförvaltningen vid Stockholms stad i oktober 2007 genomfört provtagningar av ytsediment för miljökemiska analyser inom såväl Stockholms stad som inom Stockholms läns kustvatten samt Mälarens östligaste del. 2010 gav länsstyrelsen SGU i uppdrag att låta analysera de nedfrysta och arkiverade sedimentproven som togs 2007. Dessa analyserades med avseende på grundämnen (bl.a. metaller) och vissa organiska miljögifter. Resultaten skulle redovisas i en samlad gemensam rapport med motsvarande analysdata från Stockholms stads prover. De senare proverna analyserades redan 2007/2008.Provtagningarna genomfördes på av SGU tidigare (1997-2001) framtagna och provtagna stationer placerade på lämpliga ackumulationsbottnar. SGUs tidigare provtagningar genomfördes inom ramen för SGUs marina miljökemiska sedimentprogram som är kopplat till SGUs statsuppdrag att kartlägga Sveriges kontinentalsockelområde (territorialhav och ekonomiska zon, EEZ). Två nya stationer etablerades 2007 för Stockholms stads räkning vid Hägersten i Mälaren och vid Lidingöbro i saltsjön.Provtagningsplatserna har dokumenterats med undervattensfoto och samtliga upphämtade sedimentkärnor har beskrivits samt dokumenterats med foto och röntgenteknik. De senare för radiografisk analys för klarläggande av inre sedimentstrukturer och eventuell förekomst av fysiska störningar, t.ex. genom ankring eller biologisk omröring (bioturbation).Det översta sedimentskiktet (0-1 cm) har på samtliga 29 sedimentkärnor uttagits för analys av halten organiskt material och näringsämnen (kol, kväve och fosfor), 57 grundämnen, bl.a. tungmetallerna arsenik (As), kadmium (Cd), kobolt (Co), krom (Cr), koppar (Cu), kvicksilver (Hg), nickel, (Ni), bly (Pb) och zink (Zn) samt polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH). På 8 stationer inom centrala Stockholm analyserades även hexaklorbensen (HCB) och polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB).Samtliga stationer har klassats med avseende på miljökvalitet för var och en av de metaller och organiska miljögifter som omfattas av de svenska bedömningsgrunderna för sediment i kust och hav. Med undantag för arsenik, kobolt och krom återfinns de högsta koncentrationerna i centrala Stockholm och ut till Oxdjupet samt in i Mälaren till Vårberg (vid Skärholmen). På samtliga dessa stationer faller miljöstatusen för Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb och Zn samt PAH, och HCB i klass 5 (mycket höga halter) med en avklingning mot Oxdjupet respektive Vårberg till klass 4 (hög halt). Samtliga stationer för PCB faller i klass 5. Klasserna 1-2 representerar stationer utspridda i den yttre skärgården utanför dessa gradienter. Endast kobolt (Co) uppträder enbart i de klasser som utgör den naturliga bakgrunden (klass 1) eller något högre (klass 2). Merparten av stationerna med avseende på As, Pb, Cr och Ni och i viss mån bly (Pb) ligger också i dessa två lägsta klasser 1-2.Den stationsvisa koncentrationsförändringen över tiden (dvs. mellan perioderna 1997-2001 och 2007) av respektive undersökt ämne/substans redovisas och illustreras med diagram. Med hjälp av medel- och medianvärdesförändringen för samma period ges en ? generell bild av utvecklingen för den miljökemiska statusen i bottnarna inom Stockholms läns kustavsnitt och östligaste delen av Mälaren.Medel- och medianvärdesförändringar av halterna för respektive undersökta ämnen har genomförts antingen för hela undersökningsområdet med eller utan data från centrala Stockholm (den s.k. Stockholms-Mälar-gradienten mellan Vårberg/Strömmenoch Oxdjupet) och för delområden som t.ex. centrala Stockholm, norra respektive södra skärgårdshavet. Detta då trenderna i många fall är helt olika i dessa områden för ett och samma ämne. Sannolikheten för de ovan beskrivna medelvärdesförändringarna har dessutom testas statistiskt med hjälp av s.k. t-test med (n-1) frihetsgrader för matchade datapar (dvs. data från samma stationer men härrörande från de två provtagningsperioderna 1997-2001 och 2007). För att klarlägga om förändringarna är reella har dessa ställts mot framtagna naturliga inhomogenitetsfaktorer för respektive ämne i sedimentet.En sammanställning över förändringen av medelvärdeskoncentrationen för några av de mest miljörelevanta ämnena och föreningarna i Stockholms läns kustområdes ytsediment (0-1 cm) mellan 1997-2001 och 2007 visas i nedanstående figur tillsammans med motsvarande förändringar med och utan Stockholm-Mälar-gradienten. Nedåtriktad pil betyder minskad halt och uppåtriktad pil ökad halt. Färgkodningen visar sannolikheten för beräknade förändringar. Av övriga 57 grundämnen som analyserats i sedimentet kan konstateras att under perioden 1997-2001 till 2007 har inom hela skärgårdshavet halten av t.ex. fosfor (P) ökat med 38 % och tenn (Sn) med 261 %. Koncentrationsökningen av fosfor är störst i Stockholm-Mälargradienten (79 %) och beror sannolikt på en ökad fastläggning av fosfor i sedimenten i de områden som fått bottnarna syresatta under 2000-talet.Även tenn uppvisar den största koncentrationsökningen (870 %) i Stockholm-Mälargradienten. Orsakerna till denna ökning är mer svårbedömd, men det är inte osannolikt att källan kan vara båtbottenfärger innehållande de numera förbjudna organiska tennföreningarna, t.ex tributyltenn (TBT). Att dessa föreningar användes efter förbuden har konstaterats i andra undersökningar, men framförallt kan orsaken vara att båtägare skrapat bort dessa färger på upptagningsplatser och ersatt dem med tillåten färg. Den bortskrapade färgen sköljs antingen genom spolning eller med regn (ytavrinning) ut i havet.Koncentrationen av uran (U) och wolfram (W) har ökat med 18 respektive 82 % i Stockholm-Mälar-gradienten. Resultaten tyder på att en källa, berggrundsbetingad eller antropogen finns i Mälaren respektive i centrala Stockholm.Överlagrat dessa förändringar ligger faktorer för inhomogenitet respektive fysiska omblandning (bioturbation) av sedimentet. Den förra faktorn vanligen mindre än 10% och den senare faktorn i genomsnitt 20 % på förändringar som ägt rum under en tioårsperiod respektive 35 % på förändringar som ägt rum under en femårsperiod i oxiderade miljöer. Faktorer som i flera fall är större än de med hög statistisk sannolikhet observerade genomsnittliga koncentrationsförändringarna utmed kusten. I fall med oxiderade bottenförhållanden krävs därför längre observationsperioder, dvs tre till fyra provtagningsomgångar, för att öka säkerheten i slutsatsen över respektive trend. I sediment från anoxiska, dvs miljöer med syrebrist, är inhomogenitetsfaktorn mycket låg och bioturbation saknas. De är den senare typen av bottnar som provtogs 1997-2001 och som valts ut för 2007 års provtagningar.Under senare år har dock en med ballastvatten nyligen invandrad, s.k. främmande art, av havsborstmask (Marenselleria neglecta) invaderat Östersjöns bottnar. Arten kan existera i bottnar med syrebrist (hypoxia; <2 ml syre per liter vatten) och därmed åstadkomma bioturberade ytsediment. Ett förhållande som med röntgenteknik observerats i flera av de sedimentkärnor som provtogs 2007. Detta medför att det föreligger en viss osäkerhet i de observerade trenderna.En säkrare utvecklingstrend, vad avser de olika undersökta ämnena och organiska substanserna, kan därför först erhållas efter ytterligare en till två provtagningsomgångar åtskilda med ett intervall som medger att minst 1-cm nytt sediment ackumulerats på botten sedan den föregående provtagningen. För att utreda provtagningsintervallet har antalet tunna skikt (laminae) räknats och mätts i den radiografiska bilden på respektive sedimentkärna. Beräkningen förutsätter att ett laminae motsvarar ett års ackumulation av sediment.Ackumulationshastigheten har även beräknats genom att mäta aktiviteten för isotopen 137Cs (cesium). Isotopen 137Cs förekommer inte naturligt utan är en antropogent skapadprodukt som uppkommer i samband med kärnklyvningsprocesser. Med beaktande av isotopens 30-åriga halveringstid kan man med stor sannolikhet utgå ifrån att allt 137Cs som idag kan mätas i Östersjöns sediment härrör från Tjernobylolyckan i april 1986. Isotopens nedre gräns för sitt uppträdande i sedimentlagerföljden utgör därmed en s k ”markör” för året 1986. Baserat påvilket sedimentdjup detta sker och de antal år som föflutet mellan Tjernobylolyckan och provtagningsdatum kan ackumulationshastigheten beräknas.De två metoderna ger ett mycket samstämmigt resultat (r2 = 0,88), vilket medför att den beräknade ackumulationshastigheten för respektive station kan betraktas som säker.Det beräknade provtagningsintervallet varierar, beroende på ackumulationshastigheten på respektive station från knappt ett år till drygt tre år. Ett lämpligt provtagningsintervall för en fortsatt miljöövervakning av trenderna i antropogen belastning av metaller och organiska miljögifter är därför med lite säkerhetsmarginal fem år.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Cato, Ingemar
(författare)
-
Sedimentkartering i Söderhamnsfjärden
- 2002
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges geologiska undersökning (SGU) har på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Gävleborgs län genomfört en sedimentkartering och provtagning inom det kustområde i Söderhamns- och Ljusnefjärdarna där Ljusnan-Voxnans Vattenvårdsförbund bedriver recipientkontroll.Arbetet syftat till att kartlägga bottnens sammansättning och uppbyggnad, fördelningen mellan erosions- transport- och ackumulationsbottnar och eventuellt förekommande fiberbankar, samt att ta sedimentprov för miljökemiska analyser och föreslå lämpliga lokaler för kommande recipientkontroll.Fältarbetet har genomförts under tiden 2001-10-18 till 2001-10-13
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| 20. |
- Fors, Yvonne, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfur and iron accumulation in three marine-archaeological shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea. The Ghost, the Crown and the Sword.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sulfur and iron concentrations in wood from three 17th century shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea, the Ghost wreck, the Crown and the Sword, were obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning. In near anaerobic environments symbiotic microorganisms degrade waterlogged wood, reduce sulfate and promote accumulation of low-valent sulfur compounds, as previously found for the famous wrecks of the Vasa and Mary Rose. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analyses of Ghost wreck wood show that organic thiols and disulfides dominate, together with elemental sulfur probably generated by sulfur-oxidizing Beggiatoa bacteria. Iron sulfides were not detected, consistent with the relatively low iron concentration in the wood. In a museum climate with high atmospheric humidity oxidation processes, especially of iron sulfides formed in the presence of corroding iron, may induce post-conservation wood degradation. Subject to more general confirmation by further analyses no severe conservation concerns are expected for the Ghost wreck wood.
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| 21. |
- Kaj, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. : Subreport 2: Octachlorostyrene, Monochlorstyrenes and β-Bromostyrene
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en sk screeningstudie av oktaklorstyren, monoklorstyrener samt β-bromstyren. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien var att bestämma koncentrationen i ett stort antal matriser i den svenska miljön, att undersöka viktiga transportvägar samt att utröna om pågående emissioner kan tänkas förekomma i Sverige. Ett ytterligare syfte var att undersöka betydelsen av atmosfärisk transport samt upptag i biota. Oktaklorstyren emitteras och sprids huvudsakligen som oavsiktligt bildade biprodukt vid ett flertal olika industriella processer. Internationellt har klorstyrener även använts inom plastindustrin. Betabromstyren används internationellt som additiv i mat, tvål, tvättmedel samt kosmetika. Oktaklorstyren finns inte med på några internationella prioriteringslistor men har föreslagits som en ny kandidat till Stockholmskonventionen. Den klassas dessutom som ett s k utfasningsämne i Sverige. En nationell provtagningsstrategi utarbetades med syfte att bestämma förekomsten av oktaklorstyren och de närliggande ämnena i olika matriser i den svenska miljön. Provtagningsprogrammet baserads på identifierande möjliga utsläppskällor samt på ämnets egenskaper. Programmet inkluderade mätningar både i bakgrundsområden och nära potentiella punktkällor. Även mätningar av diffusa spridningsvägar i form av avloppssystem inkluderades. Utöver det nationella programmet deltog även nio länsstyrelser med prover från regionala program, som skickades till IVL för analys. Resultaten av mätningarna indikerar att oktaklorstyren finns i den svenska miljön, men i låga koncentrationer. Ämnet kunde endast detekteras i två matriser, luft från bakgrundsstationer samt fisk. Att den återfanns i luft från bakgrundsstationer tyder på att långväga transport förekommer, och förekomsten i strömming från bakgrundslokaler visar att oktaklorstyren är vitt spritt i Östersjön. De högsta halterna hittades i fisk från två potentiella punktkällor, vilket indikerar möjliga pågående utsläpp av oktaklorstyren till vatten. Koncentrationerna i luft låg vid dessa provplatser under detektionsgränsen, men en generell förekomst i luft kan inte uteslutas, då detektionsgränsen vid dessa platser var högre än de koncentrationer som uppmätts vid bakgrundsstationerna. Diffusa emissioner av oktaklorstyren via reningsverk tycks vara begränsade i Sverige, då oktaklorstyren ej kunde hittas i vare sig slam eller in- och utgående avloppsvatten. Eftersom oktaklorstyren är bioackumulerande, med en BCF på 100 000, kan biota anses vara en mer lämplig matris för att detektera pågående miljöbelastning av substansen än övriga matriser. Med hänsyn taget till ämnets svårnedbrytbarhet samt dess giftighet, liksom indikationerna om giftighet hos dess nedbrytningsprodukter, kan ytterligare mätningar i biota i Östersjön samt i närheten av stora industriområden ge värdefull information om huruvida oktaklorstyren i fisk är ett generellt förekommande problem. Mätningar i luft skulle även kunna ge information om trender relaterade till långväga transport, och möjligen om pågående utsläpp till luft. Sådana mätningar kräver dock låga detektionsgränser, varför det vore nödvändigt att använda s k högvolymsprovtagare.
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| 22. |
- Kaj, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 2: Octachlorostyrene, Monochlorostyrenes and b-Bromostyrene
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements were performed of octachlorostyrene, monochlorostyrenes and b-bromostyrene in 134 air, deposition, water, sludge, sediment and fish samples near source areas and at background locations. Only octachlorostyrene was detected and only in air from background locations and fish. The results indicate that long-range transport occurs, and that OCS is a generally occurring pollutant in the Baltic Sea. Elevated levels were found in fish from two potential point sources, indicating current emissions of the substance to the water compartment. Diffuse emissions of octachlorostyrene seem to be limited. Biota is suggested as a more suitable matrix for detecting OCS pollution than other matrices. Further measurements in biota and air are recommended in order to provide information on OCS levels in fish and trends related to long-range transport. However, these measurements in air require use of high-volume samplers.
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| 23. |
- Kaj, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 4: Siloxanes
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has performed a screening study of siloxanes. The substances included were three cyclic polydimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) and four linear analogues (MM, MDM, MD2M and MD3M). The overall objectives of the screening were to determine concentrations in a variety of media in the Swedish environment, to highlight important transport pathways, and to assess the possibility of current emissions in Sweden. A total of 138 samples of air, water, sludge, sediment and fish were analysed. D4 that is classified as a phase out substance was found in 37 out of 54 municipal sludge samples in concentrations from 130 to 2 300 ng/g DW and in various air samples in concentrations up to 300 ng/m3. D4 was not found in any of the water, sediment or fish samples. MM, which is on the OSPAR candidate list for dangerous substances, was found in leachate water from landfills and in low concentrations in air in the Stenungsund chemical industrial area. D5 was the dominating siloxane in most samples. It was found in all sludge samples from municipal treatment plants. The average concentration was 11 000 ng/g DW. Siloxanes were not found in aquatic biota (fish muscle).One or more of D4, D5 and D6 were found in 11 out of 49 samples of human breast milk. The maximum concentration of D4 was 10 µg/L, of D5 4.5 µg/L and of D6 4.8 µg/L.
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| 24. |
- Mil-homens, Mario, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing spatial and temporal changes in metal trends (Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) on the Portuguese shelf since the 1970s
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 186:10, s. 6327-6340
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparison between an archive dataset, collected during the 1970s (1974–1977), and samples taken during the PALEO1 cruise (2002) enabled evaluation of large-scale and long-term spatiotemporal changes in major (Al) and metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) in bulk surface sediments (<2 mm fractions) in four areas of the Portuguese continental shelf, using the so-called Gradient Method and normalising to Al, a proxy for terrigenous clay content. From north to south, these were situated in the north-western (offshore the Ave and Douro rivers), central (offshore the Lis River) and south-western (offshore the Mira River) shelf sectors, all sampled in both the 1970s and in 2002, and the southern (offshore Algarve) sector, sampled only in the 1970s. One-way Anova ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to identify differences among study areas and periods of sample collection. Despite a A comparison of metal contents in 2002 samples with the Portuguese classification scheme used to regulate dredged materials (CSURDredMat) deposition in coastal areas (CSURDredMat) sediment environmental, indicatesing good environmental quality in terms of Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn levels., Nevertheless, the GM results suggest an increase in metal loadings relative to Al in the 2002 samples (except for Pb) since the 1970s. The Algarve area on the southern shelf is characterized by having high number of sites with metals level corresponded to class 2, explained justified by the occurrence of a substantial natural metal enrichment resulting supply from drainage by the Guadiana, Tinto and Odiel rivers (Spanish rivers) in the drainage areas of the Iberian Pyrite Belt formations. This supply has, probably been magnified by present and past mining activities. For quality evaluation of marine sediments, especially when using total metal contents, this study shows the importance of considering all the sources of metal loading. and tThe natural grain-size and composition variability since these features are also crucially influential on the metal contents and the combined evaluation allows a more holistic perspective.
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| 25. |
- Mil-homens, Mario, et al.
(författare)
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Heavy metal assessment for surface sediments from three areas of the Portuguese continental shelf
- 2006
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Ingår i: Continental Shelf Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-4343. ; 26:10, s. 1184-1205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-nine surface samples from the Portuguese shelf, recovered offshore from the mouths of the Ave, Douro, Lis and Mira rivers, were analysed using ICP-OES for selected major and trace elements, after total dissolution. Organic carbon, carbonate content and grain size were also determined. Five evaluation tools have been applied in order to compare the three study areas and to evaluate sediment geochemistry and other sediment compositional variability in the acquired samples: (1) empirical methods based on comparison with standard reference criteria, e.g. the NOAA sediment quality guidelines, (2) normalisation ratios using a grain-size proxy element, (3) "Gradient Method", plotting contaminant vs. organic matter or Al, (4) definition of a regional geochemical baseline from a compiled database, and (5) enrichment factors. The evaluation of element and component associations indicates differences related both to the onshore drainage areas and to the environmental shelf setting. Despite the considerable variability in total metal contents indicated by our results, the sediment metal composition is largely of natural origin. Metal enrichments observed in the Mira area are associated with the drainage of mineralised areas rich in Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn. The near absence of human impact on shelf sediments, despite the vicinity to urban areas with high industrialisation levels, such as the Ave-Douro and Lis areas, is attributed to effective trapping in the estuaries and coastal zones, as well dilution with less contaminated sediments shelf sediments and removal with fine fractions due to grain-size sorting. The character of the contaminated sediments transported to these shelf areas is further influenced by grain-size sorting as well as by dilution with less contaminated marine sediments. The results obtained individually by the different methods complement each other and allow more specific interpretations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 26. |
- Mil-homens, Mario, et al.
(författare)
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Historical trends in Hg, Pb and Zn sedimentation in the central shelf area of Portugal
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Iberian Geology. - 1698-6180. ; 34:2, s. 287-298
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporal records of excess 210Pb, and the determination of major (Al and Ca) and trace elements (Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu and Hg) in two sediment box-cores collected in the central area of the Portuguese shelf at North of the Nazaré canyon (offshore from the Lis River), allow identifying the deposition of various chemical elements normally associated with anthropogenic activities. In order to compensate for the natural sediment variability, heavy metal contents were normalised to Al. Temporal variations of Hg, Pb and Zn (Al-normalised) show an increasing trend since the beginning of the 1920s recording the development of industrial activities. Enrichment factors (EF) were calculated to estimate the level of contamination in these sediments. Mercury is the element with the highest average EF values (EF = 3), followed by Pb (EF = 1.5) and Zn (EF = 1.2). The results indicate that since 1991 64% of total Hg, 44% of total Pb and 24% of total Zn are derived from anthropogenic sources. The average anthropogenic fluxes of Hg, Pb and Zn (0.008, 3, 6 g cm-2yr-1, respectively) for the last 40 years in a ca. 400 km2 area of deposition represent a total accumulation of approximately 30, 12000 and 24400 kg per year of Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. These results indicate that despite the high-energy conditions and the generally sandy nature of the Portuguese shelf sediments, it is possible to identify significant anthropogenic enrichments in some sediment accumulation areas. These contaminants are not necessarily related to immediate sources but may instead indicate atmospheric and or marine transport from more distant sources.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Palm Cousins, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 5: Mirex and Endosulfan
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements of the pesticides mirex and ensosulfan were performed in 49 samples of air, deposition, sediment, sludge, water and biota at background sites and at diffuse sources. Mirex was not detected in any of the samples analysed, and was concluded not to occur in elevated concentrations in the Swedish environment. Endosulfan and endosulfan sulphate were detected in air and deposition and the latter also in sediments, biota and leachate water. Endosulfan seems to mainly enter the environment via long-range atmospheric transport. There may be other diffuse emissions resulting in observed levels of endosulfan sulphate. In order to address remaining questions, further analysis of e.g. outgoing sewage water, sewage sludge, biota and/or food stuffs as well as regular air monitoring of endosulfan is suggested.
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| 32. |
- Potter, Annika, et al.
(författare)
-
Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004 : Subreport 3: Limonene
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket utfört en screening av limonen i Sverige. Limonen är en terpen som finns naturligt i vår omgivning där den avges från växtlighet, t ex barrskogar. Limonen förekommer som två optiska isomerer: d och l. I Sverige är det framför allt l-limonen som emitteras naturligt då den avges bl a från tall. Limonen används som smak- och lukttillsatts till många livsmedel, hushållsprodukter, hygienprodukter och parfymer. Dessutom används limonen som lösningsmedel inom t ex färgindustrin. I troposfären bidrar limonen, tillsammans med andra volatila kolväten, till den fotokemiska bildningen av ozon. Limonen har visats sig vara toxisk för fisk och zooplankton. Flera oxidationsprodukter av limonen kan orsaka skador på vegetation. Den mänskliga hälsan kan påverkas bl a genom att limonen kan orsaka överkänslighet. I screeningstudien ingick provtagning och analys av d- och l-limonen i både luft och vatten från två bakgrundsstationer, den ena placerad vid havet, den andra i ett skogsområde. Sedimentprover från tre bakgrundslokaler i Östersjön har analyserats. Luftprov från en urban mätplats i Göteborg och tre slamprover från reningsverk inkluderades. Två punktkällor, en massaindustri och en juciefabrik har också undersökts. Länsstyrelserna har också haft möjlighet att skicka in prover för analys. Totalt fem länsstyrelser deltog och bidrog med 34 prover varav 19 slamprov, nio vattenprov, två fiskprov och fyra sedimentprov. Resultaten från luftmätningarna visade inte på några ökade limonenkoncentrationer i Göteborg jämfört med bakgrundsstationerna. Inte heller fördelningen mellan d- och l-limonen visade på någon skillnad i ursprunget av limonen i staden jämfört med bakgrundsstationerna. Halterna av främst d-limonen, ökade med stigande omgivningstemperatur i skogsområdet, vilket visar att en biogen emission från barrträden förkommer. Endast två vattenprover från bakgrundsstationerna hade koncentrationer som översteg detektionsgränserna. Båda dessa var provtagna i skogsområdet under den senare delen av maj när den biogena aktiviteten troligen är hög. Inget av sedimentproverna i det nationella programmet hade koncentrationer överstigande detektionsgränserna. De analyserade reningsverksslammen visade mycket varierande halter. Förhållandet mellan d- och l-limonen varierade också dem emellan vilket tyder på skillnader i antropogen påverkan. Tre prover av utgående vatten från reningsverk analyserades utan några koncentrationer över detektionsgränsen återfanns.
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| 33. |
- Potter, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 3: Limonene
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements of the terpene limonene were performed in 223 samples of air, sediment, sludge, water and biota from background and urban sites and from point sources. Both of the two optical isomers, d-limonene and l-limonene, were analyzed in all media. Since limonene is emitted from several plants, such as pine, it occurs naturally in the environment but is also used in houshold products and industrially. Air samples from industrial point sources indicated local emissions but limonene degrades quickly in the atmosphere. None of the background sediments and only two of the background water samples contained detectable concentrations of limonene. No limonene was detected in biota (fish) and the conclusion of the screening is that accumulation of limonene in the environment is of minor importance.
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| 34. |
- Remberger, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 1: Adipates
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements were performed of 7 adipates in 128 air, water, sludge, sediment and fish samples near source areas and at background locations. Human breast milk samples were also analysed. Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) was found in sludge, sediment, fish and in one water sample. Di-iso-butyl and di-decyl adipate were detected in a few samples of sediment and sludge. Two potential point sources were identified; Stenungsund industrial area and Gislaved plastics/rubber production plant, which showed elevated levels in sediments, sludge and/or fish. Current diffuse emissions via municipal sewage treatment plants are likely, but the factors governing the occurrence of DEHA in sludge are unclear. Sediment and biota data indicate DEHA presence in the dissolved phase of surface water, however, it was not detected in any surface water samples. The absence in air confirms that adipates have no potential for long-range atmospheric transport. Although adipates are not very persistent, the high usage and observed occurrence in sediments and fish indicate that they may locally reach high levels. Considering that there are no restrictions of their usage, the environmental releases of adipates are not expected to cease in the near future.
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| 35. |
- Rosenberg, Rutger, et al.
(författare)
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Marine environment quality assessment of the Skagerrak - Kattegat
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Sea Research. - 1385-1101 .- 1873-1414. ; 35:1-3, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This quality assessment of the Skagerrak-Kattegat is mainly based on recent results obtained within the framework of the Swedish multidisciplinary research projekt ‘Large-scale environmental effects and ecological processes in the Skagerrak-Kattegat’ completed with relevant data from other research publications. The results show that the North Sea has a significant impact on the marine ecosystem in the Skagerrak and the northern Kattegat. Among environmental changes recently documented for some of these areas are: increased nutrient concentrations, increased occurrence of fast-growing filamentous algae in coastal areas affecting nursery and feeding conditions for fish, declining bottom water oxygen concentrations with negative effects on benthic fauna, and sediment toxicity to invertebrates also causing physiological responses in fish. It is concluded that, due to eutrophication and toxic substances, large-scale environmental changes and effects occur in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area.
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| 36. |
- Sanchez-Garcia, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the influence of black carbon on the distribution of PAHs in sediments from along the entire Swedish continental shelf
- 2010
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Ingår i: Marine Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-4203 .- 1872-7581. ; 119:1-4, s. 44-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing literature is proposing that combusted-derived black carbon (BC) is dominating the sorption and, by inference, the environmental distribution and bioavailability of many hydrophobic pollutant classes. Yet, there is a paucity of studies evaluating simultaneously the distribution of both BC geosorbents and pollutant sorbates in the actual field. Here, 120 surface sediments collected by the Geological Survey of Sweden along the 2000 km continental shelf along the Swedish coast facilitated evaluation of the relative influences of BC and non-BC organic carbon (OC) on the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sum of 15 out of the 16 EPA PAHs ranged from 0.12 to 9.6 μg/g dry weight (dw), with the highest levels being found in the southern half of the Swedish Shelf (SS) area and in the vicinity of larger cities (Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö and Umeå). Source-diagnostic PAH ratios such as ANT/(PHE+ANT), FLT/(FLT+PYR), BaA/(BaA+BPE), IPY/(IPY+BPE), CombPAH/ΣPAH and LMW/HMW suggested that pyrogenic sources are dominating the load of PAHs in Swedish Baltic and North Sea sediments. The sediment TOC was 4.8-168 mg/gdw (median 43 mg/gdw), while a BC concentration of 0.6-18 mg/gdw (median 1.8 mg/gdw) yielded BC:TOC ratios spanning a wide range of 1.7-47 % (median 4.6 %). Empirical distribution function tests disqualified linear regression statistics. Instead, evaluation with the non-parametric Spearman function yielded higher correlation coefficient (rS) for total PAHs versus BC (0.54, p<0.01) than versus either TOC (0.28, p<0.01) or OC (TOC-BC; 0.26, p<0.01). The results from this field study, encompassing an order of magnitude more observations than any previous sediment study, is a broad field manifestation of the importance of BC in affecting the distribution of planar aromatic pollutants in aquatic environments.
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| 37. |
- Sánchez-García, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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The sequestration sink of soot black carbon in the Northern European Shelf sediments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - 0886-6236 .- 1944-9224. ; 26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To test the hypothesis that ocean margin sediments are a key final repository in the large-scale biogeospheric cycling of soot black carbon (soot-BC), an extensive survey was conducted along the ∼2,000 km stretch of the Swedish Continental Shelf (SCS). The soot-BC content in the 120 spatially distributed SCS sediments was 0.180.13 0.26% dw (median with interquartile ranges), corresponding to ∼5% of total organic carbon. Using side-scan sonar constraints to estimate the areal fraction of postglacial clay sediments that are accumulation bottoms (15% of SCS), the soot-BC inventory in the SCS mixed surface sediment was estimated at ∼4,000 Gg. Combining this with radiochronological constraints on sediment mass accumulation fluxes, the soot-BC sink on the SCS was ∼300 Gg/yr, which yielded an area-extrapolated estimate for the Northern European Shelf (NES) of ∼1,100 Gg/yr. This sediment soot-BC sink is ∼50 times larger than the river discharge fluxes of soot-BC to these coastal waters, however, of similar magnitude as estimates of atmospheric soot-BC emission from the upwind European continent. While large uncertainties remain regarding the large-scale to global BC cycle, this study combines with two previous investigations to suggest that continental shelf sediments are a major final repository of atmospheric soot-BC. Future progress on the soot-BC cycle and how it interacts with the full carbon cycle is likely to benefit from 14C determinations of the sedimentary soot-BC and similar extensive studies of coastal sediment in complementary regimes such as off heavily soot-BC-producing areas in S and E Asia and on the large pan-Arctic shelf. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sundqvist, Kristina, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Congener fingerprints of tetra- through octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Baltic surface sediments and their relations to potential sources
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0045-6535. ; 77:5, s. 612-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comprehensive congener fingerprints of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), including non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, in 142 surface sediment samples from the Baltic Sea were characterized by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The pattern analysis revealed source specific indicators of chlorophenol use, high temperature processes, chlorine bleach/chloralkali production and a source signature suggested to originate from pulp/paper or related production. Congener patterns in sediments from offshore and pristine coastal areas showed strong resemblance to patterns of atmospheric deposition and flue gases, indicating that these sources have high impact in areas that are not affected by point sources. Prominent contributors to the patterns of hotspot areas along the Swedish coast included chlorophenol indicators and a source characterized by hexa-CDDs while the contribution of the traditional chlorine bleach pattern was weaker. This study demonstrates the importance of comprehensive PCDD/F congener analysis for identifying links to candidate sources.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Sundqvist, Kristina, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Levels and homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs in sediments along the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 16:4, s. 396-409
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background, aim, and scope The primary aim of this study was to explore the variations in PCDD/F levels and homologue profiles of Baltic surface sediments by comprehensively analyzing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in samples from a large number of sites, encompassing not only previously known hotspot areas, but also sites near other potential PCDD/F sources, in pristine reference areas (in which there was no industrial activity) and offshore sites. Materials and methods Surface sediment samples (146 in total) were collected at various points along the Swedish coast and offshore areas. In addition, bulk deposition was sampled, monthly, at a single site in northern Sweden during 1 year. The concentrations of tetra- through octa-substituted CDD/Fs were determined in both matrices. Results Highly elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found at many sites in coastal areas and concentrations were also slightly elevated in some offshore areas. Homologue profiles varied substantially amongst samples from coastal sites, while those from offshore and other pristine sediments were relatively similar. The offshore sediments showed different profiles from those observed in the deposition samples. Sediment levels of PCDD/Fs were not generally significantly correlated to organic carbon levels, except in some pristine areas. Comparison of data obtained in this and previous studies suggest that both their levels and profiles are similar today to those observed 20 years ago in coastal and offshore areas. The only detected trend is that their levels appear to have decreased slightly in the offshore area of the Bothnian Sea. Discussion The localization of hotspot areas along the coast, the lack of consensus between PCDD/F profiles of sediments and general background, and their weak correlations with organic carbon suggest that PCDD/Fs in the study area largely originate from local/regional emissions. However, due to complicating factors such as sediment dynamics and land upheaval, it is not possible to conclude whether these pollutants derive from recent emissions or from a combination of recent emissions and re-distribution of previous inputs. Conclusions The results show that: elevated levels of PCDD/Fs are present in both coastal and offshore areas of the Baltic Sea, the major hotspots are close to the shore, and there are large variations in profiles, indicating that local emissions are (or have been) the major causes of pollution. Recommendations and perspectives In order to identify other hotspot areas and trace sources, comprehensive analysis of PCDD/Fs in surface sediments is needed in all areas of the Baltic Sea that have not been previously investigated. The high levels of PCDD/Fs observed in surface sediments also indicate a need to elucidate whether they are due mainly to current emissions or a combination of recent pollution and re-distribution of historically deposited pollutants. To do so, better understanding of sediment dynamics and present-day inputs, such as riverine inputs, industrial effluents, and leakage from contaminated soil is required. There are indications that contaminated sediments have a regional impact on fish contamination levels. However, as yet there is no statistically robust evidence linking contaminated sediments with elevated levels in Baltic biota. It should also be noted that the Baltic Sea is being massively invaded by the deep-burrowing polychaete Marenzielleria ssp., whose presence in sediments has been shown to increase water concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants. In awareness of this, it is clear that high levels in sediments cannot be ignored in risk assessments. In order to investigate the emission trends more thoroughly, analysis of PCDD/Fs in offshore sediment cores throughout the Baltic Sea is also recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0110-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Verta, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Dioxin concentrations in sediments of the Baltic Sea - A survey of existing data
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 67:9, s. 1762-75
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent survey results for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) in Baltic Sea sediments from Finland, Sweden and Denmark were merged with previously published Baltic Sea data. Regional distribution of concentration levels, differences in congener patterns, and temporal changes in sediment profiles were examined. One of the main objectives was to study if any major point sources for different PCDD/F congeners could be identified on a regional scale, based on sediment records. The survey confirmed the impact of chlorophenol production derived highly chlorinated PCDF-congeners on the total toxicity in sediments in the Gulf of Finland near the Kymijoki river estuary. Signatures of other point sources or combined point sources pertinent to specific industry branches or particular production processes (such as pulp bleaching, vinyl chloride production, thermal processes) may be discerned. However, the findings did not support any of the known point sources significantly influencing those congeners that are most abundant in Baltic herring and salmon. Instead, regional distributions in the Baltic Sea indicate that atmospheric deposition may act as a major source for those congeners and especially for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. There were clear indications of declines in levels in sediment in some areas, but generally the levels of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland were still high when compared with other areas of the Baltic Sea. Major areas with data gaps cover the south-eastern and eastern coastal regions of the Baltic Proper and the southern Gulf of Finland.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Wohlfarth, Barbara, et al.
(författare)
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The climatic significance of clastic varves in the Ångermanälven Estuary, northern Sweden, AD 1860 to 1950
- 1998
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Ingår i: The Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 8:5, s. 521-534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple regression analyses were applied to decipher the correlation between monthly discharge, precipitation and temperature records and annual varve-thickness data from river Ångermanälven north-central Sweden between 1860 and 1950. Over the whole 90-year period we found generally a strong correlation between spring/summer precipitation and annual varve thickness. However, there are clear indications that precipitation during the months of January and March–May was more important for the formation of varves in the early part of the twentieth century, while January, March, April and June seem to have been more significant during the later part of the nineteenth century. Monthly temperatures and annual varve thickness, on the other hand, did not show any significant correlations over the whole 90-year period, but, when split into 30-year periods, a dependence of varve thickness on October (1862–90) and March (1919–50) temperatures could be observed. Our results show that it is important to test each specific varve record against instrumental data sets before any conclusions can be drawn in terms of precipitation and/or temperature dependence. They also emphasize the necessity to correlate varve-thickness records against long instrumental series in order to detect any changing forcing mechanisms.
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