| 1. |
- Ansell, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -13 expression associate to cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancer cell lines.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Oral Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 1368-8375 .- 1879-0593. ; 45:10, s. 866-871
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concomitant chemoradiotherapy is a common treatment for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Cisplatin is the backbone of chemotherapy regimens used to treat HNSCC. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify predictive markers for cisplatin treatment outcome in HNSCC. The intrinsic cisplatin sensitivity (ICS) was determined in a panel of tumour cell lines. From this panel, one sensitive and two resistant cell lines were selected for comparative transcript profiling using microarray analysis. The enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) categories in sensitive versus resistant cell lines were assessed using the Gene Ontology Tree Machine bioinformatics tool. In total, 781 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed and 11 GO categories were enriched. Transcripts contributing to this enrichment were further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for identification of key regulator genes. IPA recognized 20 key regulator genes of which five were differentially expressed in sensitive versus resistant cell lines. The mRNA level of these five genes was further assessed in a panel of 25 HNSCC cell lines using quantitative real-time PCR. Among these key regulators, MMP-7 and MMP-13 are implicated as potential biomarkers of ICS. Taken together, genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified single genes, GO categories as well as molecular networks that are differentially expressed in HNSCC cell lines with different ICS. Furthermore, two novel predictive biomarkers for cisplatin resistance, MMP-7 and MMP-13, were identified.
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| 2. |
- Ansell, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -13 predict response to cisplatin in head and neck cancer
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: To identify gene ontology categories and key regulators with impact on the intrinsic cisplatin sensitivity (ICS) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Experimental design: The ICS was determined in 35 HNSCC cell lines. Three of these cell lines, one sensitive and two resistant, were selected for microarray analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) categories were assessed using the gene ontology tree machine (GOTM) tool, and transcripts included in these categories were further analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for detection of key regulator genes. A group of key regulators were verified at protein level by Western blot analysis and on mRNA level using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: 781 transcripts were detected as significantly differently expressed for the resistant cell lines compared to the sensitive cell line. A total of ten different categories were enriched in GOTM by these transcripts and a transcriptional profile was made from the 20 key regulators identified in the IPA analysis. Five key regulator genes, apolipoprotein E (APOE), catenin beta1 (CTNNB1), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), were verified in 25 HNSCC cell lines on mRNA level using qPCR. The results confirmed MMP-7 (p=0.0013) and implied MMP-13 (p=0.058) as potential biomarkers of ICS. Conclusions: We conclude that genome-wide transcriptional analysis and appropriate bioinformatics enable the identification of genes with impact on treatment response. Furthermore, we propose MMP-7 and MMP-13 as predictive markers of cisplatin resistance in HNSCC.
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| 3. |
- Ceder, Rebecca
(författare)
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Cancer biomarker discovery by in vitro systems biology
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Thesis was made with the intention to mechanistically assess and further develop a multi-stage cell line-based (in vitro) model for oral cancer development. Efforts of establishing additional tumor cell lines for expanding the model were coupled with the application of systems biology technologies for characterization of the three entities of the start-up model, including: 1) normal, 2) immortal and non-tumorigenic, versus 3) immortal and tumorigenic stages. Omics data integration from assessment of cell lines as unique entities, and model-driven in vitro manipulations formed the basis for construction of two bioinformatics-based pipelines for this task. Altered phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and the event of non-functional cell differentiation (a hallmark of cancer development) was analyzed broadly among the transformed stages of the model relative the normal counterpart, testing the overarching hypothesis that thorough analysis of cell line data might contribute clinically useful tumor biomarkers potentially hidden in existing genome-wide assessments of clinical tissue samples. The separate papers forming the Thesis, in order, generated: 1) a review of existing data from the start-up model under a selected standardized serum-free condition, 2) an omics-integrative tumor biomarker discovery pipeline based on the start-up model, 3) a model-driven tumor biomarker discovery pipeline based on assessment of influences of confluency (high cell density and cell-to-cell contact) in the seemingly most differentiation-deficient cell line in the start-up model, 4) a novel tumor cell line applicable to expand the number of serum-free entities of the model, 5) an expanded model-driven tumor biomarker discovery pipeline based on assessment of serum-induced influences of the extended model (now with four entities), and finally, 6) an analysis of the novel cell line under a further expanded omics-integrative tumor biomarker discovery pipeline. The overall results included broad description of the multiple alterations at gene, pathway and ontology levels that coupled with the transformed phenotypes and non-functional cell differentiation in the cell line models. The bioinformatics-driven assessment using overall six different processing tools of differential expression of 44 proteins and thousands of transcripts from these analyses suggested multiple potential biomarker signatures in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, five in vitro-based signatures could be validated for clinical significance in independent data from tumor tissue analysis, including multiple oral and non-oral patient data sets as well as body-wide transcriptomics and proteomics expression databases. The taken approaches elucidated basic mechanisms of cell transformation while simultaneously generating paradigms/protocols generally applicable to cancer biomarker discovery. Proving the hypothesis under testing, the results show that the in vitro-derived biomarkers are complementary, often with superior accuracy, to those generated from direct assessment of cancer tissue specimens. Overall, the application of technologies and methods as described possibly generated a first description of an “in vitro systems biology model of oral cancer development” with potential for wide further application in experimental and translational research.
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| 4. |
- Ceder, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Differentiation-Promoting Culture of Competent and Noncompetent Keratinocytes Identifies Biomarkers for Head and Neck Cancer
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Pathology. - : Elsevier. - 0002-9440 .- 1525-2191. ; 180:2, s. 457-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aberrant contact-inhibited proliferation and differentiation induction couple with tumor severity, albeit with an imprecise association with prognosis. Assessment of contact inhibition and differentiation-promoting culture in this study of normal and immortalized oral keratinocytes (NOK and SVpgC2a, respectively) demonstrated elevated cloning ability and saturation density in the immortalized versus normal state, including consistent absence of differentiated morphological features. Transcriptomic analysis implicated 48 gene ontology categories, 8 molecular networks, and 10 key regulator genes in confluency-induced differentiation of NOK, all of which remained nonregulated in SVpgC2a. The SVpgC2a versus NOK transcriptome enriched 52 gene ontology categories altogether, 18 molecular networks, and 39 key regulator genes, several of which were associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Assessment of the previously described gene sets relative to training data sets of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples, one including data on tumor differentiation and patient outcome and one present in the Human Gene Expression Map, identified four genes with association to poor survival (COX7A1, MFAP5, MPDU1, and POLD1). This gene set predicted poor outcome in an independent data set of 71 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The present study defines, for the first time to our knowledge, the broad gene spectrum that couples to induction, and loss, of oral keratinocyte differentiation. Bioinformatics assessments of the results relative to clinical data generated novel differentiation-related tumor biomarkers relevant to patient outcome.
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| 5. |
- Farnebo, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
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Combining factors on protein and gene level to predict radioresponse in head and neck cancer cell lines
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. - : John Wiley and sons. - 0904-2512 .- 1600-0714. ; 40:10, s. 739-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is the main therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, treatment resistance and local recurrence are significant problems, highlighting the need for predictive markers. In this study, we evaluated selected proteins, mutations, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and DNA repair alone or combined as predictive markers for radioresponse in 42 HNSCC cell lines. METHODS: The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, survivin, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cyclooxygenase-2, and heat shock protein 70 was analyzed by ELISA. Furthermore, mutations and SNPs in the p53 gene as well as SNPs in the MDM2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 genes were analyzed for their relation to radioresponse. To enable the evaluation of the predictive value of several factors combined, each cell line was allocated points based on the number of negative points (NNP) system, and the NNP sum was correlated with radioresponse. RESULTS: Survivin was the only factor that alone was significantly correlated with the intrinsic radiosensitivity (r=0.36, p=0.02). The combination of survivin, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cyclooxygenase-2, and the p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was found to most strongly correlate with radioresponse (r=0.553, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the intrinsic radiosensitivity of 42 HNSCC cell lines can be predicted by a panel of factors on both the protein and gene levels. Moreover, among the investigated factors, survivin was the most promising biomarker of radioresponse.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Grafström, Roland C, et al.
(författare)
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Toward the Replacement of Animal Experiments through the Bioinformatics-driven Analysis of 'Omics' Data from Human Cell Cultures
- 2015
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Ingår i: ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals). - : SAGE Publications. - 0261-1929 .- 2632-3559. ; 43:5, s. 325-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper outlines the work for which Roland Grafström and Pekka Kohonen were awarded the 2014 Lush Science Prize. The research activities of the Grafström laboratory have, for many years, covered cancer biology studies, as well as the development and application of toxicity-predictive in vitro models to determine chemical safety. Through the integration of in silico analyses of diverse types of genomics data (transcriptomic and proteomic), their efforts have proved to fit well into the recently-developed Adverse Outcome Pathway paradigm. Genomics analysis within state-of-the-art cancer biology research and Toxicology in the 21st Century concepts share many technological tools. A key category within the Three Rs paradigm is the Replacement of animals in toxicity testing with alternative methods, such as bioinformatics-driven analyses of data obtained from human cell cultures exposed to diverse toxicants. This work was recently expanded within the pan-European SEURAT-1 project (Safety Evaluation Ultimately Replacing Animal Testing), to replace repeat-dose toxicity testing with data-rich analyses of sophisticated cell culture models. The aims and objectives of the SEURAT project have been to guide the application, analysis, interpretation and storage of 'omics' technology-derived data within the service-oriented sub-project, ToxBank. Particularly addressing the Lush Science Prize focus on the relevance of toxicity pathways, a 'data warehouse' that is under continuous expansion, coupled with the development of novel data storage and management methods for toxicology, serve to address data integration across multiple 'omics' technologies. The prize winners' guiding principles and concepts for modern knowledge management of toxicological data are summarised. The translation of basic discovery results ranged from chemical-testing and material-testing data, to information relevant to human health and environmental safety.
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| 8. |
- Jerhammar, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Fibronectin 1 is a potential biomarker for radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- 2010
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Ingår i: CANCER BIOLOGY and THERAPY. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1538-4047 .- 1555-8576. ; 10:12, s. 1244-1251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radiotherapy remains the backbone of head and neck cancer therapy but response is sometimes impeded by tumor radioresistance. Identifying predictive biomarkers of radiotherapy response is a crucial step towards personalized therapy. The aim of this study was to explore gene expression data in search of biomarkers predictive of the response to radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Microarray analysis was performed on five cell lines with various intrinsic radiosensitivity, selected from a panel of 29 HNSCC cell lines. The bioinformatics approach included Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment profiling and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The GO-analysis detected 16 deregulated categories from which development, receptor activity and extracellular region represented the largest groups. Fourteen hub genes (CEBPA, CEBPB, CTNNB1, FN1, MYC, MYCN, PLAU, SDC4, SERPINE1, SP1, TAF4B, THBS1, TP53 and VLDLR) were identified from the IPA network analysis. The hub genes in the highest ranked network, (FN1, SERPINE1, THBS1 and VLDLR) were further subjected to qPCR analysis in the complete panel of 29 cell lines. Of these genes, high FN1 expression associated to high intrinsic radiosensitivity (p = 0.047). In conclusion, gene ontologies and hub genes of importance for intrinsic radiosensitivity were defined. The overall results suggest that FN1 should be explored as a potential novel biomarker for radioresistance.
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| 9. |
- Jerhammar, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of Key Regulator Genes Linked to Radioresistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Bioinformatic Processing of Transcript Data
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Purpose: We analyzed basal expression patterns of cell lines with different intrinsic radiosensitivity to discover predictive markers of radiotherapy response. Experimental Design: Five head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines were selected for microarray analysis. Two cell lines showed high resistance to radiation, two cell lines showed an intermediate resistance and one cell line was sensitive and therefore used as reference to other cell lines. Three gene lists were generated from this analysis; one list with commonly deregulated genes in all cell lines compared to the reference and two lists with deregulated genes for the intermediate and highly resistant cell lines compared to the reference, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment profiling and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was applied on all gene lists. Key transcript findings were verified at the protein level by Western blot. Results: Expression analysis of the high and intermediate resistant cell lines compared to the reference resulted in approximately 1300 significantly altered transcripts, respectively; 552 transcripts were found commonly differently expressed. The deregulated transcripts enriched several GO-categories under biological process, cellular component and molecular function as well as multiple molecular networks in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. A transcriptional profile of 28 key-regulator genes from the molecular networks was generated from the four resistant lines compared to the reference. Finally, immunoblot analysis supported deregulation at the protein level of markers implicated from the transcriptional-profile. Conclusions: Novel markers for prediction of radiation sensitivity could be proposed from bioinformatic processing of gene-expression profiles in HNSCC carcinoma cells.
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| 10. |
- Jerhammar, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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YAP1 is a potential biomarker for cetuximab resistance in head and neck cancer
- 2014
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Ingår i: Oral Oncology. - : Elsevier. - 1368-8375 .- 1879-0593. ; 50:9, s. 832-839
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Targeted therapy against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) only variably represents a therapeutic advance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study addresses the need of biomarkers of treatment response to the EGFR-targeting antibody cetuximab (Erbitux (R)). Materials and Methods: The intrinsic cetuximab sensitivity of HNSCC cell lines was assessed by a crystal violet assay. Gene copy number analysis of five resistant and five sensitive cell lines was performed using the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 platform. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for verification of selected copy number alterations and assessment of mRNA expression. The functional importance of the findings on the gene and mRNA level was investigated employing siRNA technology. The data was statistically evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearmans correlation test. Results: Analysis of the intrinsic cetuximab sensitivity of 32 HNSCC cell lines characterized five and nine lines as cetuximab sensitive or resistant, respectively. Gene copy number analysis of five resistant versus five sensitive cell lines identified 39 amplified protein-coding genes, including YAP1, in the genomic regions 11q22.1 or 5p13-15. Assessment using qPCR verified that YAP1 amplification associated with cetuximab resistance. Amplification of YAP1 correlated to higher mRNA levels, and RNA knockdown resulted in increased cetuximab sensitivity. Assessment of several independent clinical data sets in the public domain confirmed YAP1 amplifications in multiple tumor types including HNSCC, along with highly differential expression in a subset of HNSCC patients. Conclusion: Taken together, we provide evidence that YAP1 could represent a novel biomarker gene of cetuximab resistance in HNSCC cell lines.
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| 11. |
- Kohonen, Pekka, et al.
(författare)
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Cancer Biology, Toxicology and Alternative Methods Development Go Hand-in-Hand
- 2014
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Ingår i: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 1742-7835 .- 1742-7843. ; 115:1, s. 50-58
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Toxicological research faces the challenge of integrating knowledge from diverse fields and novel technological developments generally in the biological and medical sciences. We discuss herein the fact that the multiple facets of cancer research, including discovery related to mechanisms, treatment and diagnosis, overlap many up and coming interest areas in toxicology, including the need for improved methods and analysis tools. Common to both disciplines, in vitro and in silico methods serve as alternative investigation routes to animal studies. Knowledge on cancer development helps in understanding the relevance of chemical toxicity studies in cell models, and many bioinformatics-based cancer biomarker discovery tools are also applicable to computational toxicology. Robotics-aided cell-based high throughput screening, microscale immunostaining techniques, and gene expression profiling analyses are common tools in cancer research, and when sequentially combined, form a tiered approach to structured safety evaluation of thousands of environmental agents, novel chemicals or engineered nanomaterials. Comprehensive tumour data collections in databases have been translated into clinically useful data, and this concept serves as template for computer-driven evaluation of toxicity data into meaningful results. Future “cancer research-inspired knowledge management” of toxicological data will aid the translation of basic discovery results and chemicals- and materials-testing data to information relevant to human health and environmental safety.
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| 12. |
- Ottosson-Wadlund, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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Requirement of Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor-1 for Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis but Not for Fas-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Leukemic Cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Molecular Pharmacology. - : American Society for Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET). - 1521-0111 .- 0026-895X. ; 83:1, s. 245-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bortezomib is a highly selective inhibitor of the 26S proteasome and has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of relapsing and refractory multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical trials are also underway to assess the role of bortezomib in several other human malignancies, including leukemia. However, the mechanism(s) by which bortezomib acts remain to be fully understood. Here, we studied the molecular requirements of bortezomib-induced apoptosis using the human T-cell leukemic Jurkat cells stably transfected with or without shRNA against apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1). The Apaf-1-deficient Jurkat T cells were resistant to bortezomib-induced apoptosis, as assessed by caspase-3 activity, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, phosphatidylserine externalization, and hypodiploid DNA content. In contrast, Apaf-1-deficient cells were sensitive to Fas-induced apoptosis. Bortezomib induced an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and release of cytochrome c in cells expressing or not expressing Apaf-1. Transient silencing of Apaf-1 expression in RPMI 8402 T-cell leukemic cells also diminished bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-deficient Jurkat cells were resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis yet remained sensitive to bortezomib. Our results show that bortezomib induces apoptosis by regulating pathways that are mechanistically different from those activated upon death receptor ligation. Furthermore, in silico analyses of public transcriptomics data-bases indicated elevated Apaf-1 expression in several hematologic malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia. We also noted variable Apaf-1 expression in a panel of samples from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our results suggest that the expression of Apaf-1 may be predictive of the response to proteasome inhibition.
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| 13. |
- Pournara, Angeliki, et al.
(författare)
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Arsenic alters global histone modifications in lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cell Biology and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0742-2091 .- 1573-6822. ; 32:4, s. 275-84
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arsenic, an established carcinogen and toxicant, occurs in drinking water and food and affects millions of people worldwide. Arsenic appears to interfere with gene expression through epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. We investigated the effects of arsenic on histone residues in vivo as well as in vitro. Analysis of H3K9Ac and H3K9me3 in CD4+ and CD8+ sorted blood cells from individuals exposed to arsenic through drinking water in the Argentinean Andes showed a significant decrease in global H3K9me3 in CD4+ cells, but not CD8+ cells, with increasing arsenic exposure. In vitro studies of inorganic arsenic-treated T lymphocytes (Jurkat and CCRF-CEM, 0.1, 1, and 100 μg/L) showed arsenic-related modifications of H3K9Ac and changes in the levels of the histone deacetylating enzyme HDAC2 at very low arsenic concentrations. Further, in vitro exposure of kidney HEK293 cells to arsenic (1 and 5 μM) altered the protein levels of PCNA and DNMT1, parts of a gene expression repressor complex, as well as MAML1. MAML1 co-localized and interacted with components of this complex in HEK293 cells, and in silico studies indicated that MAML1 expression correlate with HDAC2 and DNMT1 expression in kidney cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that arsenic exposure may lead to changes in the global levels of H3K9me3 and H3K9Ac in lymphocytes. Also, we show that arsenic exposure affects the expression of PCNA and DNMT1—proteins that are part of a gene expression silencing complex.
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| 14. |
- Roberg, Karin, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple genotypic aberrances associate to terminal differentiation-deficiency of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in serum-free culture
- 2008
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Ingår i: Differentiation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4681 .- 1432-0436. ; 76:8, s. 868-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lines proliferative in the serum-free conditions devised for normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) are virtually absent, complicating studies of carcinogenesis. A tongue squamous cell carcinoma generated under conditions for normal cell culture an apparently immortal line (termed LK0412) that has undergone ≥200 population doublings from over a year in culture. LK0412 exhibited epithelial morphology, intermediate filaments, desmosomes, and cytokeratin. Soft agar growth and tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice indicated the malignant phenotype. Compared with NOK, LK0412 exhibited increased indices for proliferation and apoptosis, and a decreased terminal differentiation index. Fetal bovine serum inhibited growth and increased apoptosis but failed to induce terminal differentiation of LK0412; the latter outcome differed clearly from that in NOK. Gene ontology assessment of transcript profiles implicated multiple alterations in biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components in LK0412. Genetic changes, some that were confirmed to the protein level, included previously proposed OSCC markers, i.e., BAX, CDC2, and TP53, as well as multiple cancer-associated genes not considered for OSCC, e.g., BST2, CRIP1, ISG15, KLRC1, NEDD9, NNMT, and TWIST1. Elevation of p53 protein agreed with a missense mutation detectable in both the LK0412 line and the original tumor specimen. Moderate differentiation characterized the original tumor as well as tumors generated from inoculation of LK0412 in mice. Overall, the results suggest that the LK0412 cell line represent a subgroup of OSCC with unique genomic and phenotypic profiles. LK0412 should be useful to exploration of OSCC development, particularly the deregulated growth and differentiation responsiveness to serum factors.
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| 15. |
- Staab, Claudia A, et al.
(författare)
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Bioinformatics processing of protein and transcript profiles of normal and transformed cell lines indicates functional impairment of transcriptional regulators in buccal carcinoma
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 6:9, s. 3705-3717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Normal and two transformed buccal keratinocyte lines were cultured under a standardized condition to explore mechanisms of carcinogenesis and tumor marker expression at transcript and protein levels. An approach combining three bioinformatic programs allowed coupling of abundant proteins and large-scale transcript data to low-abundance transcriptional regulators. The analysis identified previously proposed and suggested novel protein biomarkers, gene ontology categories, molecular networks, and functionally impaired key regulator genes for buccal/oral carcinoma. © 2007 American Chemical Society.
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