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1.	Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al. (författare) The zinc paradox – a problem for USEtox-based indicators of national chemical footprints? 2016 Ingår i: SETAC Europe 22th Case Study Symposium, 20-22 September, Montpellier, France. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Considering the immense problem of chemical pollution worldwide, there is a great need for methods that can be used to calculate indicators of chemical footprints. Such indicators can be calculated for products and services using life cycle assessment (LCA), but also for whole nations. Indicators of national chemical footprints may include emissions within the nation’s borders only, or also emissions related to consumption (thus having a life cycle perspective). A limited number of studies ( 50% of the toxicity impacts for both ecotoxicity and human toxicity. For ecotoxicity, this is not unreasonable considering the notable toxicity of zinc to aquatic organisms. For human toxicity, this result is more surprising. Zinc is an essential trace element for humans that many take as a dietary supplement to prevent zinc deficiency. Non-LCA sources describe zinc as “relatively harmless” to human health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) does not list zinc among the top ten chemicals of major public health concern, although there are other metals on the list (mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic). These contradictory claims about zinc’s health impact seem to constitute a paradox. We present a review of existing studies assessing indicators of national chemical footprints, and of toxicological research related to zinc. We further discuss potential causes of this zinc paradox, as well as implications for assessments of indicators of national chemical footprints with USEtox.
2.	Baumgartner, Daniel, et al. (författare) Integrating Pigs and Crops for Environmental Benefit - A Swedish Case Study 2016 Ingår i: 10th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food 2016. Book of Abstracts, p 1067-1074. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
3.	Bengtsson, Janne, et al. (författare) Framtidens landsbygdsprogram och olika utmaningar 2017 Ingår i: Boken "Så här ligger landet-tankar om landsbygdsprogram och landsbygdsutveckling", Jordbruksverket, Jönköping. ; , s. 171-178 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
4.	Bergez, J-E, et al. (författare) Integrating agri-environmental indicators, ecosystem services assessment, life cycle assessment and yield gap analysis to assess the environmental sustainability of agriculture. 2022 Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X. ; 141 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Agriculture’s primary function is the production of food, feed, fibre and fuel for the fast-growing world population. However, it also affects human health and ecosystem integrity. Policymakers make policies in order to avoid harmful impacts. How to assess such policies is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a conceptual framework to help evaluate the impacts of agricultural policies on the environment. Our framework represents the global system as four subsystems and their interactions. These four components are the cells of a 2 by 2 matrix [Agriculture, Rest of the word]; [Socio-eco system, Ecological system]. We then developed a set of indicators for environmental issues and positioned these issues in the framework. To assess these issues, we used four well-known existing approaches: Life Cycle Assessment, Ecosystem Services Analysis, Yield Gap Analysis and Agro-Environmental Indicators. Using these four approaches together provided a more holistic view of the impacts of a given policy on the system. We then applied our framework on existing cover crop policies using an extensive literature survey and analysing the different environmental issues mobilised by the four assessment approaches. This demonstration case shows that our framework may be of help for a full systemic assessment. Despite their differences (aims, scales, standardization, data requirements, etc.), it is possible and profitable to use the four approaches together. This is a significant step forward, though more work is needed to produce a genuinely operational tool.
5.	Berndes, Göran, 1966, et al. (författare) Sustainable biofuels - critical review of current views and case studies using extended systems analysis providing new perspectives and positive examples. 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
6.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) An LCA researcher's wish list - data and emission models needed to improve LCA studies of animal production 2013 Ingår i: Animal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 7:(suppl. 2), s. 212-219 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The last decade has seen an increase in environmental systems analysis of livestock production, resulting in a significant number of studies with a holistic approach often based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The growing public interest in global warming has added to this development; guidelines for carbon footprint (CF) accounting have been developed, including for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting of animal products. Here we give an overview of methods for estimating GHG emissions, with emphasis on nitrous oxide, methane and carbon from land use change, presently used in LCA/CF studies of animal products. We discuss where methods and data availability for GHGs and nitrogen (N) compounds most urgently need to be improved in order to produce more accurate environmental assessments of livestock production. We conclude that the top priority is to improve models for N fluxes and emissions from soils and to implement soil carbon change models in LCA/CF studies of animal products. We also point at the need for more farm data and studies measuring emissions from soils, manure and livestock in developing countries.
7.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Betande djur kan inte rädda klimatet 2013 Ingår i: Land Lantbruk. - 2002-5599 .- 2002-5580. Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
8.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Beyond the borders – burdens of Swedish food consumption due to agrochemicals, greenhouse gases and land-use change 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 214, s. 644-652 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Authors Sweden's environmental policy aims to solve domestic environmental problems without increasing environmental and health impacts overseas. Realizing this aim requires an indicator system with a consumption-based (or “footprint”) perspective that captures both local and global impacts and their development over time. In this paper, we present a set of novel footprint indicators to measure environmental pressures from Swedish food consumption. The indicators are calculated by combining data and statistics on agrochemicals and deforestation emissions with EXIOBASE3, a global Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) database with a unique and high level of product detail across countries. We estimate the use of pesticides and antimicrobial veterinary medicines associated with current Swedish food consumption and compare those footprint indicators with the EU-28. Carbon emissions from deforestation are calculated with a land balance model and included in the overall carbon footprint of food. We find that Sweden, with its large reliance of food imports, exert a significant agro-chemical and climate footprint overseas, mainly in the EU and Latin America. We point to a need for better data and statistics on the use of pesticides, veterinary medicines and agrochemicals residuals (especially in developing countries) as well as improved spatial data on agricultural activity to further reduce uncertainty in the environmental footprint of Swedish food consumption.
9.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Det svenska folkhushållets köttkonsumtion är stor och aningslös 2015 Ingår i: Centrum för konsumtionsvetenskap, CFK, Handelshögsskolan vid Göteborgs Universitet. ; , s. 49- Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
10.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster i gräsbaserad mjölk- och nötköttsproduktion 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract En stor del av den svenska jordbruksmarken utgörs av gräsmarker som används till foderproduktion åt nötkreatur. Denna markanvändning är mycket viktig för leveransen av en rad betydelsefulla ekosystemtjänster till samhället och för bevarandet av den biologiska mång-falden. Pågående igenväxningen av gräsmarker pga. olönsamhet, i synnerhet naturbetes-marker, hotar dessa tjänster och är en orsak till att miljömålet ”Ett varierat odlingslandskap” inte beräknas nås till 2020. Naturvårdsverkets bedömning är att det behövs starkare incitament för djurägare att hålla djur på naturbetesmarker. Även hos allmänheten finns en betalnings-vilja för att bevara naturbetesmarkerna. Projektet har, i dialog med lantbrukare, analyserat ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster i gräsbase-rade produktionssystem för nötkreatur, med bete i fokus. Studien inkluderar några möjliga framtida system för mjölkproduktion där intensiteten i avkastning per ko är lägre än dagens och istället inriktad på en kombinerad produktion av mjölk och kött. Ekonomisk lönsamhet, utan tillägg av några jordbruksstöd, har beräknats för fem olika eko-logiska typgårdar, fyra med mjölkproduktion och en med dikoproduktion. Typgården ”inten-siv” motsvarar dagens ekologiska produktion framräknad till år 2030 (10 ton mjölk/ko och år), medan typgårdarna ”gräs” producerar på 6, 7 respektive 8 ton mjölk per ko och år med stor andel grovfoder och bete i foderstaterna. Alla ungdjur (utöver rekrytering) föds upp till slakt på gården och gårdens areal motsvaras av djurens behov av grovfoder och spannmål. Produktionskalkyler för olika storlek på naturbetesmarker togs fram i projektet. Mjölkproduktionen visade ett positivt ekonomiskt resultat (utan tillägg av några jordbruks-stöd) för alla typgårdar, medan all köttproduktion gick med förlust. Det sammanlagda netto-resultatet för mjölk och kött var positivt för de två typgårdarna ”intensiv” och ”gräs 8 ton” medan det var negativt för övriga; särskilt för dikogården var resultatet kraftigt negativt. Den ekonomiska lönsamheten påverkades starkt av skiftesstorlek pga. stora skillnader i bruknings-kostnader. För att nå lönsamhet krävs det högre ersättningar för naturbetesmarker och för brukandet av små åker- och betesskiften än vad dagens jordbruksstöd ger. Typgården ”diko”, där naturbetesmarker utgjorde det mesta av betet, skulle t.ex. behöva en ersättning motsva-rande 6000 kronor per hektar för dessa marker för att få lönsamhet. Analysen av olika stödtypers inverkan visar att ett omkretsbaserat ”kantstöd”, istället för dagens arealbaserade, kan gynna brukning av hotade gräsmarker och de ekosystemtjänster de levererar. För att bevara jordbrukets viktiga ekosystemtjänster menar vi att det behövs en diskussion kring hur de totala stödbeloppen till lantbruket fördelas mellan de båda ytterligheterna intensivt odlad åkermark med stora skiften och naturbetesmarker som ofta utgörs av små skiften med höga skötselkostnader per hektar. Leveransen av reglerande och kulturella eko-systemtjänster skiljer sig radikalt åt mellan dessa två ytterligheter av markanvändning. Brister i tillgängligt kunskaps- och dataunderlag för gräsmarker behöver åtgärdas för att säkerställa att beräkningar av ersättningar fördelas rätt mellan olika markanvändning och gynnar gräs-markernas ekosystemtjänster. Summary A large share of Swedish agricultural land is grasslands used for cattle production. These grasslands deliver a range of important ecosystem services and they are crucial for biodiver-sity conservation. The maintenance of grasslands, especially permanent pastures, are threat-ened by a decrease in the number of grazing cattle and lack of profitability for farmers with small-scale fields which leads to land abandonment and regrowth of forest. This is one reason why the environmental objective "A varied agricultural landscape" is not expected to be reached by 2020. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency there is a need of stronger incentives to farmers to keep grazing animals. There is also a public willingness to pay for conservation of permanent pastureland. The project has, in dialogue with farmers, analyzed the economy and ecosystem services in grass-based cattle production systems, with focus on grazing. The study includes scenarios for future milk production systems where the intensity of yield per cow is lower than today; instead milk production is focused on a combination of both milk and meat. Economic profitability, without any public support through the EU Farm Policy (CAP), was calculated for five modelled organic cattle farms, four with milk production and one with dedicated beef production. The most intensive dairy farm corresponded to current organic production projected at year 2030 (thus yielding 10 ton of milk/cow and year), while the "grass" farms produce 6, 7 and 8 ton of milk per cow and year respectively in 2030. In these grass scenarios, dairy cows´ feed rations had larger proportion of roughage and pasture. All young cattle (excl. replacement heifers) were bred at the farm for meat production and the acreage of the farm was matched by the animals’ need for pasture, roughage and grain. Cost estimates for pastureland were calculated based on data collected in the project. Milk production showed a positive economic result without public support through CAP, regardless of farm type and milk intensity, while all meat production yielded negative result. The total farm net income for milk and meat was positive for the intensive dairy farm and the modelled grass dairy farm producing 8 ton milk/cow and year, while it was negative for the other farm types. The dedicated beef farm showed a strong negative result. Economic profitability was strongly influenced by field size; the sensitivity analysis found this factor highly important for differences in operating costs. In order to reach profitability in grass-based cattle production, pastureland and small-scale fields need to be better compensated than present distribution of farm income support in the CAP. In order to maintain important ecosystem services in agriculture, a broad discussion is needed on how farm income support should be distributed between different uses of land, with inten-sively farmed cropland on large fields on one side and permanent pastureland on small fields (with high operating costs per hectare) on the other. The delivery of regulating and cultural ecosystem services differs significantly between these two very different types of land use. The project has identified several data gaps regarding grasslands, especially pasture, which needs to be addressed to ensure that cost-based payments and payments for ecosystem services for different land use are based on realistic numbers.
11.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959 (författare) Emissions and carbon footprint 2014 Ingår i: Climate change and primary industries : Impacts, adaptation and mitigation in the Nordic countries. - 9789289328333 ; , s. 35-48 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
12.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959 (författare) Fitting ecosystem services assessment into the LCA framework 2016 Ingår i: EAAP 2016, Book of Abstracts. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
13.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Gräsmarkernas användning i Sverige 2020 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Sammanfattning I denna rapport redovisas beräkningar och skattningar för hur landets gräsmarker, vilka omfattar slåtter- och betesvallar på åkermark samt naturbetesmarker, nyttjas och används av landets gräsätande tamdjur. Eftersom denna typ av estimat inte har gjorts tidigare är rapportens fokus inriktat på att redovisa metoder och data. Arbetet har utförts genom att: 1) inventera uppgifter om foderstater och baserat på dessa, skatta förbrukningen av vallfoder (ensilage, hösilage, hö) samt bete för olika kategorier av nötkreatur, får och hästar; 2) beräkna gräsmarkernas produktion samt 3) utifrån punkt 1 och 2 beräkna vilka arealer slåtter-och betesvallar samt naturbetesmarker de gräsätande tamdjuren behöver och jämföra dessa estimat med tillgängliga arealer. Arealskattningarna tar även hänsyn till foderförluster och spill i hela foderkedjan. Dataunderlaget baseras så långt det är möjligt på officiell statistik från SCB och Jordbruks-verket samt forskningsrapporter. Vid behov har expertkunskap tillfrågats och vid dataluckor har antaganden fått göras, ofta i diskussion med experter inom rådgivning. All indata från den officiella statistiken har beräknats som ett medelvärde för de tre åren 2015, 2016 och 2017. För statistik som inte redovisas årligen har de senast publicerade uppgifterna använts. Beräkningarna är företrädesvis utförda på länsnivå där sådana uppgifter har funnits att tillgå (djurantal, arealer, skördenivåer). Dessa länsvisa beräkningar har sedan aggregerats till totala resultat för landet samt delats upp på regionerna Syd, Väst, Öst, Mellan och Norr. Nötkreaturens, fårens och hästarnas årliga konsumtion av ensilage, hösilage och hö från vallar skattas till totalt cirka 3,1 miljoner ton torrsubstans och betesintaget till ca 1,5 miljoner ton torrsubstans. Mjölkproduktionen är den största konsumenten av skördat vallfoder, motsvarande nästan hälften. Nötkreaturen i köttproduktionen står i gengäld för nästan hälften av betesintaget. Hästsektorn är en betydande konsument av vallfoder och hästarnas intag av hösilage och hö är i samma storleksordning som konsumtionen inom nötköttssektorn. En jämförelse av djurens totala konsumtion av vallfoder inklusive foderförluster och spill, med produktionen på tillgänglig areal visar att dessa är i hyfsad balans. Av drygt 1 miljon hektar vall på åker beräknas mjölksektorn nyttja cirka 40 % medan häst- och nötköttssektorn står för runt 30 % respektive 25 % av användningen. Naturbetesmarkernas knappt 450 000 ha nyttjas framförallt av djur i nötköttsproduktionen, uppskattningsvis cirka 70 % av arealen. Vallar och betesmarker växer på hälften av Sveriges jordbruksmark och har stor betydelse för landsbygdens försörjning, särskilt i mellan- och skogsbygd. Denna markanvändning är viktig för landets livsmedelsförsörjning samt en rad andra ekosystemtjänster som t ex kolinlagring i mark, pollinering, rekreation och naturupplevelser samt för bevarandet av biologisk mångfald i odlingslandskap. Trots dessa flerfaldiga nyttor är gräsmarkerna och användningen av deras biomassaproduktion på många sätt bristfälligt undersökta inom statistik och forskning. Denna rapport bidrar till en översikt om vilka data och uppgifter som behöver tas fram för att få ett bättre kunskapsunderlag för planering och utveckling av gräsmarkernas framtida användning. Summary This report describes calculations and estimates for how Sweden´s grasslands, a land use including temporary grasslands (i.e. leys in crop rotations on arable land) and pastures on semi-natural grasslands, are used by cattle, horses and sheep. The focus of the report is a description of methods and data used in the calculations. The main method has been to: 1) collect data on feed rations and based on these, calculate the consumption of silage, hay and pasture for different categories of cattle, horses and sheep; 2) estimate the biomass production from different types of grasslands and 3) based on 1 and 2, calculate the acreages of temporary grasslands and pastures that are needed by the livestock and compare these estimates with available areas in the statistics. The estimates of needed acreages also consider waste and losses in the overall fodder chain. Input data are based on official statistics from Sweden Statistics, Board of Agriculture and research literature. In case of data gaps, assumptions have been made, often in discussion with expertise from advisory service and/or research. The calculations are made as a yearly average of the three years 2015, 2016 and 2017. Some data needed were not reported yearly, here the latest available data have been used. The calculations are foremost done at county level and then aggregated at national level, and also also divided between the five regions South, West, East, Mid and North. The yearly consumption of biomass from the grasslands in Swedish agriculture is estimated at approximately 3.1 million tons dry matter of silage and hay, and around 1.5 million tons dry matter of pasture. Dairy production is the largest consumer of silage and hay, almost half of total. Cattle in the beef production consume almost half of the pasture biomass. The horse sector is a significant consumer of silage and hay, in the same magnitude as the beef sector. A comparison of the animals´ total consumption of silage, hay and pasture, including losses and waste in the fodder chain, with the biomass yields from the grasslands shows that those two are in reasonable balance. From a total area of roughly one million hectares temporary grasslands on arable land, it is estimated that the dairy sector uses 40 % while the horse- and beef sector use 30 % and 25 % respectively. The semi-natural grasslands of close to 450 000 hectares are grazed and foremost used by beef cattle, approximately 70% of this area. Grasslands in forms of temporary leys and semi-natural pastures cover half of Sweden´s agricultural land, and are very important for the rural economy, especially in regions close to forest areas (inland and north). This land use is important for food supply and other ecosystem services such carbon sequestration, pollination, recreation and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, but is inadequately covered in statistics and research. This report contributes to an overview of what data that are needed to improve our understanding and knowledge of grasslands in Sweden.
14.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) In defence of organic food Comment 2020 Ingår i: New Scientist. - 0262-4079. ; 245:3274, s. 25-25 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
15.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Including Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in the Carbon Footprint of Brazilian Beef 2011 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 45:5, s. 1773-1779 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Effects of land use changes are starting to be included in estimates of life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so-called carbon footprints (CFs), from food production. Their omission can lead to serious underestimates, particularly for meat. Here we estimate emissions from the conversion of forest to pasture in the Legal Amazon Region (LAR) of Brazil and present a model to distribute the emissions from deforestation over products and time subsequent to the land use change. Expansion of cattle ranching for beef production is a major cause of deforestation in the LAR. The carbon footprint of beef produced on newly deforested land is estimated at more than 700 kg CO2-equivalents per kg carcass weight if direct land use emissions are annualized over 20 years. This is orders of magnitude larger than the figure for beef production on established pasture on non-deforested land. While Brazilian beef exports have originated mainly from areas outside the LAR, i.e. from regions not subject to recent deforestation, we argue that increased production for export has been the key driver of the pasture expansion and deforestation in the LAR during the past decade and this should be reflected in the carbon footprint attributed to beef exports. We conclude that carbon footprint standards must include the more extended effects of land use changes to avoid giving misleading information to policy makers, retailers, and consumers.
16.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Jordbrukets ekosystemtjänster. Från koncept till gårdsbaserade indikatorer 2016 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Ekosystemtjänster kan definieras som de nyttigheter, i vid bemärkelse, som naturensekosystem ger oss människor. Det stora forskningsprojektet Millennium EcosystemAssessment som initierades av FN är en milstolpe som satte begreppet ekosystemtjänsterpå den politiska agendan på tidigt 2000-tal. Det markerar också startpunkten för en snabbtexpanderande vetenskaplig verksamhet inom området. Syftet med föreliggande rapport äratt beskriva jordbrukets ekosystemtjänster och undersöka vilka existerande förslag påindikatorer för ekosystemtjänster som finns i den vetenskapliga litteraturen och som kanvara användbara på gårdsnivå där besluten om produktion och markanvändning tas.Denna rapport, som baseras på en litteraturgenomgång genomförd i början av 2015, geren kort introduktion till begreppet ekosystemtjänster med utgångspunkt från definitioner ilitteraturen och utvecklingen inom området. Den skiftande terminologin inom området tasupp liksom olika begrepp och steg som är nödvändiga vid en kvantifiering och värderingav ekosystemtjänster. Förståelse om dessa begrepp är viktig vid tolkning av befintligaindikatorer såväl som vid utveckling av nya. Rapporten ger exempel från litteraturenpå indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster och konstaterar att dessa företrädesvis är utveckladeför större skalor som t ex landskap, region eller kontinent. Indikatorer som är framtagnaför ekosystemtjänster på gårdsnivå förekommer mindre ofta i litteraturen.Rapporten diskuterar möjligheter och svårigheter kopplade till att utveckla och användaindikatorer för ekosystemtjänster på gårdsnivå och konstaterar att tillgången på data är enutmaning men att det finns goda möjligheter att ytterligare utveckla indikatorer som kanvara meningsfulla på gården. Vissa ekosystemtjänster har dock större relevans förlandskapsnivån än för gårdsnivån och en utveckling av indikatorer för dessa ekosystemtjänsterutgör en särskild utmaning eftersom systemgränserna är svårdefinierade.Indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster kan dels användas inom gården som underlag för attfölja upp olika åtgärder, dels för att kommunicera kring gårdens produktion av olikaekosystemtjänster till aktörer i produktkedjan eller gentemot myndigheter ochbeslutsfattare. Vid utveckling av indikatorer för ekosystemtjänster i jordbruket behöverindikatorernas syfte, användningsområden och intressenternas behov klargöras ochbeaktas. När ekosystemtjänster bedöms är det viktigt att involvera olika intressenter, inteminst när man behöver bedöma avvägningar mellan olika typer av ekosystemtjänstervilket kan kräva engagemang och beslut på flera olika samhällsnivåer
17.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959 (författare) Klimatavtryck av ekologiska jordbruksprodukter 2011 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
18.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959 (författare) Kombinerat mjölk och nötkött-effekter av lågintensiv ekologisk nötkreatursproduktion på markanvändning, miljö och ekosystemtjänster 2017 Ingår i: Proceedings of Forage Conference 2017, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för växtproduktionsekologi. - 1653-5375. - 9789157694638 ; :Rapport nr 22, s. 102-103 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Här beskrivs två pågående forskningsprojekt som utvärderar framtida miljömässiga och ekonomiska skillnader mellan en nötsektor bestående av gräsbaserad och kombinerad ekologisk mjölk- och köttproduktion och en sektor av konventionell, specialiserad mjölk samt köttproduktion baserade på dikor. Vidare analyseras hur ekonomi och ekosystemtjänster kopplar till olika markanvändning och produktion, samt hur olika miljöersättningar kan designas för att främja produktion som levererar mat i form av mjölk och kött såväl som andra ekosystemtjänster som är viktiga för samhället
19.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959 (författare) Primary Production/Meat and the Environment 2014 Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences. - 9780123847317 ; , s. 502-507 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The demand for animal products is predicted to double by 2050 and already today, the global livestock sector is one of the top two or three most significant contributors to some of the most urgent environmental problems. In this article, those impacts are discussed that emphasize on land use change resulting in declining biodiversity and emissions of carbon, human interference in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle, largely associated with nutrient fluxes and losses from feed cultivation and manure handling, greenhouse gas emissions, and use of chemicals. There is an urgent need for improving animal and crop production as well as manure management in the life cycle of animal products. Consumption of animal products also needs to be addressed, because the mitigation potential for technological improvements probably is not sufficient to meet future climate targets.
20.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) The complexity of system boundaries when it comes to mitigation measures 2014 Ingår i: Conference abstract book. Livestock, Climate Change and Food Security Conference, Madrid, 19-20 May 2014. ; , s. 51-52 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
21.	Cederberg, Christel, 1959, et al. (författare) Trends in greenhouse gas emissions from consumption and production of animal food products - implications for long-term climate targets 2013 Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 7:2, s. 330-340 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To analyse trends in greenhouse (GHG) emissions from production and consumption of animal products in Sweden, life-cycle emissions were calculated for the average production of pork, chicken meat, beef, dairy and eggs in 1990 and 2005. The calculated average emissions were used together with food consumption statistics and literature data on imported products to estimate trends in per capita emissions from animal food consumption. Total life cycle emissions from the Swedish livestock production were around 8.5 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) in 1990 and emissions decreased to 7.3 Mt CO2e in 2005 (14% reduction). Around two-thirds of the emission cut was explained by more efficient production (less GHG emission per product unit) and one third was due to a reduced animal production. The average GHG emissions per product unit until the farm-gate were reduced by 20% for dairy, 15% for pork and 23% for chicken meat, unchanged for eggs and increased by 10% for beef. A larger share of the average beef was produced from suckler cows in cow-calf systems in 2005 due to the decreasing dairy cow herd, which explains the increased emissions for the average beef in 2005. The overall emissions cuts from the livestock sector were a result of several measures taken in farm production, for example increased dairy yield per cow, lowered use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers in grasslands, reduced losses of ammonia from manure and a switch to biofuels for heating in chicken houses.In contrast to production, total GHG emissions from the Swedish consumption of animal products increased by around 22% between 1990 and 2005. This was explained by strong growth in meat consumption based mainly on imports, where growth in beef consumption especially was responsible for most emission increase over the 15-year period. Swedish GHG emissions caused by consumption of animal products reached around 1.1 tonnes CO2e per capita in 2005.The emission cuts necessary for meeting a global temperature-increase target of 2 degrees might imply a severe constraint on the long-term global consumption of animal food. Due to the relatively limited potential for reducing food-related emissions by higher productivity and technological means, structural changes in food consumption towards less emission intensive food might be required for meeting the 2-degree target.
22.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) Estimating the EU biogas potential from manure and crop residues — A spatial analysis 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Anaerobic fermentation of agricultural wastes such as crop residues and animal manure, producing biogas, is an example of an advanced biofuel that can contribute to the EU target of a minimum 10% of transport fuels from renewable sources in 2020. Producing biogas from residues has received increasing attention following the debate on the impact conventional biofuel production has on food prices, poverty and land-use change. The EU, as well as major producers of biogas such as Germany and Italy, are currently revising their policy framework to incentivize the sourcing of biogas substrates from waste streams.Given these developments it is important to improve our understanding of how large the potential is for producing biogas and biomethane from agricultural wastes in the EU, how that potential is distributed across member states, and what the main limitations to this potential are. Previous studies on the potential for producing biogas from agricultural wastes in the EU, however, have either been local cases studies that account for a host of detailed economic and technical constraints, an approach that is almost impossible to scale up to the EU level, or top-down assessments of gross substrate potentials that do not account for any of the technical and economic limitations specific to biogas production.In this report we present a spatially explicit approach for estimating the availability of agricultural wastes - crop residues and animal manure - across the EU, which also allows for an analysis of how key economic and technical constraints such as minimum viable plant size, maximum collection distances for substrates, and substrate composition affects the total potential for biogas production.Our main results from this analysis can be summarized as follows:* Total annually available biogas substrates from agricultural wastes in the EU28 amounts to roughly 80 million tonnes of crop residues (dry matter) and 110 million tonnes (dry matter) of animal manure.* In our base case scenario, three quarters of the manure and a fifth of the crop residues are technically and economically exploitable for biogas production, yielding a total biogas potential from agricultural wastes of almost 700 PJ (HHV) per year.* Animal production and arable farming are spatially highly segregated in some parts of the EU28. This leads to some areas having considerable surpluses of either dry, carbon-rich crop residues or nitrogen-rich manures which cannot be fully utilized due to technical constraints on dry matter content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. There are, however, potential ways to relax these constraints, for example using dry fermentation technology or adding wet, carbon-rich co-substrates, such as energy crops.* If we assume a larger minimum viable biogas plant size of 8 MW, typical if the biogas is to be upgraded to vehicle fuel quality, the potential decreases by about a quarter. However, the base case potential can still be reached or even surpassed under this constraint if one allows for a somewhat increased collection radius for substrates or if the constraint on maximum dry matter content is relaxed.
23.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) Is the nitrogen footprint fit for purpose? An assessment of models and proposed uses 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 240, s. 198-208 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The nitrogen footprint has been proposed as an environmental indicator to quantify and highlight how individuals, organizations, or countries contribute to nitrogen pollution. While some footprint indicators have been successful in raising awareness of environmental pressures among the public and policy-makers, they have also attracted criticism from members of the life cycle assessment (LCA) community who find some footprints confusing and misleading as they measure substance and energy flows without considering their environmental impacts. However, there are also legitimate reasons to defend footprints as a useful class of indicators despite their incompatibility with LCA principles. Here, in light of this previous research and debate, we critically assess models and proposed uses for the nitrogen footprint, and explore options for further development. As the nitrogen footprint merely quantifies gross nitrogen emissions irrespective of time, location, and chemical form, it is a crude proxy of environmental and health impacts compared to other, more sophisticated environmental impact indicators. However, developing the nitrogen footprint toward LCA-compatible impact assessment would imply more uncertainty, more complexity, and more work. Furthermore, we emphasize that impact assessment has an unavoidable subjective dimension that should be recognized in any development toward impact assessment. We argue that the nitrogen footprint in its present form is already fit for some purposes, and therefore further development towards impact assessment may be unnecessary or even undesirable. For some uses it seems more important that the footprint has a clear physical meaning. We conclude that the best way forward for the nitrogen footprint depends crucially on what story it is used to tell.
24.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) Nitrogen flows on organic and conventional dairy farms: a comparison of three indicators 2018 Ingår i: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1385-1314 .- 1573-0867. ; 110:1, s. 25-38 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper analyzes nitrogen (N) flows on organic and conventional dairy farms in Sweden, and compares three indicators for the N pollution associated with the milk: (1) the farm-gate N surplus, (2) the chain N surplus, and (3) the N footprint. We find that, compared to indicators based on N surplus, the N footprint is a more understandable indicator for the N pollution associated with a product. However, the N footprint is not a replacement for the often-used farm-gate N surplus per unit area, since the two indicators give different information. An uncertainty analysis shows that, despite the large dataset, 1566 conventional and 283 organic farms, there is substantial uncertainty in the indicator values, of which a large part is due to possible bias in estimates of biological N fixation (BNF). Hence, although the best estimate is that conventional milk has 10–20% higher indicator values than organic, it is conceivable that improved estimates of BNF will change that conclusion. All three indicators simplify reality by aggregating N flows over time and space, and of different chemical forms. Thus, they hide many complexities with environmental relevance, which means that they can be misleading for decision-makers. This motivates further research on the relation between N surpluses and N footprints, and actual environmental damages.
25.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) Subnational nutrient budgets to monitor environmental risks in EU agriculture: calculating phosphorus budgets for 243 EU28 regions using public data 2020 Ingår i: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-0867 .- 1385-1314. ; 117:2, s. 199-213 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents a method to estimate soil surface phosphorus (P) budgets for 243 subnational regions in EU28. This is about the maximum spatial resolution that can be achieved mainly using international datasets that are regularly updated. Similar subnational budgets could be established for nitrogen (N) with some additions to this method. Increasing the spatial resolution from national to subnational is one way to address the well-known issue that national nutrient budgets sometimes mask considerable heterogeneity, i.e., regional surpluses and deficits that are not seen in national averages. Our results indeed show how a rich structure of different P budgets emerges when moving from national to subnational level. Another approach is to exclude the most extensively managed areas from the budgets, to better represent the surplus in intensive agriculture areas. Here, we show that both approaches are useful and sometimes important as they can affect P surplus estimates by about 10 kg P ha− 1 y− 1 or more. The choice of spatial resolution is a trade-off between accuracy and precision. National budgets are the most accurate thanks to good data coverage, but they sometimes fail to identify considerable P surpluses and deficits at subnational level. Increasing the precision (spatial resolution) gradually reveals this heterogeneity but comes at the cost of growing data gaps, which we discuss in detail. These subnational P surpluses represent a middle ground which may prove useful as one indicator among others to monitor the development of environmental risks and resource problems over time.
26.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) The nitrogen footprint - environmentally relevant? 2017 Ingår i: Conference proceedings, Innovative solutions for sustainable management of nitrogen. - 9788793398825 ; , s. 90- Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Background and aimsThe nitrogen (N) footprint has been proposed as a tool to highlight and quantify contributions to N-related damages to the environment and to human health [1, 2]. It may succeed in raising awareness of consumers and decision-makers, not least due to its seeming simplicity and its catchy name, familiar from siblings like the ecological, carbon, and water footprints.However, the family of footprints has been called a “minefield” [3] since their definitions have been incoherent and inexact, leaving room for confusion and contradictions. Therefore, a task force of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative has proposed some common ground rules for footprints [4], for example a set of four criteria for footprints: (1) transparent documentation, (2) accurate terminology, (3) directional consistency, and (4) environmental relevance. Here, we consider how well the N footprint lives up to the latter two of these.MethodThe two criteria are defined as follows [3]. Environmental relevance is that the footprint units have “environmental equivalence”, i.e., that each unit of footprint is considered equally harmful. Directional consistency is when “a smaller value is always preferable to a higher”. The N footprint is defined [1] as “the total amount of Nr [reactive N, all other forms than N2] released to the environment as a result of an entity's resource consumption”. We evaluated how well the N footprint satisifes the two criteria by examining examples from agriculture.The type and amount of damage an Nr molecule causes on its path through the N cascade depends on where, when, and in what chemical form it is released. For example, one product may be heavy in gaseous ammonia (NH3) emissions, and another in leached nitrate (NO3-). Local conditions then determine how the Nr is transformed, deposited, taken up by plants, etc, and in turn how the environment is affected, for example, whether critical loads are exceeded. This illustrates that a given amount of Nr release may cause very different combinations of acidification, eutrophication, climate change, etc. Furthermore, the relative importance of these damages is not set in stone, but ultimately a question of values.Results and conclusionsIn summary, we suggest that the N footprint definition does not guarantee environmental relevance or directional consistency. Two products can have equal footprints but qualitatively different environmental effects. Which product to prefer then depends both on situation-specific details and the values held by the footprint user. We will present examples to illustrate these problems, and discuss possibilities to further develop the N footprint to address them.
27.	Einarsson, Rasmus, 1988, et al. (författare) The nitrogen footprint of Swedish food consumption 2022 Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9318 .- 1748-9326. ; 17:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Food systems are major drivers of environmental and health impacts. While the emissions and other pressures causing these impacts mainly occur in primary agricultural production, the deeper causes and much of the mitigation potential are distributed throughout food systems, including dietary choices and multiple inefficiencies in the whole chain from agricultural production to consumption and waste management. An environmental indicator based on this systems perspective is the nitrogen (N) footprint, defined as the emissions of reactive N due to the consumption of an individual or other entity. Here, we present a method to estimate the N footprint of Swedish food consumption, using a detailed inventory of agricultural production, food and feed processing, food waste, waste management, and wastewater treatment. Limitations of data sources and methods are discussed in detail. The estimated Swedish food N footprint is 12.1 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1), of which 42% is emitted in Swedish production, 38% in production abroad, 1% in consumer waste management, and 19% in wastewater treatment. Animal food products account for 81% of the food N footprint and 70% of the protein intake. Average protein intake exceeds nutritional requirements by about 60%, which suggests that at least 35% reduction of food-related reactive N emissions could be achieved through dietary change. Of the apparent food N consumption (6.9 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1)), about 22% is food waste N (1.5 kg N capita(-1) yr(-1)). We estimate that 76% of food waste N is unavoidable (bones and other parts not commonly eaten). Avoidable food waste is about 7% of the edible food supply, implying that a hypothetical complete elimination of food waste would reduce emissions by about 7%. In summary, we present a detailed method, discuss its limitations, and demonstrate possible uses of the N footprint as a complement to existing territorial and sectoral environmental indicators.
28.	Ekman, Anna, et al. (författare) Algal Biotechnology and Life-Cycle assessment within the BioBuF-project 2014 Ingår i: Bioeconomy development in Sweden, April 3, Göteborg. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
29.	Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al. (författare) How to Analyse Ecosystem Services in Landscapes 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
30.	Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al. (författare) How to analyse ecosystem services in landscapes—A systematic review 2017 Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 73, s. 492-504 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Ecosystem services (ES) is a significant research topic with diverse modelling and mapping approaches. However, the variety of approaches—along with an inconsistent terminology—cause uncertainties concerning the choice of methods. This paper identifies and qualitatively assesses methods for mapping ES in terrestrial landscapes, based on a systematic review of the scientific literature. It further aims to clarify the associated terminology, in particular the concept of landscape and landscape scale. In total, 347 cases of ES mapping were identified in the reviewed papers. Regulating and maintenance services were most commonly mapped (165), followed by cultural (85), and provisioning services (73). For individual ES, a large variation in number of mapping cases was found. This variation may either reflect the perceived importance of the ES, or that different ES can be more or less easily mapped. Overall, Logical models and Empirical models were most commonly used, followed by Extrapolation, Simulation/Process models, Data integration, and Direct mapping. Only twelve percent of all ES mapping cases were validated with empirical data. The review revealed highly diverging views on the spatial extent of landscapes in studies of ES, and that the term landscape is sometimes used rather arbitrarily.
31.	Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al. (författare) Large-scale deployment of grass in crop rotations as a multifunctional climate mitigation strategy 2023 Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 15:2, s. 166-184 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The agriculture sector can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and providing biomass to substitute for fossil fuels and other GHG-intensive products. The sector also needs to address water, soil, and biodiversity impacts caused by historic and current practices. Emerging EU policies create incentives for cultivation of perennial plants that provide biomass along with environmental benefits. One such option, common in northern Europe, is to include grass in rotations with annual crops to provide biomass while remediating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and other environmental impacts. Here, we apply a spatially explicit model on >81,000 sub-watersheds in EU27 + UK (Europe) to explore the effects of widespread deployment of such systems. Based on current accumulated SOC losses in individual sub-watersheds, the model identifies and quantifies suitable areas for increased grass cultivation and corresponding biomass- and protein supply, SOC sequestration, and reductions in nitrogen emissions to water as well as wind and water erosion. The model also provides information about possible flood mitigation. The results indicate a substantial climate mitigation potential, with combined annual GHG savings from soil-carbon sequestration and displacement of natural gas with biogas from grass-based biorefineries, equivalent to 13%–48% of current GHG emissions from agriculture in Europe. The environmental co-benefits are also notable, in some cases exceeding the estimated mitigation needs. Yield increases for annual crops in modified rotations mitigate the displacement effect of increasing grass cultivation. If the grass is used as feedstock in lieu of annual crops, the displacement effect can even be negative, that is, a reduced need for annual crop production elsewhere. Incentivizing widespread deployment will require supportive policy measures as well as new uses of grass biomass, for example, as feedstock for green biorefineries producing protein concentrate, biofuels, and other bio-based products.
32.	Englund, Oskar, et al. (författare) Strategic deployment of riparian buffers and windbreaks in Europe can co-deliver biomass and environmental benefits 2021 Ingår i: Communications Earth & Environment. - : Springer Nature. - 2662-4435. ; 2:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Within the scope of the new Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, in coherence with other EU policies, new incentives are developed for farmers to deploy practices that are beneficial for climate, water, soil, air, and biodiversity. Such practices include establishment of multifunctional biomass production systems, designed to reduce environmental impacts while providing biomass for food, feed, bioenergy, and other biobased products. Here, we model three scenarios of large-scale deployment for two such systems, riparian buffers and windbreaks, across over 81,000 landscapes in Europe, and quantify the corresponding areas, biomass output, and environmental benefits. The results show that these systems can effectively reduce nitrogen emissions to water and soil loss by wind erosion, while simultaneously providing substantial environmental co-benefits, having limited negative effects on current agricultural production. This kind of beneficial land-use change using strategic perennialization is important for meeting environmental objectives while advancing towards a sustainable bioeconomy.
33.	Flysjö, A., et al. (författare) How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden 2011 Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 16:5, s. 420-430 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose This paper investigates different methodologies of handling co-products in life cycle assessment (LCA) or carbon footprint (CF) studies. Co-product handling can have a significant effect on final LCA/CF results, and although there are guidelines on the preferred order for different methods for handling co-products, no agreed understanding on applicable methods is available. In the present study, the greenhouse gases (GHG) associated with the production of 1 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM) at farm gate is investigated considering co-product handling. Materials and methods Two different milk production systems were used as case studies in the investigation of the effect of applying different methodologies in coproduct handling: (1) outdoor grazing system in New Zealand and (2) mainly indoor housing system with a pronounced share of concentrate feed in Sweden. Since the cows produce milk, meat (when slaughtered), calves, manure, hides, etc., the environmental burden (here GHG emissions) must be distributed between these outputs (in the present study no emissions are attributed to hides specifically, or to manure which is recycled on-farm). Different methodologically approaches, (1) system expansion (two cases), (2) physical causality allocation, (3) economic allocation, (4) protein allocation and (5) mass allocation, are applied in the study. Results and discussion The results show large differences in the final CF number depending on which methodology has been used for accounting co-products. Most evident is that system expansion gives a lower CF for milk than allocation methods. System expansion resulted in 63- 76% of GHG emissions attributed directly to milk, while allocation resulted in 85-98%. It is stressed that meat is an important by-product from milk production and that milk and beef production is closely interlinked and therefore needs to be considered in an integrated approach. Conclusions To obtain valid LCA/CF numbers for milk, it is crucial to account for by-products. Moreover, if CF numbers for milk need to be compared, the same allocation procedure should be applied. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.
34.	Flysjö, A., et al. (författare) The impact of various parameters on the carbon footprint of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden 2011 Ingår i: Agricultural Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2267 .- 0308-521X. ; 104:6, s. 459-469 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The carbon footprint (CF) of milk production was analysed at the farm gate for two contrasting production systems; an outdoor pasture grazing system in New Zealand (NZ) and a mainly indoor housing system with pronounced use of concentrate feed in Sweden (SE). The method used is based on the conceptual framework of lifecycle assessment (LCA), but only for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. National average data were used to model the dairy system in each country. Collection of inventory data and calculations of emissions were harmonised to the greatest extent possible for the two systems. The calculated CF for 1kg of energy corrected milk (ECM), including related by-products (surplus calves and culled cows), was 1.00kg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) for NZ and 1.16kg CO2e for SE. Methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions from application of nitrogen (as fertiliser and as excreta dropped directly on the field) were the main contributors to the CF in both countries. The most important parameters to consider when calculating the GHG emissions were dry matter intake (DMI), emission factor (EF) for methane from enteric fermentation, amount of nitrogen applied and EF for direct nitrous oxide emissions from soils. By changing one parameter at a time within 'reasonable' limits (i.e. no extreme values assumed), the impact on the total CF was assessed and showed changes of up to 15%. In addition, the uncertainty in CF estimates due to uncertainty in EF for methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxide emissions (from soil and due to ammonia volatilisation) were analysed through Monte Carlo simulation. This resulted in an uncertainty distribution corresponding to 0.60-1.52kg CO2e kg-1 ECM for NZ and 0.83-1.56kg CO2e kg-1 ECM for SE (in the prediction interval 2.5-97.5%). Hence, the variation within the systems based on the main EF is relatively large compared with the difference in CF between the countries. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
35.	Flysjö, A., et al. (författare) The interaction between milk and beef production and emissions from land use change - Critical considerations in life cycle assessment and carbon footprint studies of milk 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 28, s. 134-142 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Two most critical factors to address in environmental system analysis of future milk production are 1) the link between milk and beef production, and 2) the competition for land, possibly leading to land use change (LUC) with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and loss of biodiversity as important implications. Different methodological approaches concerning these factors, in studies on environmental impacts of dairy production, sometimes lead to contradictory results. Increasing milk yield per cow is often one of the solutions discussed in order to reduce GHG emissions from milk production. However, when also accounting for other systems affected (e.g. beef production) it is not certain that an increase in milk yield per cow leads to a reduction in total GHG emissions per kg milk. In the present study the correlation between carbon footprint (CF) of milk and the amount of milk delivered per cow is investigated for 23 dairy farms (both organic and conventional) in Sweden. Use of a fixed allocation factor of 90% (based on economic value) indicates a reduction in CF with increased milk yield, while no correlation can be noted when system expansion is applied. The average CF for two groups of farms, organic and high yielding conventional, is also calculated. When conducting system expansion the CF is somewhat lower for the organic farms (which have a lower milk yield per cow, but more meat per kg milk), but when a 90% allocation factor is used, the CF is somewhat higher for the organic farms compared to the high yielding conventional farms. In analysis of future strategies for milk production, it is suggested that system expansion should be applied, in order to also account for environmental impacts from affected systems. Thus, scenarios for milk and meat production should be analysed in an integrated approach in order to reduce total emissions from the livestock sector. How to account for emissions from LUC is highly debated and there is no current shared consensus. Different LUC methods result in significantly different results. In this study, four different LUC methods are applied, using data for organic milk production and high yielding conventional milk production systems in Sweden. Depending on which LUC method was applied, the organic system showed about 50% higher or 40% lower CF compared to the conventional high yielding system. Thus, when reporting CF numbers, it is important to report LUC-factors separately and clearly explain the underlying assumptions, since the method of accounting for LUC can drastically change the results. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
36.	Hashemi, Fatemeh, et al. (författare) Organic food has lower environmental impacts per area unit and similar climate impacts per mass unit compared to conventional 2024 Ingår i: Communications Earth and Environment. - 2662-4435. ; 5:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In recent years, interest in studying the climate and environmental impact of organic food has grown. Here, we compared the environmental impacts of organic and conventional food using data from 100 life cycle assessment studies. Most studies focused on climate impacts, with fewer addressing biodiversity loss and ecotoxicity. Findings revealed no significant differences in global warming, eutrophication potential, and energy use per mass unit. However, organic food showed lower global warming, eutrophication potential, and energy use per area unit, with higher land use. Additionally, organic farming showed lower potential for biodiversity loss and ecotoxicity. Challenges in life cycle assessment include evaluating biodiversity, toxicity, soil quality, and carbon changes. The choice of functional units influences results, highlighting the importance of considering multiple units in assessing organic food’s environmental footprint. This study emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive assessments at both product and diet levels to support informed decisions.
37.	Heimersson, Sara, 1984, et al. (författare) Improved life cycle modelling of benefits from sewage sludge anaerobic digestion and land application 2017 Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 122, s. 126-134 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter are valuable resources in sewage sludge. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be useful for comparing the potential environmental risks of sludge management strategies to their potential environmental benefits. With growing interest in resource recovery from sludge, there is an increasing need to properly account for the benefits that can be achieved, and to handle the multi functionality issues that then arise in LCAs. So far, both of these aspects have often been handled in a generic and seemingly arbitrary way. The study identified and explored several alternative approaches to handle the multi-functionality in the LCA of a sludge handling system that generates both biogas and a sludge that is used on arable land; either through avoiding allocation by substituting for avoided products or services (e.g. fertilisers and natural gas), or by allocating the impact from the studied system between its functions based on economic terms. The choice of approach strongly influenced the overall LCA-result for the studied system, in particular for some of the studied impact categories. Although an attempt was made to apply economic allocation in this article, it can be concluded that no coherent basis for applying allocation was identified. Substitution was more easily applied, however, the results were highly dependent on the product assumed to be replaced by biogas and the modelling of avoided mineral fertiliser use. The previously neglected benefits related to organic matter provided by the sludge to arable land were potentially as important as the benefits of the nitrogen and phosphorus, although the quantification of such effects will need further refinement, and are only relevant for certain soil conditions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
38.	Henriksson, Maria, et al. (författare) Variation in carbon footprint of milk due to management differences between Swedish dairy farms 2011 Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 5:9, s. 1474-1484 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To identify mitigation options to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from milk production (i.e. the carbon footprint (CF) of milk), this study examined the variation in GHG emissions among dairy farms using data from previous CF studies on Swedish milk. Variations between farms in these production data, which were found to have a strong influence on milk CF, were obtained from existing databases of 1051 dairy farms in Sweden in 2005. Monte Carlo (MC) analysis was used to analyse the impact of variations in seven important parameters on milk CF concerning milk yield (energy-corrected milk (ECM) produced and delivered), feed dry matter intake (DMI), enteric CH4 emissions, N content in feed DMI, N-fertiliser rate and diesel used on farm. The largest between-farm variations among the analysed production data were N-fertiliser rate (kg/ha) and diesel used (l/ha) on farm (CV = 31% to 38%). For the parameters concerning milk yield and feed DMI, the CV was approximately 11% and 8%, respectively. The smallest variation in production data was found for N content in feed DMI. According to the MC analysis, these variations in production data led to a variation in milk CF of between 0.94 and 1.33 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2e)/kg ECM, with an average value of 1.13 kg CO2e/kg ECM. We consider that this variation of ±17%, which was found to be based on the used farm data, would be even greater if all Swedish dairy farms were included, as the sample of farms in this study was not totally unbiased. The variation identified in milk CF indicates that a potential exists to reduce GHG emissions from milk production on both the national and farm levels through changes in management. As milk yield and feed DMI are two of the most influential parameters for milk CF, feed conversion efficiency (i.e. units ECM produced/unit DMI) can be used as a rough key performance indicator for predicting CF reductions. However, it must be borne in mind that feeds have different CF due to where and how they are produced. © 2011 The Animal Consortium.
39.	Höglund, Jonas, et al. (författare) Biofuels and land use in Sweden: an overview of land-use change effects 2013 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Supported by policies, biofuel production has been continuously increasing worldwide during recent years. However, concerns have been raised that biofuels, often advocated as the future substitute for greenhouse gas (GHG) intensive fossil fuels, may cause negative effects on the climate and the environment. When assessing GHG emissions from biofuels, the production phase of the biofuel crop is essential since this is the phase in which most of the GHG emissions occur during the life cycle of the fuel, often linked to land use and land management. Changes in land use can result from a wide range of anthropogenic activities including agriculture and forestry management, livestock and biofuel production. The report first presents a review of the literature in the different scientific areas related to land use change (LUC) and biofuel production. Knowledge gaps related to LUC is compiled and, a synthesis is developed highlighting major challenges and key findings. Main findings are that (i) deforestation, forest management, and climate change deforestation is a major contributor to GHG emissions and can contribute to soil erosion and carbon stock changes, (ii) albedo changes and the timing of emissions need to be better understood, (iii) to avoid degradation of biodiversity great care must be taken to develop sustainable biofuel production (iv) nutrient leakage and removal of forest residues can influence the biomass growth potential (v) to avoid fertility losses in agricultural soils during biofuel production, crops with low fertilizer needs, high nutrient use efficiency and high yields should be given priority (vi) indirect effects on land use are extremely complex to quantify without great uncertainty (vii) biofuels contribution to rising food prices and poverty even more challenging (viii) biofuel production can create jobs but also interfere with traditional ways of life and recreational values, (ix) to avoid negative effects, biofuel production should be developed in collaboration with the stakeholders involved: farmers, land owners, tourists, and industry. The literature review and synthesis presented in this report shows that land use on this planet is already placing high stress on ecosystems, atmosphere, soils and human life. Because of increased biofuel production, land use change is therefore at risk of aggravating these problems. Conclusions drawn are that the LUC caused by increasing use of biofuels can be negative to various degrees but that drawbacks can be mitigated through policy measures or technology developments. Examples include the cultivation of high-yielding crops, cultivation on abandoned arable land, and effective use of by-products and waste. To explore the opportunities that exist for beneficial land use change, continued responsible and sensitive collaboration between industry, policy-makers, researchers and local communities is a prerequisite.
40.	Karlsson, Johan O., et al. (författare) What can we learn from the past? Tracking sustainability indicators for the Swedish dairy sector over 30 years 2023 Ingår i: Agricultural Systems. - 1873-2267 .- 0308-521X. ; 212 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract CONTEXT: The dairy sector has undergone profound transformation over recent decades, resulting in considerably fewer but larger and more specialised farms, with unclear implications across sustainability dimensions. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop and employ a framework for assessing sustainability in the Swedish dairy sector to shed light on how recent historical developments (1990–2020) have influenced sustainability outcomes. METHODS: Using a data-driven, multidisciplinary approach, main areas of concern for sustainability in the primary production stages of the dairy sector were identified. These were then populated with indicators to track developments over time and highlight synergies and trade-offs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Four areas of concern were identified and populated with eight indicators (listed in brackets): ‘supporting ecosystems’ (semi-natural grassland area, ley area, mean field size), ‘climate impact’ (methane from enteric fermentation), ‘animal welfare’ (veterinary treatments, percentage of culled cows due to diseases) and ‘farm viability’ (competitive wages, farmer age structure). The results showed that area of semi-natural grassland per dairy cow decreased by 27% from 2003 to 2020. Area of ley per cow decreased slightly but the proportion of arable land on dairy farms devoted to ley cultivation increased, due to improved roughage quality enabling an increase in proportion of roughage in feed rations. In terms of climate impact, enteric methane emissions per kg milk decreased by 21%. Regarding animal welfare, veterinary treatments of diseases decreased from 45% to 21% over the 30 years, with declining trends for most recorded diseases except hoof disease. The indicators for farm viability showed that the average dairy farm was unable to pay a wage comparable to the national average throughout most of the period 2004–2020, but a slightly positive trend was observed, although with large year-on-year variability. A rapid change in age structure was seen between 2003 and 2020, with the proportion of land managed by older farmers (+60 years) increasing from 12% to 22%, indicating challenges with demographic viability. SIGNIFICANCE: Tracking changes over time across sustainability dimensions gives important insights into improvements made and challenges that remain to be solved. Overall, developments in the Swedish dairy sector have diminished its capacity to support ecosystems, particularly related to semi-natural grasslands, while reducing its climate impacts and improving animal welfare. An increased specialisation has also resulted in spillover effects where services and impacts have shifted from dairy herds to specialised beef herds. These findings are important in navigating policy processes targeting developments in the dairy sector.
41.	Neovius, K, et al. (författare) Greenhouse gas emissions due to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon attributable to beef production 2008 Ingår i: International Conference on LCA. in the Agri-Food Sector. Zurich, November 12–14 , 2008. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
42.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Assessing potential pesticide-related ecotoxicity impacts of food products across different functional units. 2016 Ingår i: Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment of Food. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The study aims to 1) demonstrate and apply a method for assessing the potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts due to pesticide use in the primary production associated with six food products (chicken fillet, minced pork, minced beef, drinking milk, pea soup and wheat bread), and 2) evaluate how five different functional units (FUs) influence the results. Pesticide emissions were inventoried using an extended, updated and site-specific version of the PestLCI v. 2.0.5 model. In the impact assessment, USEtox v. 2.01 was used. The results show that the choice of FU has little influence on the outcome: four out of five FUs yield the same ranking of the animal-based food products: impact potentials decrease in the order minced pork > chicken fillet > minced beef > milk. The plant-based food products score considerably lower than the animal-based food products, regardless of FU. Notably, impact potentials of beef are lower than of chicken and pork, regardless of FU, contrary to typical carbon footprint and land use results for meat products. We conclude that the choice of FU did not influence the ranking of animal vs. plant-based food products. Also, we conclude that carbon footprints are inadequate proxy indicators of ecotoxicity impacts of food products and that ecotoxicity impacts need to be considered specifically, alongside other important impact categories.
43.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Challenges in developing regionalized characterization factors in land use impact assessment: impacts on ecosystem services in case studies of animal protein production in Sweden 2017 Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 22:3, s. 328-345 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose The UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative has recently developed a guideline framework for land use impact assessment. This article evaluates the feasibility and highlights the challenges of applying a set of methods that adhere to this framework, and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the indicators used in these methods, for the purpose of supporting further methodological development. Methods The methods were tested in two case studies of animal protein production in Sweden: dairy milk and pork. The reference situations were defined as the potential natural vegetation. County-level characterization factors (CFs) were calculated and occupation impacts were assessed for five ecosystem services, using six ecosystem service indicators: carbon flow change, groundwater recharge, mechanical filtration capacity, physicochemical filtration capacity, soil loss, and soil organic carbon, at two geographic scales: county and biome. Strengths and weaknesses of the ecosystem service indicators were identified using an evaluation framework for selected quality characteristics: representativeness, reliability, feasibility, and transparency. Results and discussion Occupation impacts at the two geographic scales, and for the two production cases, differ both in absolute numbers, and – for mechanical and physicochemical filtration capacity – in the ranking of cases. Results at both geographic scales indicate positive effects – or lower negative impacts – in protein production from dairy milk compared to pork, due to grass production on dairy farms, and lower use of land per unit protein. However, some of the observed benefits may be exaggerated due to challenges in adequately representing the reference situations. Most indicators were assigned medium or high degrees of representativeness, feasibility, and transparency, but several were assigned low degrees of reliability, due to the weak scientific basis upon which they were selected, low degrees of accuracy, and insufficient information on how they should be assessed. Conclusions and recommendations Occupation impact results should be interpreted with caution due to challenges in applying the methods and use of indicators with identified weaknesses. The most challenging part of developing regionalized CFs was finding suitable land areas from which to derive representative data to parameterize the reference situations. More research is needed to provide adequate support to Life Cycle Assessment practitioners who wish to calculate regionalized CFs and to address the identified weaknesses.
44.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Freshwater ecotoxicity impacts from pesticide use in animal and vegetable foods produced in Sweden 2017 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 581-582, s. 448-459 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Chemical pesticides are widely used in modern agriculture but their potential negative impacts are seldom considered in environmental assessments of food products. This study aims to assess and compare the potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts due to pesticide use in the primary production of six food products: chicken fillet, minced pork, minced beef, milk, pea soup, and wheat bread. The assessment is based on a detailed and site-specific inventory of pesticide use in the primary production of the food products, all of which are produced in Sweden. Soybeans, used to produce the animal-based food products, are grown in Brazil. Pesticide emissions to air and surface water were calculated using PestLCI v. 2.0.5. Ecotoxicity impacts were assessed using USEtox v. 2.01, and expressed in relation to five functional units. The results show that the animal-based food products have considerably larger impact potentials than the plant-based food products. In relation to kg pea soup, impact potentials of bread, milk, minced beef, chicken fillet and minced pork are ca. 2, 3, 50, 140 and 170 times larger, respectively. All mass-based functional units yield the same ranking. Notably, chicken fillet and minced pork have larger impacts than minced beef and milk, regardless of functional unit, due to extensive use of pesticides, some with high toxicity, in soybean production. This result stands in sharp contrast to typical carbon footprint and land use results which attribute larger impacts to beef than to chicken and pork. Measures for reducing impacts are discussed. In particular, we show that by substituting soybeans with locally sourced feed crops, the impact potentials of minced pork and chicken fillet are reduced by ca. 70 and 90%, respectively. Brazilian soybean production is heavily reliant on pesticides. We propose that weak legislation, in combination with tropical climate and agronomic practices, explains this situation.
45.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Modeling Potential Freshwater Ecotoxicity Impacts Due to Pesticide Use in Biofuel Feedstock Production: The Cases of Maize, Rapeseed, Salix, Soybean, Sugar Cane, and Wheat 2014 Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:19, s. 11379-11388 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The inclusion of ecotoxicity impacts of pesticides in environmental assessments of biobased products has long been hampered by methodological challenges. We expanded the pesticide database and the regional coverage of the pesticide emission model PestLCI v.2.0, combined it with the impact assessment model USEtox, and assessed potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts (PFEIs) of pesticide use in selected biofuel feedstock production cases, namely: maize (Iowa, US, two cases), rapeseed (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), Salix (South Central Sweden), soybean (Mato Grosso, Brazil, two cases), sugar cane (Sao Paulo, Brazil), and wheat (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). We found that PFEIs caused by pesticide use in feedstock production varied greatly, up to 3 orders of magnitude. Salix has the lowest PFEI per unit of energy output and per unit of cultivated area. Impacts per biofuel unit were 30, 750, and 1000 times greater, respectively, for the sugar cane, wheat and rapeseed cases than for Salix. For maize genetically engineered (GE) to resist glyphosate herbicides and to produce its own insecticidal toxin, maize GE to resist glyphosate, soybeans GE to resist glyphosate and conventional soybeans, the impacts were 110, 270, 305, and 310 times greater than for Salix, respectively. The significance of field and site-specific conditions are discussed, as well as options for reducing negative impacts in biofuel feedstock production.
46.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Modeling potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts due to pesticide use in biofuel feedstock production - the cases of maize, rapeseed, Salix, soybean, sugarcane and wheat 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Ecotoxicity impacts haveseldom been included inLife Cycle Assessments ofbiofuels. This reportdemonstrates an approachto model the potentialfreshwater ecotoxicityimpacts due to pesticideuse, using the PestLCI andUSEtox models. Themethod is applied to eightbiofuel feedstockproduction cases: maize inthe US (two cases),rapeseed and wheat inGermany, soybean (twocases) and sugarcane inBrazil, and Salix inSweden. Potentialfreshwater ecotoxicityimpacts vary by up to 3orders of magnitude withSalix at the lower end andwheat and rapeseed at thehigher end. Potentialmitigation strategiesinclude substitution to lesstoxic pesticides, andreduction of emissions tofreshwater ecosystems,through improvedmanagement, e.g. the useof buffer zones.
47.	Nordborg, Maria, 1985, et al. (författare) Updated indicators of Swedish national human toxicity and ecotoxicity footprints using USEtox 2.01 2017 Ingår i: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW. - : Elsevier. - 0195-9255. ; 62, s. 110-114 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In a recent paper, Sorme et al. (Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 56, 2016), took a first step towards an indicator of a national chemical footprint, and applied it to Sweden. Using USEtox 1.01, they calculated national impact potentials for human toxicity and ecotoxicity. The results showed that zinc dominated impacts, both for human toxicity and ecotoxicity. We calculated updated indicators of the Swedish national human toxicity and ecotoxicity footprint using USEtox 2.01. We also compared impact potentials based on USEtox with the mass of chemical emissions. The two model versions produced relatively consistent results. Zinc is still a major contributor to the human toxicity and ecotoxicity impact potentials when-characterized with USEtox 2.01. The mass-based indicator pinpoints somewhat different substances than the impact-based indicators.
48.	Olsson, Lisbeth, 1963, et al. (författare) Jäst skogsavfall blir nylon 2017 Ingår i: Kemivärlden Biotech med Kemisk tidskrift. ; :Nr 4 Juni 2017, s. 15-16 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
49.	Persson, Linn, et al. (författare) Indicators for national consumption-based accounting of chemicals 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 215, s. 1-12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Increased chemical use is causing a growing number of environmental problems and chemical products are pervasive in societies within animal and crop-based agriculture, in industrial processes and in households. National environmental targets, as well as the global chemical-related goals in the 2030 Agenda, call for the monitoring of chemical use and emissions. The growing international trade of goods, where use and regulation of chemical inputs vary highly between countries, complicates measurements. This paper addresses these issues by deriving a set of indicators on chemical use and emissions and connect the global impacts to a country's total consumption, here using the case of Sweden. The indicators are based on a hybrid model combining the multi-regional input-output analysis database EXIOBASE with data from the Swedish System of Economic and Environmental Accounts together with a novel set of environmental extensions. A review of databases is conducted and discussed in relation to the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework for indicators. Five indicators are calculated, showing the chemical use and emissions connected to consumption, both within a country and abroad. The indicators are: use of hazardous chemical products, use of pesticides, use of antimicrobial veterinary medicines, emissions of hazardous substances, and of the potential toxicity of these emissions. The results show that the impact of Swedish consumption in terms of use and emissions of hazardous substances is largely taking place outside the Swedish borders. Only 10e24% of the pressure from Swedish consumption is shown to occur within Sweden's borders, depending on the indicator. The use of hazardous chemical products and veterinary medicines related to Swedish consumption primarily takes place in other EU countries, whereas the use of pesticides as well as reported emissions of pollutants occur mainly in countries outside the EU. The results highlight the need for improved international accounting of chemical flows, as well as for strengthened policy frameworks to address cross-border impacts of consumption of hazardous chemical products.
50.	Persson, Martin, 1976, et al. (författare) A method for calculating a land-use change carbon footprint (LUC-CFP) for agricultural commodities - applications to Brazilian beef and soy, Indonesian palm oil 2014 Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2486 .- 1354-1013. ; 20:11, s. 3482-3491 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The world's agricultural system has come under increasing scrutiny recently as an important driver of global climate change, creating a demand for indicators that estimate the climatic impacts of agricultural commodities. Such carbon footprints, however, have in most cases excluded emissions from land-use change and the proposed methodologies for including this significant emissions source suffer from different shortcomings. Here, we propose a new methodology for calculating land-use change carbon footprints for agricultural commodities and illustrate this methodology by applying it to three of the most prominent agricultural commodities driving tropical deforestation: Brazilian beef and soybeans, and Indonesian palm oil. We estimate land-use change carbon footprints in 2010 to be 66 tCO2/t meat (carcass weight) for Brazilian beef, 0.89 tCO2/t for Brazilian soybeans, and 7.5 tCO2/t for Indonesian palm oil, using a 10 year amortization period. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is its flexibility: it can be applied in a tiered approach, using detailed data where it is available while still allowing for estimation of footprints for a broad set of countries and agricultural commodities; it can be applied at different scales, estimating both national and subnational footprints; it can be adopted to account both for direct (proximate) and indirect drivers of land-use change. It is argued that with an increasing commercialization and globalization of the drivers of land-use change, the proposed carbon footprint methodology could help leverage the power needed to alter environmentally destructive land-use practices within the global agricultural system by providing a tool for assessing the environmental impacts of production, thereby informing consumers about the impacts of consumption and incentivizing producers to become more environmentally responsible.

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