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Sökning: WFRF:(Cehlin Mathias)

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1.
  • Akander, Jan, et al. (författare)
  • Assessing the Myths on Energy Efficiency When Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings in a Northern Region
  • 2017. - 1
  • Ingår i: Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones. - Cham : Springer Publishing Company. - 9783319177557 - 9783319177564 ; , s. 139-161
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the light of EU’s requirements to achieve a major cut in energy use by 2050, Sweden has the same target. The built environment must by 2020 reduce energy use by 20 and 50 % by 2050. The size of the future building stock will naturally increase and regardless of how energy efficient future buildings will be, the energy performance of the old stock must be improved in order to reach those goals. In major renovation projects involving multifamily buildings in large residential areas in the cities, 50 % reduction can be achieved. This is cost-effective and profitable even if the rent is increased.Gävleborg is a sparse region in the North, with few cities. Multifamily buildings are generally much smaller than in large cities and owners are reluctant to impose changes that increase rents due to the housing situation in the region. In consequence, the Regional Council and the University of Gävle set out to assess the potential and feasibility of reducing energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in this region’s multifamily buildings. Eleven real buildings were investigated, each having various ownership forms, different technical attributes and heating sources. Energy audits and measurements were conducted to assess the condition of each building. Performances of the buildings and proposed improvements were simulated with building energy simulation programs, whilst life cycle cost analyses were conducted to study viability. Carbon dioxide emission (CO2) reductions were estimated for each improvement.Based on the results, a concluding discussion is made on whether or not some myths on energy use and retrofitting are true. The following is concluded: It is possible to reach a 50 % reduction, but it is not economical with the costs involved and with today’s energy prices and moderate price increase over time.Retrofitting or improvements made in the building’s services systems (HVAC) are more economical than actions taken to improve performance of building by constructions. HVAC improvements give about 20 % reduction in energy use. However, mechanical ventilation systems with heat recuperation are not economical, though these may or may not substantially reduce use of thermal energy.Solar energy is, despite the latitude of the region, economically viable—especially PV solar energy. Photovoltaic panels (PVs) are becoming viable—the combination of PVs and district heating is beneficial since saving electricity is more important than thermal energy in district-heated areas.
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2.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Energy saving, indoor thermal comfort and indoor air quality evaluation of an office environment using corner impinging jet ventilation
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Developments in the Built Environment. - : Elsevier. - 2666-1659. ; 15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The performance of a corner based impinging jet ventilation system (CIJV) in an office environment was evaluated numerically. The evaluation was done both in terms of the local thermal comfort and the local indoor air quality. Three different inlet configurations were tested for a range of outdoor temperatures that included both winter and summer conditions. In terms of indoor air quality, the results showed that CIJV performed better than a traditional mixing system. The study also revealed that CIJV creates a stronger temperature stratification in summertime compared to wintertime. When evaluating the energy saving potential the results showed a possible reduction of 7% for the ventilation flowrate when the outdoor temperatures were between -15 °C and -5 °C, 8 % when the outdoor temperatures were between 0 °C and 10 °C and 9 % when the outdoor temperatures were between 15 °C and 25 °C.
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3.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976- (författare)
  • Experimental and numerical study of corner impinging jet ventilation for an office environment
  • 2024
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • An effective ventilation system is an important component of a building’s service infrastructure. It serves the dual purpose of creating a comfortable and healthy indoor environment for occupants, thereby enhancing their well-being and productivity. However, the ventilation system is also a part of the building that uses a high amount of energy.The main objective of this study is to evaluate a novel implementation of the impinging jet ventilation system by placing the supply inlet at the corners of the space or room, rather than in the traditional mid-wall section. The focus of this study is to test and evaluate corner impinging jet ventilation in a medium-sized office environment within a building that requires moderate amount of heating and cooling.In the first part of this study (summer condition), the system is evaluated in an experimental environment, where it is compared against other systems such as displacement ventilation and mixing ventilation. The evaluated parameters indicates that corner impinging ventilation system performs better than mixing ventilation but show similar results to displacement ventilation in terms of airchange effectiveness. This experimental setup was also tested in winter condition and the results showed that the system was most effective during summertime compared to wintertime. In wintertime the results for the air change effectiveness were similar to those of a mixing system.In the second part, numerical simulations were utilized to delve deeper into the behaviour of the corner impinging jet ventilation system close to the floor surface. A numerical model was created and validated against experimental measurements. In this part, the spreading of the air jet across the room floor was examined, and its relation to various parameters such as inlet velocity, inlet shape and discharge height. Results indicated that diffuser geometries have almost no impact on velocity profile along the floor's centreline, jet spreading rate and maximum velocity decay. The results also showed a high degree of flexibility for the room size, between 25-100 m2 for which the results were applicable. The results also concluded that there was a noticeable confinement effect present and that the jet was able to travel far into the room.In the third part numerical simulations was used for validating and to create a model for an office room containing two office workstations. The office room was evaluated in terms of local thermal comfort, close to the sitting area. In addition, the indoor air quality was also examined. The results showed that corner impinging ventilation system performed better than conventional mixing ventilation system, especially when evaluating the indoor air quality in terms of mean age of air. This evaluation also took into account both outdoor summer and winter conditions, as well as different inlet surface areas. Different locations for the workstations were also evaluated with good results, except for placing the work-stations close to the inlets. Due to the system’s effectiveness of providing fresh air to the occupants, further analysis was made to try and reduce the air flowrate but keep the same indoor air quality level as an equivalent fully mixing ventilation system. By using this method, the study was able to demonstrate reduction in the energy use by reducing the air flowrate of the supply inlet. The study showed a possible reduction of the energy use by 7-9 % for outdoor temperatures ranging between -15 °C to 25 °C.
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4.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental Evaluation of the Ventilation Effectiveness of Corner Stratum Ventilation in an Office Environment
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Buildings. - : MDPI. - 2075-5309. ; 9:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An experimental study was conducted in a room resembling an office in a laboratory environment. The study involved investigating the ability of corner-placed stratum ventilation in order to evaluate the ventilation’s effectiveness and local thermal comfort. At fixed positions, the air temperature, air velocity, turbulence intensity, and tracer gas decay measurements were carried out. The results show that corner-placed stratum ventilation behaves very similar to a mixing ventilation system when considering air change effectiveness. The performance of the system was better at lower supply air flow rates for heat removal effectiveness. For the heating cases, the draught rates were all very low, with the maximum measured value of 12%. However, for the cooling cases, the maximum draught rate was 20% and occurred at ankle level in the middle of the room.
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5.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental Investigation of Ventilation Performance of Different Air Distribution Systems in an Office Environment : Heating Mode
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 12:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A vital requirement for all-air ventilation systems are their functionality to operate both in cooling and heating mode. This article experimentally investigates two newly designed air distribution systems, corner impinging jet (CIJV) and hybrid displacement ventilation (HDV) in comparison against a mixing type air distribution system. These three different systems are examined and compared to one another to evaluate their performance based on local thermal comfort and ventilation effectiveness when operating in heating mode. The evaluated test room is an office environment with two workstations. One of the office walls, which has three windows, faces a cold climate chamber. The results show that CIJV and HDV perform similar to a mixing ventilation in terms of ventilation effectiveness close to the workstations. As for local thermal comfort evaluation, the results show a small advantage for CIJV in the occupied zone. Comparing C2-CIJV to C2-CMV the average draught rate (DR) in the occupied zone is 0.3% for C2-CIJV and 5.3% for C2-CMV with the highest difference reaching as high as 10% at the height of 1.7 m. The results indicate that these systems can perform as well as mixing ventilation when used in offices that require moderate heating. The results also show that downdraught from the windows greatly impacts on the overall airflow and temperature pattern in the room.
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6.
  • Ameen, Arman, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental investigation of ventilation performance of different air distribution systems in an office environment – cooling mode
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 12:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The performance of a newly designed corner impinging jet air distribution method with an equilateral triangle cross section was evaluated experimentally and compared to that of two more traditional methods (mixing and displacement ventilation). At nine evenly chosen positions with four standard vertical points, air velocity, turbulence intensity, temperature, and tracer gas decay measurements were conducted for all systems. The results show that the new method behaves as a displacement ventilation system, with high air change effectiveness and stratified flow pattern and temperature field. Both local air change effectiveness and air exchange effectiveness of the corner impinging jet showed high quality and promising results, which is a good indicator of ventilation effectiveness. The results also indicate that there is a possibility to slightly lower the airflow rates for the new air distribution system, while still meeting the requirements for thermal comfort and indoor air quality, thereby reducing fan energy usage. The draught rate was also lower for corner impinging jet compared to the other tested air distribution methods. The findings of this research show that the corner impinging jet method can be used for office ventilation.
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7.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical investigation of indoor thermal comfort and air quality for an office equipped with corner impinging jet ventilation
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Advances in Building Energy Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1751-2549 .- 1756-2201. ; 17:5, s. 578-604
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates the feasibility of using only corner impinging jet ventilation (CIJV) for heating and cooling a medium-sized office space with two occupants while maintaining adequate indoor thermal comfort and air quality compared to traditional mixing ventilation systems. This study examines what impact various outdoor temperatures, ranging from −15°C to 25°C, have on an office environment in terms of indoor thermal comfort and air quality. Three different workspace positions were evaluated. The results show that the CIJV system meets the ASHRAE thermal comfort standards for all three positions. In terms of indoor air quality, CIJV performs better than traditional mixing systems, with improved mean age of air and ACE values. This study concludes that CIJV can be used both close and far away from the supply inlets and still provide adequate indoor thermal comfort and air quality during both cooling and heating season.
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8.
  • Ameen, Arman, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical investigation of the flow behavior of an isothermal corner impinging jet for building ventilation
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 223
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The corner impinging jet concept has been proposed as a new air distribution system for use in office environments. The present paper reports the mean flow field behavior of an isothermal corner-based turbulent impinging jet in a room. A detailed experimental study is carried out to validate the numerical simulations, and the predictions are performed using three turbulence models. RNG k−ε model was chosen for this study. This study investigates the influence different configuration parameters such as jet discharge height, diffuser geometry (shape and size) and supply airflow rate have on the flow field. The results show that the diffuser geometries used in this study had in general a minor effect on the velocity developments along the centerline of the floor, maximum velocity decay and jet spreading rate except for some specific cases. When evaluating the triangle geometry cases, the results show that all the cases with volume flow <20 L/s are able to meet Boverket's building regulations velocity requirement both for summer and winter. The applicability evaluation show that the results can be considered for room sizes between ≈25 and 100 m2. In addition, the wall confinement effect (90° vs. 180°) is having a significant impact on the maximum velocity decay for corner impinging jet ventilation. In the regression analysis the results shows that the distance along the diagonal centerline of the room has the most impact on the evaluation of maximum velocity decay and jet spreading rate.
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9.
  • Ameen, Arman, et al. (författare)
  • Reducing energy usage in multi-family housing
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 2019 9th International Conference on Future Environment and Energy 9–11 January 2019, Osaka, Japan. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP).
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The energy usage in residential sector have been around 22% of the total energy use in the world and increasing due to the population growth and higher living standards. The energy sources for this are made up primarily of non-renewable energy resources which generates a large amount of global greenhouse gases. A lot of countries have implemented various regulations and rules to reduce the energy usage in buildings and promoting the use of renewable energy technologies. This paper presents a parametric study of a typical multi-family building in its pre-design stage. The climate location used is Sweden (Gothenburg) and Japan (Osaka). The aim of the study is to compare various configurations and to examine how they affect the energy use. The most interesting configurations are the use of heat pump and solar cells. Other configurations that are examined are infiltration levels, pressure coefficients, wind impact, ventilation with heat recovery, ventilation scheduling, building orientation and finally changing U-values in the building material. Results of this study show that the energy saving, by utilizing a heat pump and solar panels, can reduce the total energy use by 34.9% for Gothenburg and 32% for Osaka. The results also show that the difference in total energy use between the two cities reduce substantially (3% difference) when utilizing a heat pump in combination with solar panels.
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10.
  • Andersson, Harald, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • A numerical and experimental investigation of a confluent jets ventilation supply device in a conference room
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 15:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, confluent jets ventilation (CJV) supply devices with three different nozzle arrays (1 × 19, 2 × 19, 3 × 19) were investigated both numerically and experimentally at two different airflow and supply air temperature set-ups. The performance of the CJV supply devices was investigated concerning thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and heat removal effectiveness in a conference room environment. A comparison between the experimental and numerical results showed that the v2−f model had the best agreement out of the investigated turbulence models. The numerical results showed that the size of the array had a great impact both on near-field development and on the conditions in the occupied zone. A larger array with multiple rows and a lower momentum conserved the inlet temperature and the mean age of the air better than a single-row array with a higher momentum. A larger array with multiple rows had a higher IAQ and a greater heat removal effectiveness in the occupied zone because the larger array conserved the mean age of air better and the buoyancy driven flow was slightly better at removing the heat. Because of the lower inlet velocities, they also had lower velocities at ankle level, which decreased the risk of draft and thermal discomfort.
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11.
  • Andersson, Harald, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • An Investigation Concerning Optimal Design of Confluent Jets Ventilation with Variable Air Volume
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This  parametric study aims to predict the  performance of confluent jets ventilation (CJV) with variable air  volume (VAV) from four  CJV  design parameters. A  combination of  computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and response surface method (RSM) has  been used to  predict the  energy efficiency, thermal comfort and  IAQ  for  the  four  expected vital  design variables, i.e.,  heat load (XH),  number of  nozzles (XN),  airflow rate  (XQ) and  supply temperature (XTS).  The  RSM was  used to  generate a  quad-ratic  equation for  the  response variables exhaust temperature (TE),  sup-ply  temperature (TP),  PMV, DR, eT and  ACE. The  RSM  shows that  the  TE, TP and PMV were independent of the number of nozzles. The proposed equations were used to  generate setpoints optimized for  thermal com-fort  (PMV) for  summer, spring and  winter cases with different CLO  fac-tors  and  different TS under a  scenario where the  heat load varied between 10-30W/m2.  TE was  used as  setpoint to  regulate the  airflow rate  to  keep the  PMV values close to  zero. The  results show that  by adapting the TS to the CLO factor both thermal comfort and the energy efficiency can  be  improved. Further energy reduction can  be  gained by downregulating the airflow rate to keep the TP at a fixed setpoint when the  heat load is  decreased. This  means that  a  CJV  can  effectively be combined with VAV  to  improve environmental performance with good thermal comfort (-0.5
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12.
  • Andersson, Harald, et al. (författare)
  • Energy-Saving Measures in a Classroom Using Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device : A Field Study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 2016 ASHRAE Winter Conference Papers. - : ASHRAE. - 9781939200136
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Between 1990 and 2006 the energy use by ventilation systems in Swedish schools doubled. This is explained by high airflows in schools because of the high occupant density. Studies show that 87% of Swedish schools use constant air volume (CAV), and it is estimated that a change to variable air volume (VAV) could save 0.12-0.33 TWh (4.1*10(12) - 1.1*10(13) Btu) per year. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to replace displacement ventilation (DV) with mixing ventilation (MV) to create a comfortable indoor climate in a typical classroom and at the same time decrease the energy use by using VAV and Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device (LPDCSD). The study used two LPDCSDs which consist of circular channels with 190/228 round jets placed in an interlocking pattern, with a horizontal one/two-way-direction. The field study was carried out in a school which is intended to be extensively renovated. The school currently has DV and CAV. The study was carried out by installing MV with LPDCSD in one of the typical classrooms. Several different air-flow rates were investigated using tracer-gas technology to measure the local mean age of the air in the occupied zone. Simultaneously, thermal comfort and vertical temperature gradients were measured in the room. The results show nearly uniform distribution of the local mean age of air in the occupied zone, even in the cases of relatively low air-flow rates. Since the mixing of air is more or less the same in the entire occupied zone VAV can be used to reduce air-flow rate based on the desired CO2-level. Because of the number of students in each classroom and the fact that changes in air-flow rates have no significant effect on the degree of mixing, it is possible to reduce the air-flow rates for extended periods of time. Finally, since the LPDCSD has a lower pressure-drop than the currently used supply devices and it is possible to use VAV to lower the airflows in cases with reduced heat loads, it is possible to significantly reduce the energy usage in the school while maintaining the IAQ, increasing the thermal comfort and the available floor area of the occupied zone.
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13.
  • Andersson, Harald, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental and numerical investigations of a new ventilation supply device based on confluent jets
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 137, s. 18-33
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In developed countries, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for more than 10% of national energy use. The primary function of a HVAC system is to create proper indoor environment. A number of ventilation strategies have been developed to minimize HVAC systems’ energy use whilst still maintaining a good indoor environment. Among these strategies are confluent jet ventilation and variable air volume. In this study, an air supply device with a novel nozzle design that uses both of the above-mentioned strategies was investigated both experimentally and numerically at three different airflow rates. The results from the numerical investigation using the SST k - ω turbulence model regarding velocities and flow patterns are validated by experimental data carried out by Laser Doppler Anemometry. The results from both studies show that the flow pattern and velocity in each nozzle is directly dependent on the total airflow rate. However, the flow pattern does not vary between the three different airflow rates. The numerical investigation shows that velocity profiles for each nozzle have the same pattern regardless of the airflow rate, but the magnitude of the velocity profile increases as the airflow increases. Thus, a supply device of this kind could be used for variable air volume and produce confluent jets for the airflow rates investigated.
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14.
  • Andersson, Harald, 1987- (författare)
  • Numerical and experimental study of confluent jets supply device with variable airflow
  • 2019
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In recent years, application of confluent jets for design of ventilation supply devices has been studied. Similarly, numerus studies have been made on the potential and application of variable air volume (VAV) in order to reduce the energy demand of ventilation systems. This study investigates the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets and VAV, both in terms of the nearfield flow behavior of the device and the impact on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy efficiency on a classroom-level space when the airflow rate is varied.The method used in this study is an experimental field study where the confluent jets-based supply devices were compared to the previously installed displacement ventilation. The field study evaluated the energy efficiency, thermal comfort and indoor air quality of the two systems. In the case of the confluent jets supply devices, airflow rate was varied in order to see what impact the variation had on the performance of the system for each airflow rate. Furthermore, the confluent jets supply devices were investigated both experimentally and numerically in a well insulated test room to get high resolution data on the particular flow characteristics for this type of supply device when the airflow rate is varied. The results from the field study show nearly uniform distribution of the local mean age of air in the occupied zone, even in the cases of relatively low airflow rates. The airflow rates have no significant effect on the degree of mixing. The thermal comfort in the classroom was increased when the airflow rate was adapted to the heat load compared to the displacement system. The results lead to the conclusion that the combination of supply devices based on confluent jets can reduce energy usage in the school while maintaining indoor air quality and increasing the thermal comfort in the occupied zone.The results from the experimental and numerical study show that the flow pattern and velocity in each nozzle is directly dependent on the total airflow rate. However, the flow pattern does not vary between the three different airflow rates. The numerical investigation shows that velocity profiles for each nozzle have the same pattern regardless of the airflow rate, but the magnitude of the velocity profile increases as the airflow increases. Thus, a supply device of this kind could be used for variable air volume and produce confluent jets for different airflow rates.The results from both studies show that the airflow rate does not affect the distribution of the airflow on both near-field and room level. The distribution of air is nearly uniform in the case of the near-field results and the room-level measurement shows a completely uniform degree of mixing and air quality in the occupied zone for each airflow rate. This means that there is potential for combining these two schemes for designing air distribution systems with high energy efficiency and high thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
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15.
  • Andersson, Harald, 1987-, et al. (författare)
  • On the ventilation performance of low momentum confluent jets supply device in a classroom
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 13:20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The performance of three different confluent jets ventilation (CJV) supply devices was evaluated in a classroom environment concerning thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy efficiency. The CJV supply devices have the acronyms: high-momentum confluent jets (HMCJ), low-momentum confluent jets (LMCJ) and low-momentum confluent jets modified by varying airflow direction (LMCJ-M). A mixing ventilation (MV) slot jet (SJ) supply device was used as a benchmark. Comparisons were made with identical set-up conditions in five cases with different supply temperatures (TS) (16–18 °C), airflow rates (2.2–6.3 ACH) and heat loads (17–47 W/m2). Performances were evaluated based on DR (draft rating), PMV (predicted mean vote), ACE (air change effectiveness) and heat removal effectiveness (HRE). The results show that CJV had higher HRE and IAQ than MV and LMCJ/LMCJ-M had higher ACE than HMCJ. The main effects of lower Ts were higher velocities, DR (HMCJ particularly) and HRE in the occupied zone as well as lower temperatures and PMV-values. HMCJ and LMCJ produce MV conditions at lower airflow rates (<4.2 ACH) and non-uniform conditions at higher airflow rates. LMCJ-M had 7% higher HRE than the other CJV supply devices and produced non-uniform conditions at lower airflow rates (<3.3 ACH). The non-uniform conditions resulted in LMCJ-M having the highest energy efficiency of all devices.
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16.
  • Andersson, Harald, 1987- (författare)
  • Optimization of confluent jets ventilation with variable airflow
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In recent years, applications of confluent jets for design of ventilation supply devices have been widely studied. Similarly, numerous studies have been made on the potential and application of variable air volume (VAV) in order to reduce the energy demand of ventilation systems. This study investigates the combination of confluent jets ventilation (CJV) and VAV, both in terms of the near-field flow behavior of the device and the impact on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy efficiency in conference room and classroom environments when the airflow rate is varied. For the investigation of CJV with VAV in a classroom environment two experimental studies were performed. One was a field study in a school classroom with a constant supply temperature and four cases with varying heat loads and airflow rates. The other took place in a laboratory environment with five cases, all with varying heat loads, supply temperatures and airflow rates. The two experimental studies measured mean age of air, air speeds and temperatures in the occupied zone. Both studies showed that CJV had higher energy efficiency and indoor air quality than conventional mixing ventilation. The main effects of lower supply temperatures were higher velocities in the occupied zone as well as lower temperatures due to higher energy efficiency . CJV produces mixing ventilation conditions at lower airflow rates (<4.2 ACH) and non-uniform conditions at higher airflow rates. The thermal comfort was similar to that of conventional mixing ventilation and had very small temperature gradients compared to displacement ventilation. For the investigation of CJV with VAV in a conference room environment three combined experimental and numerical studies were performed. One focused on the jet velocity profiles from the CJV supply device, the results of which were used as boundary conditions for the two other studies. The second study measured the conditions in the confluent jet development area and the occupied zone experimentally for six cases with different supply temperatures, airflow rates and nozzle matrix configurations. The results were used for validating the numerical model which was used in the last paper. The final paper was a parametric numerical study which used the response surface method to investigate the impact of four design variables: heat load, number of nozzles, airflow rate and supply temperature on energy efficiency, indoor air quality and thermal comfort. The results show that indoor air quality is increased with higher airflow rates. The energy efficiency has a negative correlation to the heat load but a positive correlation to the airflow rate which results in relatively stable heat removal effectiveness of 110% as heat load is increased and the VAV system compensates with higher airflow rates. The results also show that in a VAV system which aims at providing  uniform temperatures in the occupied zone, the thermal comfort is mostly dependent on a combination of the CLO value and the range of the airflow rates. At low CLO values the range of the airflow rate needs to be increased to create a satisfactory thermal climate.
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17.
  • Angele, Kristian, et al. (författare)
  • Flow Mixing Inside a Control-Rod Guide Tube : Part 2—Experimental Tests and CFD-Simulations
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. - 9780791849323 ; , s. 655-663
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alarge number of control rod cracks were detected during therefuelling outage of the twin reactors Oskarshamn 3 and Forsmark3 in the fall of 2008. The extensive damage investigationfinally lead to the restart of both reactors at theend of 2008 under the condition that further studies wouldbe conducted in order to clarify all remaining matters. Also,all control rods were inserted 14% in order to locatethe welding region of the control rod stem away fromthe thermal mixing region of the flow. Unfortunately, this measureled to new cracks a few months later due toa combination of surface finish of the new stems andthe changed flow conditions after the partial insertion of thecontrol rods. The experimental evidence reported here shows an increasein the extension of the mixing region and in theintensity of the thermal fluctuations. As a part of thecomplementary work associated with the restart of the reactors, andto verify the CFD simulations, experimental work of the flowin the annular region formed by the guide tube andcontrol rod stem was carried out. Two full-scale setups weredeveloped, one in a Plexiglass model at atmospheric conditions (inorder to be able to visualize the mixing process) andone in a steel model to allow for a highertemperature difference and heating of the control rod guide tube.The experimental results corroborate the general information obtained through CFDsimulations, namely that the mixing region between the cold crud-removalflow and warm by-pass flow is perturbed by flow structurescoming from above. The process is characterized by low frequent,high amplitude temperature fluctuations. The process is basically hydrodynamic, causedby the downward transport of flow structures originated at theupper bypass inlets. The damping thermal effects through buoyancy isof secondary importance, as also the scaling analysis shows, howevera slight damping of the temperature fluctuations can be seendue to natural convection due to a pre-heating of thecold crud-removal flow. The comparison between numerical and experimental resultsshows a rather good agreement, indicating that experiments with plantconditions are not necessary since, through the existing scaling lawsand CFD-calculations, the obtained results may be extrapolated to plantconditions. The problem of conjugate heat transfer has not yetbeen addressed experimentally since complex and difficult measurements of theheat transfer have to be carried out. This type ofmeasurements constitutes one of the main challenges to be dealtwith in the future work.
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18.
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19.
  • Arghand, Taha, et al. (författare)
  • An experimental investigation of the flow and comfort parameters for under-floor, confluent jets and mixing ventilation systems in an open-plan office
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 92, s. 48-60
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a new trend to convert the workplaces from individual office rooms to open offices for motivating money saving and better communication. With such a shift the ability of existing ventilation systems in meeting the new requirements is a challenging question for researchers. The available options could have an impact on workers' health in terms of providing acceptable levels of thermalcomfort and indoor air quality. Thus, this experimental investigation focuses on the performances of three different air distribution systems in an open-plan office space. The investigated systems were: mixing ventilation with ceiling-mounted inlets, confluent jets ventilation and underfloor air distribution with straight and curved vanes. Although this represents a small part of our more extensiveexperimental investigation, the results show that all the purposed stratified ventilation systems (CJV and UFAD) were more or less behaving as mixing systems with some tendency for displacement effects. Nevertheless, it is known that the mixing systems have a stable flow pattern but has the disadvantage of mixing contaminated air with the fresh supplied air which may produce lower performance and in worst cases occupants' illness. For the open-plan office we studied here, it will be shown that the new systems are capable of performing better than the conventional mixing systems. As expected, the higher air exchange efficiency in combination with lower local mean age of air for corner-mounted CJV and floor-mounted UFAD grills systems indicates that these systems are suitable for open-plan offices and are to be favored over conventional mixing systems.
  •  
20.
  • Bakhtiari, Hossein, 1982- (författare)
  • Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Night Ventilation in a Historic Office Building in Nordic Climate
  • 2020
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Envelopes with low thermal performance are common characteristics in European historic buildings resulting in insufficient thermal comfort and higher energy use compared to modern buildings. There are different types of applications for the European historic buildings such as historic churches, historic museums, historic theatres, etc. In historic buildings refurbished to offices, it is vital to improve thermal comfort for the staff. Improving thermal comfort should not increase, preferably reduce, energy use in the building.The overall aim in this research is to explore how to improve thermal comfort in historic buildings without increasing, preferably reducing, energy use with the application of non-intrusive methods. This is done in form of a case study in Sweden. Thermal comfort issues in the case study building are determined through a field study. The methods include field measurements with thermal comfort equipment, data logging on BMS, and evaluating the occupant’s perception of a summer and a winter period indoor environment using a standardized questionnaire. According to questionnaire and thermal comfort measurements results, it is revealed that the summer period has the most dissatisfied occupants, while winter thermal comfort is satisfactory – but not exceptionally good.Accordingly, natural heat sinks could be used in form of NV, as a non/intrusive method, in order to improve thermal comfort in the building. For the historic building equipped with mechanical ventilation, NV strategy has the potential to both improve thermal comfort and reduce the total electricity use for cooling (i.e. electricity use in the cooling machine + the electricity use in the ventilation unit’s fans). It could decrease the percentage of exceedance hours in offices by up to 33% and reduce the total electricity use for cooling by up to 40%. The optimal (maximum) NV rate (i.e. the potential of NV strategy) is dependent on the thermal mass capacity of the building, the available NV cooling potential (dependent on the ambient air temperature), COP value of the cooling machine, the SFP model of the fans (low SFP value for high NV rate is optimal), and the offices’ door scheme (open or closed doors).
  •  
21.
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22.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, Doktor, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Comparing thermal comfort and air quality performance of two active chilled beam systems in an open-plan office
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2352-7102. ; 22, s. 56-65
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The traditional air distribution and supply devices in ventilated rooms are not always able to effectively remove excess heat from the space. Therefore, chilled beams, especially the active systems, are used to achieve the desired cooling demand. The focus of this paper was the potential benefit of a newly designed active chilled beam (ACB) system, to improve heat removal effectiveness local thermal condition and indoor air quality in the occupants’ breathing zone. The system based on 1-way flow design (1W-ACB) was installed in an open-plan office and its performance was studied by analysing the temperatures, velocities and tracer gas concentrations in predetermined risky zones. The system was compared against a traditional 4-way flow design (4W-ACB).The obtained results showed that heat removal effectiveness was slightly higher for the 1W-ACB system compared to the 4W-ACB system. The local thermal condition was very good close to the workstations when using 1W-ACB. The benefits of the new system were also shown in the occupied zone by analysing the mean age of air and air-change effectiveness (ACE) in the breathing level at the workstation locations. The 1W-ACB system provided air with lower mean age (fresher air), and therefore higher ACE, near the breathing zone at the workstations compared to the 4W-ACB. On the other hand, the 4W-ACB system had the advantage of providing high thermal and mean age of air uniformity throughout the room.
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23.
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24.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Computed tomography for indoor application
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 4:4, s. 349-364
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper deals with tomographic techniques for two-dimensional spatially resolved concentration measurements indoors. This represents a significant advance over the traditional point measuring method for mapping tracer gas and pollutants. Methods for recording of data are stressed as well as different types of tomographic reconstruction algorithms such as the Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) and the modified Low Third Derivative (LTDm) methods. Among the reconstruction algorithms available today, SBFM and LTDm are among the most promising. These algorithms show potential for reconstruction of gas concentration in rooms, since they are regularized to converge towards smooth concentration distributions. Using the LTD method and ‘snapshot’ configuration enables the examination and real-time monitoring of transient flows.
  •  
25.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Computed Tomography for Indoor Applications
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 4:4, s. 349-364
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
  •  
26.
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27.
  •  
28.
  •  
29.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, 1974- (författare)
  • Mapping tracer gas concentrations using a modified Low Third Derivative method : numerical study
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: The International Journal of Ventilation. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1473-3315 .- 2044-4044. ; 18:2, s. 136-151
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In indoor applications, computed tomography is the process of transforming a network of intersecting attenuation measurements into a spatially resolved two-dimensional concentration map. In this study the Low Third Derivative method (LTD) was numerically evaluated and optimized for different conditions. A modified version of the LTD algorithm (LTDm) was proposed and evaluated against the original version. Eight test maps were reconstructed under different conditions, such as weight ratio, pixel resolution, beam density and measurement noise. Performance of both LTD algorithms was found to be intimately related to the number of peaks and complexity in the test map and the steepness of the peaks. The LTDm algorithm improved the quality, especially for concentration maps including steep gradients and regions with very low concentrations. The LTDm method heavily lessened aliasing distortions and efficiently minimized the effects of noise.
  •  
30.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Measurements of Air Temperatures Close to a Low-Velocity Diffuser in Displacement Ventilation Using Infrared Camera
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 34, s. 687-698
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The near zone of supply air diffusers is very critical for the indoor climate. Complaints of draft are often associated with low-velocity diffusers in displacement ventilation because the air is discharged directly into the occupied zone. Today, the knowledge of the near zone of these air supply diffusers is insufficient, causing an increased need for better measuring methods and representation of the occupied zone. A whole-field measuring technique has been developed by the authors for visualization of air temperatures and airflow patterns over a large cross-section. In this particular whole-field method, air temperatures are measured with an infrared camera and a measuring screen placed in the airflow. The technique is applicable to most laboratory and field test environments. It offers several advantages over traditional techniques; for example, it can record real-time images within large areas and capture transient events. The purpose of this study was to conduct a parameter and error analysis of the proposed whole-field measuring method applied to a flow from a low-velocity diffuser in displacement ventilation. A model of the energy balance, for a solid measuring screen, was used for analyzing the influence of different parameters on the accuracy of the method. The analysis was performed with respect to the convective heat transfer coefficient, emissivity, screen temperature and surrounding surface temperatures. Theoretically, the temperature difference between the screen and the ambient air was found to be 0.2–2.4 °C for the specific delimitation in the investigation. However, after applying correction the maximum uncertainty of the predicted air temperature was found to vary between 0.62 and 0.98 °C, due to uncertainties in estimating parameters used in the correction. The maximum uncertainty can be reduced to a great extent by estimating the convective heat transfer coefficient more accurately and using a screen with rather low emissivity.
  •  
31.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Airflows and Temperature Patterns of a Low-Velocity Diffuser
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. ; , s. 765-770
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this article, four turbulence models are studied to capture the flow and temperature behavior of the air close to a low-velocity diffuser for displacement ventilation. Turbulence is modeled by means of one zero-equation model and three different two-equation models, i.e. the LVEL, the RNG, the Standard k-e, and the Chen-Kim model. They are evaluated for their performance in predicting the air flow patterns and temperature profiles close to the diffuser. The models are validated with measurements performed both with traditional point measuring techniques and a whole-field measurement method. The prediction of the velocity and the temperature by the three two-equation models is generally satisfactory. The predictions from the RNG and the Chen-Kim model were almost the same and slightly different than the standard k-e model. The RNG model and the Standard k-e model are computationally much more stable than the Chen-Kim model.
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32.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical investigation of Air Change Effectiveness in an Office Room with Impinging Jet Ventilation
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4<sup>th</sup> international Conference on Building Energy &amp; Environment. - Melbourne : Conference On Building Energy & Environment - COBEE2018, Melbourne Australia. - 9780646982137 ; , s. 641-646
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Providing occupant comfort and health with minimum use of energy is the ultimate purpose of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems. This paper presents the air-change effectiveness (ACE) within a typical office room using impinging jet ventilation (IJV ) in combination with chilled ceiling (CC) under different heat loads ranging from 6.5 - 51 W per square meter floor area. In this study, a validated CFD model based on the v2f turbulence model is used for the prediction of air flow pattern and ACE. The interaction effect of chilled ceiling and heat sources results in a complex flow with air circulation. The thermal plumes and air circulation in the room result in a variation of ACE within the room but also close to the occupant. For all studied cases, ACE is above 1.2 close to the occupants, indicating that IJV is more energy efficient than mixing ventilation.
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33.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical modeling of a complex diffuser in a room with displacement ventilation
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 45:10, s. 2240-2252
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A micro/macro-level approach (MMLA) has been proposed which makes it possible for HVAC engineers to easily study the effect of diffuser characteristics and diffuser placement on thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In this article the MMLA has been used to predict the flow and thermal behavior of the air in the near-zone of a complex low-velocity diffuser. A series of experiment has been carried out to validate the numerical predictions in order to ensure that simulations can be used with confidence to predict indoor airflow. The predictions have been performed by means of steady Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and the results have good agreement both qualitatively and quantitatively with measurements. However, measurements indicated that the diffusion of the velocity and temperature was to some extent under-predicted by the RSM, which might be related to high instability of the airflow close to the diffuser. This effect might be captured by employing unsteady RSM. The present study also shows the importance of detailed inlet supply modeling in the accuracy of indoor air prediction.
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34.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Prediction of indoor airflow close to a supply device using SST-SAS Model
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Ventilation 2015 - Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Industrial Ventilation. - : International Conference on Industrial Ventilation. ; , s. 681-688
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Modern diffusers applied in the field of ventilation of rooms are often complex in terms of geometry, including perforated plates, dampers, guide rails, curved surfaces and other components inside the diffuser, with the intention to create satisfying thermal comfort for the occupants. Also connecting ducts can be different for the same diffuser in different situations, affecting the supply velocity profile. It is obvious that simulation of airflow and air temperature particularly in rooms with displacement ventilation is very troublesome, particularly if the near-zone of the diffuser is of interest. Experiments commonly indicate very high turbulence intensities in the near-zone of displacement ventilation supply devices, especially close to the floor where high mean flow gradient occurs. This indicates that the air flow from inlet devices designed for displacement ventilation might be very unsteady; the position of the stream leaving the diffuser and entering the room is changing with time, hence diffusion of momentum and temperature are increased. Also Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities occurs, resulting in mixing and entrainment of surrounding air into the gravity current. These effects are not captured correctly in RANS simulations, since it is performed with the assumption of time-independent conditions. In this paper URANS simulations were performed for prediction of velocity and temperature distribution close to a complex air supply device in a room with displacement ventilation. The presented study show that URANS with the SST-SAS ￜￜ - ￜￜ turbulence model predicts the air velocities and air temperatures very well close to the air supply device. The URANS computation using the SST-SAS model seems to successfully contribute to the reproduction of large-scale unsteady flow patterns in the near-zone of the supply device, and therefore enable more accurate prediction of the velocity and temperature distributions compared to the steady-RANS computation and dissipative URANS models.
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35.
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36.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, Doktor, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Towards benchmarking of urban air quality based on homogenous surface emission
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Results in Engineering (RINENG). - : Elsevier. - 2590-1230. ; 20
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Here, it is presented a possible methodology and experimental model for benchmarking of air quality in cities. The concept behind the methodology is that a city’s inherent structure affects the potential for contaminant removal due to the resistance it poses to inflow. The approach is based on homogenous emission across the street surface network, representing a worst-case situation. Different levels of complexity can be used for benchmarking, making it valuable for evaluating different layouts. Additionally, an urban ventilation index suitable for these kinds of experimental studies has been suggested. 
  •  
37.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Unsteady CFD simulations for prediction of airflow close to a supply device for displacement ventilation
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. ; , s. 47-54
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Modern diffusers applied in the field of ventilation of rooms are often complex in terms of geometry, including perforated plates, dampers, guide rails, curved surfaces and other components inside the diffuser, with the intention to create satisfying thermal comfort for the occupants. Also connecting ducts can be different for the same diffuser in different situations, affecting the supply velocity profile. It is obvious that simulation of airflow and air temperature particularly in rooms with displacement ventilation is very troublesome, particularly if the near-zone of the diffuser is of interest. Experiments commonly indicate very high turbulence intensities in the near-zone of displacement ventilation supply devices, especially close to the floor where high mean flow gradient occurs. This indicates that the air flow from inlet devices designed for displacement ventilation might be very unstable; the position of the stream leaving the diffuser and entering the room is changing with time, hence diffusion of momentum and temperature are increased. This effect is not captured in RANS simulations, since it is performed with the assumption of time-independent conditions. In this paper URANS simulations were performed for prediction of velocity and temperature distribution close to a complex air supply device in a room with displacement ventilation. The presented study show that unsteady simulations with the realizable turbulence k-ε model generates too high eddy viscosity and therefore damps out the unsteadiness of the flow especially inside the diffuser.
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38.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, Doktor, 1974-, et al. (författare)
  • Urban Morphology and City Ventilation
  • 2020
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose of the paper is to examine the relation between urban morphology, wind direction and air flow rates. In the study a highly idealized city model was used consisting of a circular block divided into two or four equally large sectors. Wind tunnel experiments and CFD predictions have been conducted. The interaction between the atmospheric boundary layer and a city is considered to be both a function of the overall shape and the internal resistance to the flow caused by the friction when the wind flows over the urban surfaces. Flow along the streets is generated by pressure differences. In the wind tunnel, velocity measurements have been recorded in the streets at several points and pressure on the ground was registered in 400 points. The wind tunnel measurements were used to validate the CFD model. The CFD predictions provided complete flow and pressure fields for different configurations and wind directions. The flow balance is presented considering both the horizontal air flow and the vertical air flow (subsidence and updraft). Special attention was on the pressure distribution at ground level (pressure footprint), which is believed to provide valuable information that can be used for qualitative city ventilation analyses. 
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39.
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40.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, 1974- (författare)
  • Visualization of Air Flow, Temperature and Concentration Indoors : Whole-field measuring methods and CFD
  • 2006
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The thermal indoor climate is a complicated combination of a number of physical variables, all of which strongly affect people’s well-being. The indoor climate not only heavily affects people’s health and life quality, but also their productivity and ability to work efficiently. One of the reasons why so many problems are associated with indoor climate is that it is more or less invisible; it is hard to understand something that cannot be seen. In particular, the near-zone of supply air diffusers in displacement ventilation is very critical. Complaints about drafts are often associated with this type of ventilation system. The main aim of this research is to improve the knowledge of the whole-field techniques used to measure and visualize air temperatures and pollutant concentrations. These methods are explored with respect to applicability and reliability. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to predict the velocity and temperature distributions and to improve the current limitations. Infrared thermography is an excellent technique for visualization of air temperature and airflow pattern, particular in areas with high temperature gradient, such as close to diffusers. It is applicable to both laboratory and field test environments, such as in industries and workplaces. For quantitative measurements the recorded temperatures must be corrected for radiation heat exchange with the environment, a complicated task since knowledge about the local heat transfer coefficients, view factors and surrounding surfaces are needed to be known with good accuracy. Computed tomography together with optical sensing is a promising tool in order to study the dispersion of airborne pollutants in buildings. However, the design of the optical sensing configuration and the reconstruction algorithm has a major influence on the performance of this whole-field measuring technique. A Bayesian approach seems to be a rational choice for reconstruction of pollutant concentration indoors, since it avoids the high noise sensitivity frequently encountered with many other reconstruction methods. A modified Low Third Derivative (LTD) method has been proposed in this work that performs well particular for concentration distributions containing steep gradients and regions with very low concentrations. CFD simulation is a powerful tool for visualization of velocities, airflow pattern and temperature distribution in rooms. However, for predictions of the absolute value of the physical variables the CFD model have to be validated against some reference case with high quality experimental data. CFD predictions of air temperatures and velocities close to a complex supply diffuser are very troublesome. The performance of CFD prediction of the airflow close to a complex supply diffuser depends mainly on the accuracy of the diffuser, turbulence and wall treatment modeling.
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41.
  • Cehlin, Mathias, et al. (författare)
  • Visualization of Isothermal Low-Reynolds Circular Air Jet Using Computed Tomography.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: <em>Proceedings of 6 th <em>World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, and Thermodynamics</em></em>.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The intention of this paper was to demonstrate the principle and usefulness of computed tomography for concentration field measurements. Radial extinction coefficient profiles have been reconstructed using the LTD approach in the transition region of an isothermal jet of air at Reynolds number of 2 600. Reconstructed profiles were compared against velocity profiles at axial distances ranging from 2 to 20 nozzle diameters downstream. Results indicate that the width parameter of the reconstructed scalar distribution is around 23 % larger than the velocity distribution for distances between 10 and 20 nozzle diameters downstream. This finding is in good agreement with the results of other investigators. This technique has evidently yielded an accurate description of the scalar field of the round isothermal free jet. The quality of the reconstructions is very promising considering the relatively few measurement data, projection angles and low pixel resolution used in this study. Ccomputed tomography is superior for monitoring chemical concentrations over larger areas (whole room) when PMS and PLIF are unfeasible.
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42.
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43.
  • Chen, Huijuan, et al. (författare)
  • Computational investigation on the factors influencing thermal comfort for impinging jet ventilation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 66, s. 29-41
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Impinging jet ventilation (IJV) has been proposed to achieve an effective ventilation of an occupied zone in office and industrial buildings. For IJV systems, draught discomfort is the issue of most concern since it supplies cooled air directly to the occupied zone. This study investigated a number of factors influencing draught discomfort and temperature stratification in an office environment equipped with IJV. The factors considered were: shape of air supply device, discharge height, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to identify the level of the significance of the parameters studied, as well as to develop the predictive models for the local thermal discomfort. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to perform a set of required studies, and each simulation condition was determined by the Box – Behnken design (BBD) method. The results indicated that at a low discharge height, the shape of air supply device had a major impact on the flow pattern in the vicinity of the supply device because of the footprint from impinging jet, which consequently affected the draught risk level in the occupied zone. A square-shaped air supply device was found to result in lower overall draught discomfort than rectangular and semi-elliptic shapes. The RSM analysis revealed that the supply airflow rate had a significant impact on the draught discomfort, while the shape of air supply device and discharge height had moderate effects. The temperature stratification in the occupied zone was mostly influenced by the supply air temperature within the range studied.
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44.
  • Chen, Huijuan (författare)
  • Experimental and numerical investigations of a ventilation strategy – impinging jet ventilation for an office environment
  • 2014
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A well-functioning, energy-efficient ventilation system is of vital importance to offices, not only to provide the kind of comfortable, healthy indoor environment necessary for the well-being and productive work performance of occupants, but also to reduce energy use in buildings and the associated impact of CO2 emissions on the environment. To achieve these goals impinging jet ventilation has been developed as an innovative ventilation concept.In an impinging jet ventilation system, a high momentum of air jet is discharged downwards, strikes the floor and spreads over it, thus distributing the fresh air along the floor in the form of a very thin shear layer. This system retains advantages of mixing and stratification from conventional air distribution methods, while capable of overcoming their shortcomings.The aim of this thesis is to reach a thorough understanding of impinging jet ventilation for providing a good thermal environment for an office, by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) supported by detailed measurements. The full-field measurements were carried out in two test rooms located in a large enclosure giving relatively stable climate conditions. This study has been divided into three parts where the first focuses on validation of numerical investigations against measurements, the second addresses impacts of a number of design parameters on the impinging jet flow field and thermal comfort level, and the third compares ventilation performance of the impinging jet supply device with other air supply devices intended for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, under specific room conditions.In the first part, velocity and temperature distributions of the impinging jet flow field predicted by different turbulence models are compared with detailed measurements. Results from the non-isothermal validation studies show that the accuracy of the simulation results is to a great extent dependent on the complexity of the turbulence models, due to complicated flow phenomena related to jet impingement, such as recirculation, curvature and instability. The v2-f turbulence model shows the best performance with measurements, which is slightly better than the SST k-ω model but much better than the RNG k-ε model. The difference is assumed to be essentially related to the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy predicted in the vicinity of the stagnation region. Results from the isothermal study show that both the SST k-ω and RNG k-ε models predict similar wall jet behaviours of the impinging jet flow.In the second part, three sets of parametric studies were carried out by using validated CFD models. The first parametric study shows that the geometry of the air supply system has the most significant impact on the flow field. The rectangular air supply device, especially the one with larger aspect ratio, provides a longer penetration distance to the room, which is suitable for industrial ventilation. The second study reveals that the interaction effect of cooling ceiling, heat sources and impinging jet ventilation results in complex flow phenomena but with a notable feature of air circulation, which consequently decreases thermal stratification in the room and increases draught discomfort at the foot level. The third study demonstrates the advantage of using response surface methodology to study simultaneous effects on changes in four parameters, i.e. shape of air supply device, jet discharge height, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature. Analysis of the flow field reveals that at a low discharge height, the shape of air supply device has a major impact on the flow pattern in the vicinity of the supply device. Correlations between the studied parameters and local thermal discomfort indices were derived. Supply airflow rates and temperatures are shown to be the most important parameter for draught and stratification discomfort, respectively.In the third part, the impinging jet supply device was shown to provide a better overall performance than other air supply devices used for mixing, wall confluent jets and displacement ventilation, with respect to thermal comfort, heat removal effectiveness, air exchange efficiency and energy-saving potential related to fan power.
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45.
  • Chen, Huijuan, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical investigation of the flow behavior of an isothermal impinging jet in a room
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 49, s. 154-166
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The impinging jet concept has been proposed as a new ventilation strategy for use in office and industrial buildings. The present paper reports the mean flow field behavior of an isothermal turbulent impinging jet in a room. The detailed experimental study is carried out to validate the numerical simulations, and the predictions are performed by means of the RNG k-ε and SST k-ω model. The comparisons between the predictive results and the experimental data reveal that both of the tested turbulence models are capable of capturing the main qualitative flow features satisfactorily. It is found that the predictions from the RNG k-ε model predicts slightly better of the maximum velocity decay as jet approaching the floor, while the SST k-ω model accords slightly better in the region close to the impingement zone. Another important perspective of this study is to investigate the influence of different flow and configuration parameters such as jet discharge height, diffuser geometry, supply airflow rate and confinement from the surrounding environment on the impinging jet flow field with the validated model. The obtained data are presented in terms of the jet dimensionless velocity distribution, maximum velocity decay and spreading rate along the centerline of the floor. The comparative results demonstrate that all the investigated parameters have certain effects on the studied flow features, and the diffuser geometry is found to have the most appreciable impact, while the supply airflow rate is found to have marginal influence within the moderate flow range. 
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46.
  • Chiesa, Giacomo, et al. (författare)
  • Remove sensible heat from indoor environments
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: International Energy Agency - Resilient Cooling of Buildings - State of the Art Review. - Vienna : Institute of Building Research & Innovation. ; , s. 130-189
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The world is facing a rapid increase of air conditioning of buildings. It is the motivation of Annex 80 to develop, assess and communicate solutions of resilient cooling and overheating protection. Resilient Cooling is used to denote low energy and low carbon cooling solutions that strengthen the ability of individuals and our community to withstand, and prevent, thermal and other impacts of changes in global and local climates. It encompasses the assessment and Research & Development of both active and passive cooling technologies of the following four groups:Reduce heat loads to people and indoor environments.Remove sensible heat from indoor environments.Enhance personal comfort apart from space cooling.Remove latent heat from indoor environments.The present review sums up the state of the art in cooling solutions which may be regarded as resilient. Its main objective is to systematically describe the available cooling solutions, their physical basis, their benefits and limitations, their technology readiness level, their practical availability, and applicability. Doing so, the State-of-the-Art Review forms the basis for the work of Annex 80.
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47.
  • Darbandi, Tayebeh (författare)
  • Fine Particle Collection in Small-Scale Biofuel Boilers Using Packed-Bed Wet Scrubbers
  • 2024
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Small-scale biofuel boilers are one source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, advertently discharging PM into the air and affecting both human health and the environment. According to the World Health Organization, PM was the fifth leading factor of premature death in 2015. To address this issue, the European Commission’s Clean Air Policy Package was established in 2013, aiming to reduce emissions from energy sources by half by 2030. In Europe, small-scale biofuel boilers and domestic heating systems significantly contribute to the total PM emissions. Therefore, it is imperative to find an economical method for cleaning the flue gas expelled from small-scale boilers.The primary aim of this thesis is to investigate the mechanics of PM cleaning and identify the major parameters that influence cleaning efficiency in the case of flue gas in small-scale biomass boilers. To achieve this goal, an experimental setup has been constructed at Luleå University, comprising a 20kW boiler, three heat exchangers, a generator, and a packed-bed wet scrubber. The flue gas generated during combustion heats the water in the boiler, and heats the absorption solution in the generator, then the total flue gas flow through the absorber (packed bed wet scrubber). A packed-bed wet scrubber is used to bring the flue gas into contact with the absorption solution, thereby removing PM from the gas. The solution is then passed through a filter for purification. A portion of the solution is directed to the generator, where absorbed water in the scrubber is evaporated, and the concentrated solution is returned to the absorber. During an extensive 8-month study, the stability of the solution in collecting PM was tested and showed no signs of deterioration. The system’s average efficiency in collecting PM with a size range of D50 (0.8–10 µm) was found to be 60%. Additionally, the heat recovery of the system was improved by 18%.To elucidate the forces acting on PM within the wet scrubber, CFD simulations of various operational conditions were conducted using Ansys Fluent 19.2. These simulations revealed that the concentration gradient had the most significant impact on PM collection, which is explained by the diffusiophoresis phenomenon. However, the temperature gradient (thermophoresis) did not significantly affect PM collection. The influence of diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis on different PM sizes was also examined for varying flue gas velocities, temperatures, and water vapour mass fractions. The results showed that higher flue gas velocities and larger particle sizes decreased the particle collection efficiency. The simulation results were validated through comparisons with established empirical models.Next, the impact of the operational conditions on PM collection efficiency was investigated. Based on the simulations, experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of the water vapour concentration gradient, temperature gradient, and different heights of the packed-bed material in the absorber. The measurements indicated that higher water vapour concentrations increased the PM collection efficiency. To enhance the system’s efficiency, it is recommended to minimise the solution temperature and maximise the concentration of the absorption solution. Furthermore, a fully packed bed in the absorber provided higher particle collection performance than the half- and quarter-filled packed bed.Additional measurements were conducted to evaluate the influence of several other parameters on system efficiency: gas velocity, bed material, humidity, solution flow rate, and using water as a cleaning liquid.Higher flue gas velocities were observed to diminish the contact time between the flue gas and the absorption solution, increasing the effect of the drag force on PM, resulting in reduced collection efficiency. Moreover, an increased flue gas humidity had a positive impact on collection efficiency, primarily owing to its favourable effect on the diffusiophoresis force. A half-filled packed bed of steel pall rings showed higher performance compared with a half-filled packed bed of ceramic Berl saddles. The analysis also revealed no significant difference in efficiency between the wet scrubber column with a half-filled packed bed of steel pall rings and one with a half-filled packed bed of ceramic Berl saddles. A quarter-filled absorber of steel pall rings showed similar results to an empty absorber, indicating an inadequate pressure drop. Additionally, water was less effective than salt solutions, providing force in the opposite direction of the wet surface within the absorber and decreasing the particle collection efficiency.In the subsequent phase, the system’s ability to remove PM from various pelletised fuels was assessed. Each fuel type, including stem wood pellets, mine waste pellets, municipal solid waste pellets, and poplar pellets, exhibited different levels of PM emissions. In the case of stem wood pellet combustion, fine particles with diameters of less than 1 μm were predominant, and the trend was consistent for the other tested fuels. Notably, the system demonstrated 50% efficacy in reducing PM emissions from poplar pellets, which exhibited the highest levels of released PM, and the efficiency may be increased further by increasing the absorber height. The findings from this research may help in developing more efficient systems for cleaning the flue gas in small-scale boilers.
  •  
48.
  • Haghshenas, Samira, et al. (författare)
  • Multi-Objective Optimization of Impinging Jet Ventilation Systems: Taguchi Based CFD Method
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Building Simulation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1996-3599 .- 1996-8744. ; 11:6, s. 1207-1214
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents a Taguchi method-based approach that can optimize the operating performance of impinging jet ventilation (IJV) systems with limited computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results. The Taguchi optimization calculation finds the best operating design for the weighted overall objective function as a presenter of the multi-objective function problem. The method is used to optimize the operating characteristics of an IJV system considering the factors of supply air temperature, level of the return air vent and percentage of the air exhausted through the ceiling to achieve an overall best performance of thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and system energy performance as the objective functions. The study indicates the contribution percentage for each factor in each objective function. The level of the return air vent, the supply air temperature, and the percentage of air exhausted through the ceiling have a contribution of 35.8%, 28.5%, and 35.8% in the objective functions, respectively. Based on the results, the best performance of the IJV system happens when the inlet air temperature is 18 °C, the height of the return air vent is 2 m above the floor, and the percentage of air exhausted through the ceiling is 22.5%.
  •  
49.
  • Honghao, Ren, et al. (författare)
  • A state-of-the-art review on connection systems, rolling shear performance, and sustainability assessment of cross-laminated timber
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Engineering structures. - : Elsevier. - 0141-0296 .- 1873-7323. ; 317
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is one of the most sustainable, robust, and green building materials nowadays and is normally used for walls, floors, or roofs. The number of studies on CLT has increased significantly since 2010, which shows the acceptance and needs of CLT. Connection systems, rolling shear performance, and sustainability are the popular and main research topics within CLT, including wooden connections, metallic connections, adhesive and rod connections, aspect ratio, bonding performance, life cycle assessment, carbon emission, and environmental impact. Based on these three branches, the current study conducts a literature review on CLT. This review article aims to provide a valuable view and better understanding of CLT, which are linked to (1) promoting the usage of CLT and (2) summarizing the weaknesses of the CLT’s research. This article presents a full background of the CLT research and gives potential research directions for CLT as a structural material. It revealed that the design and analytical methodologies for novel timber and steel connections are the main trends. As for the CLT’s rolling shear performance, standardized testing protocol, environmental impact, and bonding quality need further development. Furthermore, the data collection, selection, and influence of different policies are important for the CLT’s sustainability assessment.
  •  
50.
  • Honghao, Ren, et al. (författare)
  • Literature Review on Development and Implementation of Cross-Laminated Timber
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment. - Singapore : Springer. - 9789811998218 - 9789811998225
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Achieving the targets of the Paris Agreement as an international treaty on climate change requires global climate actions by all sectors, including ensuring that buildings are more energy efficient. Today’s modern buildings employ a worldwide well-known and versatile usable building material which is a new type of green low-carbon engineered wood product, cross-laminated timber (CLT), for their structural frames. CLT as an innovative plate-shaped product provides a laminated structure and great physicomechanical characteristics. This article studies the development status and implementation of CLT in Europe, emphasizing its material properties and load-bearing characteristics. The newest findings related to CLT are reported. Also, the environmental benefits of using CLT in the construction industry are discussed. Moreover, the energy performance and performance of the utilized CLT elements are highlighted. According to our findings, the embodied energy and embodied carbon are significantly lower in CLT constructions compared with reinforced concrete and steel structures. Finally, the prospects of CLT are presented.
  •  
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