| 1. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-
(författare)
-
Patterning the Dutch Compact City
- 2001
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A major challenge to town planners in Britain is to help fulfil current and future housing need in a sustainable manner and avoid excessive development land take.This thesis therefore establishes what future development models are currently under debate and undertakes extensive research into Governments preferred option the 'Compact City'. Research focuses on empirical data for sustainable development and arguments for/against a policy of urban intensification.On conclusion that research alone fails to provide a sufficient basis for promoting a policy of 'Compact Cities', research emphasis was placed on the Dutch planning system, which has promoted such a policy for over a quarter of a century. Dutch experience was used to answer many unresolved arguments surrounding the 'Compact City' and an investigation was undertaken into how the Dutch have made this policy successful.In light of the fact that Dutch experience has shown that high quality urban housing is fundamental to attracting residents back to cities, an investigation of current UK generic housing models was undertaken and these were tested against sustainable density research and UK/Dutch design advice. On comparison it was established that many failed both tests and it was established that additional housing types could be required under a policy of 'Compact Cities'. An alternative development brief for additional housing models was therefore developed and this brief was investigated through the design of three alternative housing types.In final conclusion it was proposed that the Dutch treatment of density could provide a model for future planning in England and their design principles could aid the creation of alternative urban housing types.
|
|
| 2. |
- Johansson, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
-
Förstudie för Centrum för planering för Gång
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är resultatet av en förstudie för projektförslaget Centrum för Planering för Gång, hädanefter kallat Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång. Syftet med det tilltänkta forskningsprogrammet är att arbeta med transportslaget gång enligt de två övergripande projektmålen att öka kunskapen om (1) hur gångtrafiken kan öka och (2) hur trafikslagets säkerhetssituation kan förbättra. Syftet är även att integrera dessa tillsammans, på ett systematiskt och tvärvetenskapligt sätt inom trafikplaneringen. Betydelsen av att ”färdas till fots” är bred i denna ansats, med fokus på att behandla det ”som ett transportsätt".I denna förstudie har tre seminarier genomförts för att identifiera forskningsämnen, partners, behovet och fokus av ett sammanhållet forskningsprogram avseende transportslaget gång och dess olika aspekter. De tre seminarierna har ordnats med deltagare från kommuner, Trafikverket och andra statliga aktörer, teknik- och designföretag/Innovationsföretagen m.fl. Denna förstudie avser således verksamhetsplanering för fortsatt Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång.Deltagarna till seminarierna valdes strategiskt ut från författarens professionella nätverk. Syftet var att inkludera ett stort antal olika intresseorganisationer, offentliga myndigheter och privata företag från hela Skandinavien. Totalt bjöds 162 personer in till de tre seminarierna, och totalt 68 personer deltog vid ett, två, eller alla tre seminarierna. De identifierade övergripande frågeställningarna eller perspektiven var:Synen på gångtrafik och fotgängareEtt tydligt och genomgående tema eller perspektiv i seminarierna var den makthierarki som befästs inom trafikmiljön. Den dominerande synen är att motoriserad transport prioriteras, följt av cykling. Längst ned i hierarkin finns gång.Samhällelig och rumslig planeringDetta tema behandlar planering i en vid betydelse – på gatunivå ända upp till urban/regional nivå.Från både ett design-, säkerhets- och upplevelseperspektiv är mjuka värden såsom upplevelser, trygghet och estetik viktiga komponenter i relation till att uppmuntra transportslaget gång.Data och indikatorer och data för uppföljningOavsett om det handlar om exponeringsdata, skadedata, trygghetsdata eller framåtblickande indikatorer i relation till fotgängare finns stora brister i datakvalitet och definitioner. Bristen på data innebär i sin tur att utvärderingar av interventioner är svåra att genomföra.Ansvar och organisationBehoven hos fotgängare, oavsett om dessa relaterar till underhåll, planering eller säkerhet, är spridda på många olika samhällsaktörer.Brist på övergripande strategier och riktlinjer samt ett spretigt forskningsfältTrots det miljö- och hälsomässiga fördelarna av gång finns inga nationella strategier för hur antalet fotgängare ska öka eller hur mängden steg ska öka.Socio-ekonomiska aspekterivDå socio-ekonomiska faktorer är centrala för att förstå och förklara risk, exponering och beteendemönster är bristen på denna typ av kunskap problematiskt. Inte minst gäller detta i relation till planering, interventioner eller underhåll för att veta hur olika socioekonomiska grupper påverkas och deras möjlighet att gå (på ett säkert sätt).• Samhällsekonomiska effekterFör att fullt ut förstå gångens fulla effekt på individer och samhälle behövs en mer sammansatt förståelse av transportslaget gångs effekter på samhällets kostnader och vinster.En övergripande modellUtöver perspektiven ovan identifierades också ett övergripande perspektiv – relationen mellan individen, klimatet och dess omkringliggande (byggda) miljö.Vår målsättning är att Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång ska bli ett nationellt kunskapsprogram för forskning och utbildning om transportslaget gång och fotgängare. Grunden för vår verksamhetsidé är att forskningsprogrammet ska vara öppet för alla relevanta aktörer och intressenter för kunskapsutbyte och innovation för transportslaget gång och fotgängare. Forskningsprogrammet Planering för Gång ska öka det tvärvetenskapliga samarbetet, arbeta för långsiktig kunskapsuppbyggnad, knyta forskningen närmare samhället och uppfylla följande syften om transportslaget gång och fotgängare:Att möta samhällets utmaningar och aktörernas behov genom tillämpad forskning och utveckling samt spridning av kunskap.Att bygga upp en långsiktig, konkurrenskraftig och sammanhållen kompetens inom transportslaget gång och fotgängare genom forskning, utbildning och professionell erfarenhet.Att skapa en plattform för excellent och innovativ forskning.Baserat på utredningen ovan är förslaget att organisationsformen för ett framtida ”center” är forskningsprogram. Detta ger de tydligaste förutsättningarna gällande både organisation och hantering av ekonomi. Organisationsformen forskningsprogram ger även möjlighet till den mest inkluderande ansatsen, olika typer av professionella organisationer kan delta, och det blir tydligt hur och när eventuell medfinansiering kan ske, samt hur avtal för det kan tas fram.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Carmona, Matthew, et al.
(författare)
-
Public Places – Urban Spaces : The Dimensions of Urban Design
- 2010
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public Places Urban Spaces 2e is a thorough introduction to the principles of urban design theory and practice. Authored by experts in the fields of urban design and planning, it is designed specifically for the 2500 postgraduate students on Urban Design courses in the UK, and 1500 students on undergraduate courses in the same subject. The second edition of this tried and trusted textbook has been updated with relevant case studies to show students how principles have been put into practice. The book is now in full colour and a larger format, so students and lecturers get a much stronger visual package and easy to use layout, enabling them to more easily practically apply principles of urban design to their projects. Sustainability is the driving factor in urban regeneration and new urban development, and the new edition is focused on best sustainable design and practice
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Arctic Risk in Urban Spaces (ARUS) : Report of meeting 16th & 17th January 2018
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Report from the ARUS workshop in Abisko Research Station of the 16th and 17th January 2018. The workshop was used to develop a project agenda and key issues around changing risks in the Arctic public realm. Whilst this workshop was exploratory, the aim was to identify design challenges to urban space that climate change could bring for soft mobility. The objective was to develop a research strategy that can develop ways to adapt Arctic settlements to these new environmental risks. The goal is to grow these agendas into research applications and funded research.
|
|
| 8. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-
(författare)
-
Arctic Urbanization and Climate Change
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Winter Cities Conference; Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 1-23 february 2020, Siberia, Russia..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 9. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-
(författare)
-
By Design, from design guidance to built form
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores the planning policy era of By Design: Urban design in the planning system: towards better practice through the lens of Planning Policy Guidance 1 (PPG1): General Policy and Principles and Planning Policy Guidance 3: Housing. The paper explores the objectives of urban design, as set out in By Design against PPG1’s objective to promote higher standards of urban design and PPG3’s objective to revise housing densities. Research takes a systematic approach to reviewing the evidence base available for the production of By Design and analyses density targets and urban design objectives against generic housing types of the day and four housing led development schemes delivered during the policy period. The paper argues that on density grounds, only two of the researched generic housing types delivered the density targets prescribed by PPG3, requiring the development industry to bring forward new models of development. The case study analysis establishes that the industry was able to adapt to the objectives of By Design with selected developments delivering the urban design objectives set out in By Design and density standards of PPG3. The paper concludes by arguing that whilst ‘By Design’ was extinguished as policy in 2012, its design objectives are still valid and may be relevant to new emerging dimensions related well-being as part of; Ease of movement and seasonal climate change as part of; Quality of the public realm.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Climate change and human behaviour : Understanding modal choice in a rapidly urbanising Arctic
- 2019
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This poster explores the human dimension of non-motorised transport, i.e. soft-mobility in Arctic communities. Empirical results are used to show how people’s modal choice in the European Arctic is being influenced by climate evolution and human-made climate change. From these results, it is possible to conceive new visions of the how to design the outside environments of Arctic settlements that can better enable people to move around in Arctic communities with reduced reliance on vehicles. At the societal level, this research will help reduce energy consumption and pollution from transport.
|
|
| 13. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Climate change and human behaviour : Understanding modal choice in a rapidly urbanising Arctic
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Arctice Frontiers Science.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This research explores the human dimension of non-motorised transport, i.e. soft-mobility in Arctic communities. Empirical results are used to show how people’s modal choice in the European Arctic is being influenced by climate evolution and human-made climate change. From these results, it is possible to conceive new visions of the how to design the outside environments of Arctic settlements that can better enable people to move around in Arctic communities with reduced reliance on vehicles. At the societal level, this research will help reduce energy consumption and pollution from transport. For the individual, it highlights social, economic and the health benefits of soft-mobility. This includes creating places that are attractive, safe, and recognisable, as a basis for people’s informed decision-making about outdoor activities and modal choice. Pilot projects are ongoing in Riksgränsen, Björkliden and Abisko (Sweden) with data collected from residents and tourists using citizen science. Outcomes have practical and policy implications for town planning and tourism.
|
|
| 14. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Climatic barriers to soft-mobility in winter : Lulea, Sweden as case study
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Sustainable cities and society. - : Elsevier. - 2210-6707. ; 35, s. 574-580
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban form can moderate the effects of weather on human movement. As such, the interrelationship between built environment, weather and human movement is a critical component of urban design. This paper explores the impacts of weather on non-motorised human movement (soft-mobility). Throughout we look at soft-mobility from the citizen’s perspective and highlight the barriers to soft-mobility in winter.The aim of this study was to test the traditional pallet of winter city urban design considerations. Those of solar-access, wind and snow management and explore other weather and terrain conditions that act as barriers to soft-mobility in winter. This study is based on survey responses from 344 citizens in the sub-arctic area of Sweden. Outcomes from the research highlight that rain, icy surfaces and darkness are today’s most significant barriers to soft-mobility in winter.Results from this study link changing barriers to soft-mobility in winter with climate change. The paper concludes that future urban design and planning for winter cities needs to consider a wider pallet of weather conditions, especially rain.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Designing winter cities : Arctic urbanisation and Asian mobilities consumption
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Asian Mobilities Consumption in a Changing Arctic. - London : Taylor & Francis. ; , s. 168-180
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter considers an urbanising Arctic and the design of winter cities with a specific focus on Asian mobilities consumption. The chapter explores how Asian consumption mobilities can be seen as the outcome of interactions between the built environment of Arctic settlements, individuals and climate.Special attention is placed on how the built environment of Arctic cities is modified and shaped by “winter”. The focus is placed on the theory of urban morphology, production of space and ongoing climate change. This is important in order to understand Asian tourist mobilities in Arctic settlements because these environments bring unexpected conditions and challenges for tourists’ perceptions of heritage sites and their mobility between them. The chapter concludes by presenting some urban design recommendations for Arctic cities that can assist in understanding and enabling Asian mobilities in a changing Arctic.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Practical urban planning for winter cycling : lessons from a Swedish pilot study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport & Health. - : Elsevier. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1413. ; 21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionA detailed understanding of how the weather affects cycling is lacking. Where research has been carried out, the focus has often been on temperate and hotter climates; little research has been carried out regarding cycling in colder climate communities. This study therefore investigated the lived experience of winter-season cycling to provide empirical data for planning winter cycling in cold-climate communities.MethodsBetween 1 December 2017 and 30 April 2018, the activities of 13 cyclists (eight female and five male, mean age 42 years, age range 11–74 years) in Luleå, Sweden, were surveyed. Methods: Structured questionnaires, individual travel diaries, and recorded data for outdoor temperature, precipitation type, and snow cover were used.Results1) Cycle level and frequency could be maintained during the winter season; 2) in winter, participants were more likely to use their bicycles for commuting than other activities, 3) electric bicycles helped winter cycling significantly; 4) the quality of the cycling infrastructure is critical to making winter cycling attractive.ConclusionFor winter cycling to be successful, town planners need to consider winter cycling as a specific activity with its own design, policy and management requirements. This study has shown that year-round cycling can be achieved in cold-climate communities, with all its attendant potential health benefits.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Toward an Integrated Model for Soft-Mobility
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key urban design challenge is to create built environments that encourage outdoor activityall year round. This study explores a new model for soft-mobility that places the interaction betweenthe urban form, the seasonal climate and climate change, and the individual at the center of people’ssoft-mobility choices, or in more general, their modal choice. The research methods used werecomparative studies of documents, surveys, mental mapping, and photo elicitation. These studieswere undertaken to research people’s outdoor activity in the built environment during the winterseason of a cold climate settlement. The results were analyzed against the three-dimensions of themodel. In the discussion it is argued that in places with significant climate variation, the interactionbetween the urban form, the season, and the individual together influence soft-mobility choices. Inturn, these interactions influence people’s level of outdoor activity and the individual health benefitssuch activity can aord. In conclusion, it is highlighted that all three dimensions of the model are in aconstant state of change and evolution, especially in relation to planning and development processesand climate change.
|
|
| 24. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Updating Winter: The Importance Of Climate-Sensitive Urban Design For Winter Settlements
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Arctic Yearbook. - : Northern Research Forum ; University of the Arctic Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. - 2298-2418.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores winter settlement urban design principles to begin to identify climate related conditions that are affecting soft mobility (walking and cycling) in these communities.Winter communities have evolved lifestyles and means that fit with working and living with local conditions and seasonal variations. With climate change, however, comes evolving weather’s that these communities need to adapt too. These changes may present new risks and unexpected challenges to outdoor soft mobility in the community.Public policy highlights physical inactivity as a major health concern. For these communities, winter has always limited outdoor soft-mobility. Here, we understand that in winter outdoor activity can be reduced by weather and fear of accidents.People’s understanding of the barriers and enablers to soft mobility are also often based on experience and ability to detect environmental clues. To help winter communities maximise the opportunities for outdoor soft mobility and the wellbeing benefits this can bring, built environments need to be designed with an understanding of climate change. This study explores barriers and enablers to soft mobility in winter and discusses them in light of climate change and human wellbeing. It is argued that established principles of urban design may require re-evaluation if we want to increase outdoor soft mobility in winter. Increases in physical activity could help reduce costs and pressures on health services by creating safer and more walkable communities. The paper concludes by suggesting that communities should focus on more context based winter urban design principles that account for ongoing climate change.
|
|
| 25. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-
(författare)
-
Urban design of winter cities : Winter season connectivity for soft mobility
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All across the world the form of the built environment is playing a crucial role as enabler or inhibitor for urban outdoor activity such as soft mobility. Urban form can make it more attractive for people to be mobile outdoors and playing a role in the public life, or it can put people off venturing outside. For winter cities, a question for urban design is how we can design environments that are attractive for outdoor activity in the winter season as well as summer and additionally how will climate change influence these aspects.The reason for studying this is the importance of understanding how, in relation to urban form, weather, seasonal variations, and climate change influences human outdoor activity. In this study the focus on outdoor activity is problematised around the concern that people spend a low percentage of their time outdoors in winter conditions. For society, the problem is that this trend and the related low levels of physical activity are associated with a range of health issues.To study this the main question for this research is what attracts and hinders soft mobility during the winter season and how can this knowledge underpin new considerations about urban design for connectivity in winter cities? To address this, the research methods focused on document studies, surveys, mental mapping, photo elicitation and semi-structured discussions.The study works at three scientific levels. Firstly, it seeks to understand the interrelationship between the built environment and people’s outdoor activity in winter. Secondly, it attempts to understand how connectivity for soft mobility in winter is being affected by weather and climate change. Thirdly, it seeks new ways of thinking about how the urban form can be designed to increase outdoor soft mobility in winter.The discussion and conclusions focused on the argument that in winter settlements, the winter season can alter spatial patterns and settlement organisation. Here it was argued that in these settlements the winter season can be an aspect of urban morphology and can be part of the process of shaping the public realm and its connectivity for soft mobility in winter.
|
|
| 26. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-
(författare)
-
Urban Designer : Myth or Reality?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Plan: tidskrift för planering av landsbygd och tätorte. - : Föreningen för samhällsplanering. - 0032-0560. ; 69:4, s. 42-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 27. |
- Chapman, David, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Winter City Urbanism : Enabling All Year Connectivity for Soft Mobility
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores connectivity for soft mobility in the winter season. Working with residents from the sub-arctic city of Luleå, Sweden, the research examines how the interaction between the built environment and winter season affects people’s use of the outdoor environment. The research questions for this study are, 1) how do residents perceive the effects of winter on an areas spatial structure and pattern of streets and pathways? and 2) what enablers and barriers impact resident soft mobility choices and use of the public realm in winter? Methods used were mental mapping and photo elicitation exercises. These were used to gain a better understanding of people’s perception of soft mobility in winter. The results were analysed to identify how soft mobility is influenced by the winter season. The discussion highlights that at the neighbourhood scale, residents perceive that the winter alters an areas spatial structure and pattern of streets and pathways. It was also seen to reduce ease of understanding of the public realm and townscape. In conclusion, it is argued that new and re-tooled town planning strategies, such as extending blue/ green infrastructure planning to include white space could help better enable all year outdoor activity in winter cities.
|
|
| 28. |
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
- Cowan, Rob, et al.
(författare)
-
Qualityreviewer : Appraising the design quality of development proposals
- 2010
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preface Foreword Planning for quality How to use Qualityreviewer Part A: Qualityreviewer Understand the place Understand the proposal Understand the implementation Make the decision Qualityreviewer at a glance Part B: Thinking about design and quality Using diagrams Six sets of design qualities Part C: Quality reviewer in the planning process Pre-application discussions Effective design statements Outline and full planning applications Beyond assessment Appendices
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Larsson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
-
Changing risks to outdoor activity in the Arctic : Resilience to climate-related community change
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic communities have over generations evolved lifestyles that fit with working and living with local conditions and seasonal variations. With climate change, however, comes evolving and unknown weather’s that these communities need to adapt too. These environmental changes may present new risk and unexpected outcomes to outdoor activity that communities will need to address.In subarctic regions, pedestrians encounter a variety of road or pavement surface conditions, such as snow, ice, melting ice or mixed icy and snowy surfaces. Slips and falls are a significant cause of work- and leisure-time accidents. The costs for medical care of fall-related injury treatment is high. Fear can also result in physical inactivity which is a significant population health concern worldwide. This presentation highlights the traditional risks associated with outdoor activity in winter and how they are changing with climate change. It does this through the analysis of survey responses about the use of outdoor public space. The survey is from 1) 344 people in the city of Luleå Sweden (Dfc climate classification area), and 2) 325 responses from people living in Dfb and Dfc climate areas across the world, e.g. Canada.At a societal level, this change suggests that new forms of sustainable development and public policy are needed. These could help reduce costs and pressures on the health services by creating safer and more walkable arctic communities. Here costs and benefits related to inactivity and injury are high and affect both the individual and society as a whole.
|
|
| 33. |
- Larsson, Agneta, Dr, et al.
(författare)
-
Healthy Ageing and Outdoor Environment in the Arctic - Methodological Considerations
- 2024
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Older residents' ability to move safely and independently throughout the year is critical to maintaining quality of life and function and postponing disability. There are few studies of environmental determinants of outdoor mobility for older people in rural areas, and even fewer cover the Nordic Arctic areas and its winter season.Our project investigates how people aged 70 or older perceive their lived urban and rural mobility space and the impact of environmental conditions commonly found in Nordic Arctic settlements in wintertime. The methodology is an exploratory mixed-method design, where we use a tailored questionnaire followed by focus group interviews to collect more specific data. Three regions of Finland (Lapland, Kainuu, Northern Ostrobothnia), two regions of Sweden (Norrbotten, Vasterbotten), and the whole of Iceland are covered.In this presentation, we will share our experiences and development of the methodology for the data collection. The questions must be expressed and understood similarly by respondents across Sweden, Finland and Iceland, and also across diverse residence typologies, for example, urban or rural. Hence, the wordings, definitions, contexts, and typologies of places are currently discussed within the research group and will also be an essential issue addressed during focus group interviews later in the project. Expected outcomes, such as tailored questionnaires and new knowledge, can be used to create safer outdoor environments and public spaces for older people living in the Nordic Arctic.
|
|
| 34. |
- Larsson, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
-
Outdoor human environments : the changing face of climatic barriers to soft mobility and gathering in winter communities
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: In Arctic regions, generations have evolved lifestyles that fit with working and living with local conditions and seasonal variations. With emerging climate changes new risks appear and prior individual experiences based on preconceptions of risk may not remain valid. In everyday life, soft-mobility is required in varying conditions, such as ice and snow covered surfaces, darkness, extreme weather conditions. Inability to detect environmental clues to risk is a critical aspect for injury. Also, fear and activity avoidance lead to an increased risk of physical inactivity, a significant population health concern worldwide. Methods: An explorative survey, on subjective ratings of barriers to 1) soft mobility and 2) the use of outdoor public space in winter was performed. The EAMQ –Climate survey, tailored for climatic sensitive urban design research, include dimensions of distance, ambient and terrain, and a range of weather conditions found in winter, such as sun, coldness, wind, ice and ground surface properties (ice, snow, slush). Respondents were 1) 344 people in Northern Sweden, and 2) 361 people in Canada and Scandinavia. Results: The results highlight that rain, icy surfaces and darkness are today’s most significant barriers to soft-mobility in winter. For the use of outdoor public spaces, the most significant barriers were slushy and icy surfaces, rain precipitation and darkness. Conclusions: The traditional risks associated with outdoor activity in winter are changing with climate change. Future urban design and planning for safer and more walkable winter cities need to consider a more extensive pallet of weather conditions.
|
|
| 35. |
- Larsson, Agneta, Dr, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in winter settlements
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International journal of biometeorology. - : Springer. - 0020-7128 .- 1432-1254. ; 64:4, s. 631-642
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to assess the impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in Scandinavia and Canada. Between September 21 and December 18, 2017, a cross-sectional online survey ‘EAMQ-Climate: space’ was distributed via web-based platforms. Survey responses were received from 361 residents (258 people from Scandinavia and 103 from Canada). The relative impact of the meteorological determinants on the use of public space was calculated, and a factor analysis was performed. Disparities between Canada and Scandinavia as well as between the climate zones represented were analysed using ANOVA. Overall results showed that the most significant meteorological enablers for the use of outdoor public spaces in winter were solar gain, snowfall and snow-covered surfaces. The main barriers were slush-covered and icy surfaces, rainfall and darkness. Wind and cold were conditions with less influence. The impact of rain and ice, however, differed between climatic zones. It was also established that, when addressing the meteorological impact on avoiding the use of public spaces in winter, it is vital to discriminate between conditions related to a) the ground surface and b) ambient conditions, as well as the particular significance of c) snow and sun, and d) darkness. For the design of public space in winter cities, we conclude that designers need to focus on a wider range of weather conditions than sun, wind and cold, and include snow, rainfall, slushy and icy ground and poor visibility. The study suggests that winter public space has a higher climatic design requirement to be successful than streets and pathways that are mainly used for soft mobility.
|
|
