| 1. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia
(författare)
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Demand aspects of RoRo shipping services – the shippers’ perspective
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 27th IPSERA (International Purchasing & Supply Education & Research Association) Conference, 25-28 March, Athens, Greece.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integration of shipping into ‘green’ supply chains represents a big challenge for the transport industry. This paper analyses the purchasing chain of RoRo shipping services and identifies the determinants that have impact on its competitiveness. A taxonomy of determinant factors in the purchasing process of RoRo shipping services is developed highlighting the interactions between them and drawing attention to the barriers that prevent the further employment of this transport mode. The results suggest that a different management ‘culture’ on carriers-shippers’ relationships and efficient port operations are key determinants for the establishment of successful intermodal RoRo services.
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| 2. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Determinant factors for the development of maritime supply chains: The case of the Swedish forest industry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-624X. ; 8:3, s. 711-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integration of shipping into multimodal supply chains represents a major challenge for the transport industry due to the reduced external effects of waterborne transport compared to land-based modes of transport. Roll on-Roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, due to the fast cargo handling and the high frequency of departures. RoRo segment is quite developed in Sweden, representing 22% of the maritime segments, while forestry industry is one of the main shippers of RoRo services in the intra-European trade. This paper analyses the purchasing chain of forestry RoRo shipping services and identifies the determinants that have impact on its competitiveness. 8 semi-structured interviews with RoRo shipping operators, forestry companies and freight forwarders in Sweden were conducted, providing valuable input to this study. A taxonomy of determinant factors in the purchasing process of forestry RoRo shipping services is developed highlighting the interactions between them and drawing attention to the barriers that prevent the further employment of this transport mode. The results suggest that a different management ‘culture’ on carriers-shippers’ relationships and efficient port operations are key determinants for the establishment of successful intermodal RoRo services. © 2020 World Conference on Transport Research Society
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the Main Opportunities and Challenges from the Implementation of a Port Energy Management System: A SWOT/PESTLE Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is among the greatest environmental threats facing the globe today and the abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is concerning all the industrial sectors contributing to the problem. The maritime transport sector has already implemented several measures for energy efficiency for the reduction of its GHG emissions, including both vessels and ports. This paper focuses on the prospects and challenges facing the development of a port energy management system. It analyzes the main factors which exert an impact on such a plan and that need to be taken into account for its successful implementation. A SWOT/PESTLE analysis is utilized for the identification of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that have a positive or negative effect on the adoption and successful implementation of a port energy management system. This analysis is based on empirical data from two leading North-European port authorities. Given the fact that ports are currently focusing on the reduction of their energy consumption, this paper's results have particular significance in that they could enlighten and inform the adoption of a port energy management plan within ports.
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| 5. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line
- 2021
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Ingår i: Maritime Economics & Logistics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1479-2931 .- 1479-294X. ; 23, s. 632-654
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyse shipping firms' reactions to environmental challenges and identify how significant reductions in energy consumption and air emissions can come about by implementing a variety of voluntary initiatives. The paper focuses on the various sustainability initiatives implemented by the Swedish short sea shipping operator, Stena Line, either on a purely voluntary basis as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy or as their chosen route for compliance with regulations. A conceptual model is developed based on stakeholder theory, the theory of planned behaviour and resource dependence theory to understand the main drivers of the firm's adoption of sustainability initiatives and the factors affecting the integration of CSR in maritime companies. According to our findings, the company operates within a strongly enforced regulatory environmental framework and needs to exceed this framework to differentiate its service and strengthen its relationships with its customers by addressing their social and environmental concerns. As the firm's competitive strategy focuses on service differentiation, a large pool of complementary resources is available for CSR and the implementation of sustainability practices. The results of this paper bring new insights to the potential of local private voluntary initiatives for the reduction of maritime air emissions. These include the provision of onshore power supply, the conversion of vessels to use methanol, ferry electrification, the construction of larger RoPax vessels and the implementation of an energy-saving program that focuses on crew involvement and continuous training. The environmental outcomes derived from a combination of local operational and technical energy efficiency measures are found to be significant and can contribute to the efforts for the achievement of sustainable maritime transport undertaken by international and regional organisations. The main barriers for the adoption of voluntary sustainability initiatives in the maritime sector are economic and technological. To encourage the wider adoption of these initiatives, the provision of economic incentives at national or regional level is crucial, as such initiatives usually imply high initial installation costs that should be somehow compensated for both vessels and terminals.
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| 6. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Short-distance maritime geographies: short sea shipping, RoRo, feeder and inter-island transport
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geographies of Maritime Transport - Transport, Mobilities and Spatial Change, Eds. Gordon Wilmsmeier and Jason Monios. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar. - 9781788976633 ; , s. 134-148
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter focuses on shipping goods short and medium distances, domestically or within an economic region – often referred to as short sea shipping (SSS). It gives an overview of the main SSS segments and particularly elaborates on the two SSS signature segments, roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) shipping and container feeder shipping. Geographically and empirically, the rendering is most detailed for Europe. Trends, prospects and challenges for SSS are explored in a more general context.
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| 7. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Short Sea Shipping
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Deep sea shipping is generally accepted as the most environmentally friendly and energy efficient mode of transport. It is also true for large segments of short sea shipping (SSS), here simply defined as maritime transport that does not cross oceans. The sustainability performance of the SSS signature market segment of Roll on–roll off (RoRo) and Roll on–Roll off Passenger (RoPax), however, has been strongly questioned due to the generally low load factor and high operational speeds. SSS is less researched than deep sea shipping and it deserves more scientific attention. This is particularly true for the market segment of RoRo and RoPax. However, SSS also includes dry and wet bulk, ferry services and, with the operational definition of this Special Issue, transport on inland waterways as well. This issue intends to enrich and expand the existing literature on sustainable maritime transport, taking into consideration the particular operational and organizational features of SSS. Under this consideration, six papers covering sustainability issues of SSS operations in three continents have contributed to this Special Issue.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings – This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications – The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
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| 10. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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The integration of RoRo shipping in sustainable inter-modal transport chains: the case of a North European RoRo service
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Conference, 11-14 September, Mombasa.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Roll on-Roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, as cargo does not need to be lifted in ports, it is ‘rolled’ to and from sea. This paper investigates the operation of RoRo shipping services in Northern Europe, focusing on a set of services chartered by a major shipper whose demand has a great impact on the service design, potentially affecting the frequency of departures and even stipulating the use of specific vessels. The case of a cooperation between Stora Enso, a major forest company in Sweden and Finland, and the shipping company Swedish Orient Line (SOL) is analysed giving some insight in the way these RoRo services operate and manage to integrate successfully into sustainable intermodal transport chains. Despite the various initiatives taken by different stakeholders, the level of integration of shipping in intermodal transport chains has been quite slow. This paper’s results could contribute to the identification of barriers that prevent RoRo shipping from being a viable alternative to road transport for certain transport routes and assist to the discovery of policies and incentives that could lead to the development of sustainable intermodal transport chains.
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| 11. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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The integration of RoRo shipping in sustainable intermodal transport chains: the case of a North European RoRo service
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:8, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Roll on–roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, as cargo does not need to be lifted in ports; it is ‘rolled’ to and from sea. This paper investigates the operation of RoRo shipping services in Northern Europe, focusing on a set of services chartered by a major shipper whose demand has a great impact on the service design, potentially affecting the frequency of departures and even stipulating the use of specific vessels. The case of cooperation between Stora Enso, a major forest company in Sweden and Finland, and the shipping company Swedish Orient Line (SOL) is analysed, giving some insight into the way these RoRo services operate and manage to integrate successfully into sustainable intermodal transport chains. Despite various initiatives taken by different stakeholders, the level of integration of shipping in intermodal transport chains has been quite slow. This paper’s results could contribute to the identification of barriers that prevent RoRo shipping from being a viable alternative to road transport for certain transport routes and assist in the discovery of policies and incentives that could lead to developing sustainable intermodal transport chains.
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| 12. |
- Flodén, Jonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Shipping in the EU emissions trading system: implications for mitigation, costs and modal split
- 2024
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 1752-7457 .- 1469-3062. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- EU recently decided to include shipping, meaning all intra-European shipping and 50% of extra-European voyages, in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) beginning in 2024. This article provides an early assessment of the impacts of the EU ETS on the shipping sector’s potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for different types of ships. It further examines selected mitigation measures and the impact on modals split and costs. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative estimates (based on data from the EU monitoring, reporting and verification system) with qualitative data and information from interviews with key actors and from previous literature. This approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the EU ETS. The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is expected to introduce significant incentives to reduce emissions. We estimate that switching to bio-methanol at an emissions allowance price of €90–100/tCO2 will be cost-effective for a minor share of shipping segments (representing about 0.5-5% of all ships), whereas at a price above €150/tCO2 it could be cost-effective for a considerable share (potentially 75%) of ships. In the short term, the costs incurred by the EU ETS will be passed on to transport customers as a surcharge. The increased cost may, unless properly addressed, drive carbon leakage. Meanwhile, a modal shift away from shipping may occur in the roll-on, roll-off (RoRo) and roll-on passenger (RoPax) segments due to direct competition with road and rail transport and the relative ease of shifting to other modes of transport.
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| 13. |
- Flodén, Jonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of EU-ETS on RoRo and RoPax shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: IAME 2022, International Association of Maritime Economists Conference 2022, September 14-16.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 14. |
- Giziakis, Costas, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: The case of the Greek shipping industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 39, s. 315-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most urgent environmental problems facing the shipping industry today is the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from its operations and the possible cost-effective ways in which this reduction could be accomplished. Various technical and operational measures have been proposed as well as market-based instruments for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with these measures. This paper investigates the levels of environmental awareness of the Greek shipping companies and their views and practices on the proposed policies for the reduction of GHG emissions from their ships. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to Greek shipping companies of different sizes, involved in different segments of the marine industry, so that the survey's results not only represent a large part of the Greek shipping industry but also reveal the different environmental attitudes and practices on maritime GHG emissions among the shipping companies. Given the size and the importance of the Greek shipping industry in the international maritime field, this paper's results present a special significance as they could be further analyzed and taken into account for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with any future policy instrument for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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| 15. |
- Goulielmos, Alexandros Markos, et al.
(författare)
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A future regulatory framework for CO2 emissions of shipping in the Mediterranean Area
- 2011
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- this paper tried to figure out what will be the regulatory framework forco2emissions from ships in the Mediterranean area,both on efforts from eu and imo. It is certain, indeed, that a few other areas have been regulated already, butco2emissions in the Mediterranean area are above30% of total maritime emissions in theeu27.The eu under the Kyoto protocol 1997 is committed to reduce its ghg emissions by8%by2012vis-à-vis1990. The Mediterranean area follows the worldwide pattern which is that human activities of all kinds (industrial, recreational, residential) are found near the coast. The Mediterranean area – due to its littoral states – is expected to advance further in trade and thus climatic conditions are likely to get worse. This paper presents first the regulatory frame-work for the reduction of ghg emissions from ships analyzing the four regulation systems. The Mediterranean, due to its large portshosting mother ships soon of16000 teuis an area for ships to man-ifest their economies of scale and economies of density, being also amain importing area. Thus the paper made the working hypothesis that the environmental protection must start from ports including littoral states. As shown, the Mediterranean area must be prepared for the ships destined for it to be banned, unless more energy effi-cient ships are built under incentives (a global levy scheme on marine bunkers) and indicators like eeoi/eedi in a Maritime emission trading scheme.
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| 16. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of including maritime transport in the EU ETS
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Green Deal from the European Commission in 2019 set a high aim: that EU will become climate neutral by 2050. As a part of this, the European Commission proposed that the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), is extended to include the maritime sector. This report assesses different design features of shipping in ETS, analyse the impact on the shipping industry and the environment. The report investigates what impacts the inclusion of shipping may have on incentives for abatement, what types of emission reductions may follow, if the policy will lead to modal shifts or carbon leakage (meaning that vessels avoid EU ports in order to evade the policy) and what attitudes and expectations can be found among Swedish shipping lines and transport customers.
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| 17. |
- Konstantinus, Abisai, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers and Enablers for Short Sea Shipping in the Southern African Development Community
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is an economic community comprised of 16 countries in Southern Africa with a goal to achieve development, peace, security, and economic growth. Developing the regional freight transport system is essential for accomplishing these objectives. This paper investigates the potential of short sea shipping (SSS) in an African context, highlighting policy initiatives related to SSS development and identifying barriers and enablers of SSS to support international trade in the SADC region. According to our findings, SSS has the theoretical potential to work in the SADC given the large geographic region, projected freight volumes, and customs and trade policies the SADC region is pursuing. Such a system would have three main roles: to offer unimodal freight transport between port cities, to offer the main leg of an intermodal route, and to offer feeder services to deep sea shipping in a hub-and-spoke cycle. However, freight transport in the SADC region has a number of shortfalls that need to be addressed—of note, port competitiveness, customs provisions, and policies for intra-regional trade require impetus. Additional work is required in terms of policy to support SSS. Furthermore, considering the importance of synergies, the role of policy makers in improving trust, and developing cooperation among transport chain members needs to be explored.
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| 18. |
- Mellin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Including maritime transport in the EU Emission Trading System – addressing design and impacts
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this project is to assess the overall design and consequences of including maritime transports in the EU emission trading system. The included aspects are geographical scope, allocation of allowances, time frame of implementation, as well as impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, economic impacts for the maritime sector as well as on early movers and modal split.
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| 19. |
- Merkel, Axel, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Size, specialization and flexibility : the role of ports in a sustainable transport system
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In moving towards a sustainable transport system, the Swedish government has stated that policy actions related to electrification and increasing the share of renewable fuels must be complemented with a modal shift of freight transport from road to rail and sea. The question addressed in this report is whether policies aimed specifically at improving the attractiveness of small ports in Sweden can contribute to an increased use of maritime transport by enabling more competitive services. Small ports are typically considered to be at a disadvantage due to not being able to achieve economies of scale and their lack of connectivity to large trade routes. There are significant economies of scale in port operations but increasing the competitiveness of small and peripheral ports may be key to achieving a modal shift. This study sets out to investigate broadly what would be required for maritime transport services utilizing small ports to be competitive vis-à-vis competing land-based services.Swedish small ports are at a structural disadvantage in several respects. For several small ports, users face higher costs of pilotage due to long and time-consuming navigational approaches. The current structure of fairway dues is not set up to incentivize maritime services consolidating/de-consolidating cargo at several small ports. The sum of port-related costs is high in general, which incentivizes a reduction in the number of port calls and favours a rationalization of avoidable visits at small ports.In order to investigate the potential for small ports to contribute to a modal shift, we simulate the effect of four policy scenarios aimed to improve the competitiveness of maritime freight transport as a modal alternative or to improve the competitiveness of small ports specifically. These scenarios are 1) reducing maritime transport costs, 2) increasing road transport costs, 3) reducing the costs of cargo handling at small Swedish ports and 4) reducing cargo handling times at small Swedish ports.The results show that all simulated scenarios would lead to an increase in the modal share of maritime freight transport. However, the effect of the policies that either reduce maritime transport costs overall or increase road transport costs have a greater effect on the modal split than the policies aimed specifically at small ports. The interesting finding is made that most of the increased maritime tonnage that would follow as a result of more competitive maritime freight services would be absorbed by small ports in the system. The study shows that in order to enact a successful modal shift strategy, small and peripheral ports need be considered as part of the solution. If extending the sea legs of intermodal freight trips is an objective, it is crucial to maintain a geographically diverse and highly functioning port system in order to serve the needs of shippers and cargo owners. We highlight the need for future research to more comprehensively assess how underutilized potential in the entire port system can be used to promote competitive short-sea services as a modal alternative to road.
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| 20. |
- Stelling, Petra, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Förlängda sjöben: när- och kustsjöfartens potential : Extending shipping’s share: The potential of short sea and coastal shipping
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sverige handlar i huvudsak med europeiska grannländer och en stor del av varorna transporteras med närsjöfart. Färjorna som kopplar Sverige till Danmark, Tyskland och Polen utgör viktiga transportlänkar för högförädlat gods men ofta minimeras överfartens längd för att istället maximera vägsträckan i Sverige. En effekt är att nästan en tredjedel av godsflödet i Skåne är transittransporter mellan Kontinenten och Mellansverige, Göteborgstrakten eller Norge/Oslo. En omställning från väg- till sjötransporter innebär oftast en energieffektivisering och beräknas med dagens förhärskande teknik och driftsfilosofi kunna halvera koldioxidutsläppen för varje överflyttad tonkilometer. Om allt gods som körs genom Skåne istället skulle ha transporterats sjövägen till en hamn nära godsets avsändnings- eller mottagningsort pekar studien på att mellan 4 och 11 procent av koldioxidutsläppen från tunga transporter i Sverige kan undvikas. Angivet i CO2-ekvivalenter handlar det om en reduktion på mellan 140 000 och 360 000 ton beroende på fartygstyp. Kalkylen bygger på flera antaganden och resultatet ska därmed ses som en storleksuppskattning och inte som exakta värden. Överflyttning till sjöfart via hamnar norr om Skåne skulle också ge en väsentlig avlastning av en av de tyngst trafikerade vägsträckorna i Sverige - E6 mellan Malmö och Helsingborg. Det enklaste sättet att förlänga sjöbenet är att lägga över trafiken till de längre färjelinjerna Göteborg-Kiel och Nynäshamn-Gdansk, särskilt om de kompletteras med en RoRo-avgång enbart för gods som transporteras utan att chauffören är med ombord. Därtill kan nya RoRo- och färjelinjer trafikera hamnar på Östersjöns sydkust och hamnar på kusten mellan Skåne/Blekinge och Göteborg respektive Nynäshamn. Även närsjöfartssystemen för skogsindustrin kan användas mer. Vidare kan nya slingor med stopp i flera hamnar längs Väst- och Ostkusten öka sjöfartens andel av transportsträckan eller så kan en skånsk hamn utgöra ett nav där godset lastas om till kustsjöfart. Studien bygger på enkätfrågor till transportköpare och djupintervjuer av en varuägare, nio hamnar och tre rederier. Därtill har data från en tidigare intervjustudie med chaufförer i skånska hamnar använts för att analysera godsflöden och vad som behöver förändras för att realisera en överflyttning. En viktig förutsättning för förlängda sjöben är en fortsatt ökning av transporter av lösa lastbärare och att transportköparna analyserar sina faktiska tidskrav och hur deras logistikstruktur kan anpassas till närsjöfart. Med rutinmässig beställning av en åkeritjänst dörr-till-dörr där sjöfarten är en underleverantör mellan två hamnar kommer det vara mycket svårt att få en större överflyttning till stånd. På kort sikt finns det dock inga fysiska eller tekniska hinder för en överflyttning till sjöfart, hamnarna har kapacitet att ta emot fler fartyg och kan hantera omlastning. Tillgång på fartyg anses inte heller vara särskilt problematiskt av de intervjuade rederierna. Hinder består snarare i ekonomiska kvalitativa faktorer såsom kostnad och frekvens. En annan försvårande faktor är att en mycket stor andel av transporterna avser destinationer inom ett dagsavstånd med väg, där sjöfarten måste kunna konkurrera med lastbilens flexibilitet och låga pris. Exempel på åtgärder som kan snabba på överflyttningen är reducerade farleds-, hamn- och lotsavgifter, och skärpt beskattning av CO2-utsläpp. Projektet har finansierats av Region Skåne och Trafikverket genom forskning- och innovationssatsningen Triple F som verkar för fossilfria godstransporter. Arbetet har utförts gemensamt av Region Skåne och Göteborgs universitet.
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| 21. |
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Sustainable Procurement and Environmental Performance Indices for Maritime Services
- 2019
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The growing concern of shippers on the carbon footprint of their supply chains has led to the development of various environmental indices that enable the measurement of the transport supplier environmental performance. This paper is focusing on the environmental performance indices that have been developed for the shipping industry and enable the measurement and comparison of the environmental performance of individual vessels. Two environmental indices for shipping – the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) and the Clean Shipping Index (CSI) - are analyzed in this paper highlighting their particular features and giving some evidence of their practical implementation. The scope of this paper is to investigate the usefulness of these indices for shippers and freight suppliers’ decisions and identify their effectiveness for the improvement of the environmental performance of shipping services. According to our findings, both indices are comprehensible and transparent. The credibility of the CSI is quite larger compared to the ESI, due to third party verification that is performed by various classification societies. The CSI also has a more holistic approach, consisting of a network of members built up from a broad range of maritime stakeholders in contrast to the ESI that is restricted to shipping companies and ports. The ESI is the most commonly used index for the provision of economic incentives by ports, which is an expected outcome, as this index was developed by the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH, which is formed by the ports themselves in their efforts to improve their environmental performance. The environmental differentiated port fees offered by Port Metro Vancouver and Port of Gothenburg on the basis of the vessels’ ESI and CSI scoring were investigated. The fact that, in both ports, the number of vessels that have an ESI score or a CSI Class is constantly growing, suggests that eco-labelling initiatives and the use of environmental performance indices is becoming more and more popular in the shipping industry. Apart from the shipping companies that might choose a port that rewards ‘cleaner’ vessels, the shippers themselves may require employed vessels to have such an ecolabel to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable transport. Given the growing concern of shippers on the environmental performance of their supply chains, this paper suggests that these indices are useful tools for the evaluation and measurement of the transport supplier environmental performance and could be employed by shippers and freight suppliers for their transport mode choice decisions.
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| 22. |
- Zetterberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Shipping in the EU ETS - Policy brief
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This policy brief identifies and discusses key design features for including shipping in the EU ETS and assesses modal split impacts and economic implications. The ambition has not been to provide recommendations but rather to provide an overview and brief assessment of the options that has been part of the discussion pending the final legislative proposal, including: Covered ship categories. If shipping is included in the EU ETS the system will most likely cover the same ship categories as the shipping MRV (monitoring, reporting and verification) regulation, i.e., Ships >5000 gross tonnage. This would mean that 55% of all ships calling into EEA (European Economic Area) ports (together responsible for more than 90% of the CO2 emission from shipping) would be covered by the scheme. Geographical coverage. We have identified three main options: 1) EU internal routes; 2) all incoming and outgoing routes from EU/EEA ports; and 3) semi-full coverage meaning EU internal routes plus 50% of the routes to international ports. Only targeting internal-EU shipping would significantly reduce the overall shipping emissions covered but could be an easier political sell. The shipping industry has raised concerns that a ‘global’ scope may lead to perverse incentives, e.g. ships from international ports calling at a port just outside the EU before sailing to an EU port. However, recent estimates (Transport & Environment, 2020b) suggest that the added cost associated with port stops for the purpose of evading CO2 prizing rarely makes economic sense. Included Greenhouse gases. The system will initially most likely only cover carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from shipping. Regulated entity. The ship owner is an obvious choice since they have the power to reduce emissions, by technical choices such as vessel form, power trains etc. However, for some categories of shipping it is common that the operators lease the ships. In these cases, operators may be a better choice as the regulated entity since they have power to reduce emissions by efficient routing, efficient loading and logistics. Choosing the fuel supplier will come with a high risk that fueling will occur outside the EU. Transport buyers could be the regulated entity since they are responsible for transporting the cargo and can choose other transport modes (substitution). However, it would be more administratively burdensome. Allocation of allowances. Auctioning is the main method for allocating allowances in the EU ETS. Auctioning is consistent with the polluter pays principle, transparent and creates high incentives for reducing emissions. If shipping is included in the EU ETS with semi-full geographical coverage, allowance auctioning and an allowance price of 50 EUR per ton, we estimate the compliance cost to be approximately 100 EUR per ton fuel used. This can be compared to the price of fuel which is currently at 480 EUR/ton and has varied between 200 and 500 the last 12 months. If we assume that fuel costs account for one third of total transport costs, the compliance cost for shipping in the EU ETS will be less than 7% of the total transport related costs. If instead 85% of allowances are allocated for free by benchmarking under a semi-full geographical scope, assuming an allowance price of 50 EUR per ton, we estimate the compliance cost to be 15 EUR per ton fuel used (on average for the whole sector) or approximately 1% the total transport related costs. Transport & Environment (2020b) has also investigated compliance costs, applying auctioning under a semi-full scope ETS design. They conclude that CO2 costs would add only a very small 4 amount to the overall transport costs. For transporting a standard container (TEU) from Spain to Singapore, the CO2 costs would represent less than 1% of the overall transport costs. Modal shift. Senders of goods consider transport costs to be one of the most important factors when choosing transport modes. This suggests that inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS could lead to modal shifts when there are other transport modes available. In the EU, RoRo and RoPax mostly operates on routes where there is a land-based transport option and largely utilizing road based load units, such as trucks and trailers, which makes this the most exposed segment to a potential modal shift. The extent of any modal shift will largely depend on the characteristics and competition for each route, although the currently estimated cost of EU ETS is in itself not likely to cause any major modal shift. The container feeder segment is also subject to a direct modal competition with road and rail, although to a lesser extent due to more relaxed transport time requirements and the dimensions of containers which are adapted to sea transport and are less efficiently transported by road. However, port rail shuttles could potentially compete with feeder traffic from continental Europe. We expect that bulk shipping will not be particularly impacted by the introduction of EU ETS, since typical bulk freight are often heavy weight and lower value (per ton) and cannot be efficiently transported by road. Rail has a better chance at competing in this segment, although the modal shift is also expected to be low, one reason being that the market already absorbs large fluctuations in bulk transport costs. Although EU ETS is not likely to be a major cost item for shipping, it obviously adds to total costs and might in the long run incur changes in trade patterns and localization of industry and terminals.
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