| 1. |
- Ahlberg, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
"Vi klimatforskare stödjer Greta och skolungdomarna"
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 15/3. Sedan industrialiseringens början har vi använt omkring fyra femtedelar av den mängd fossilt kol som får förbrännas för att vi ska klara Parisavtalet. Vi har bara en femtedel kvar och det är bråttom att kraftigt reducera utsläppen. Det har Greta Thunberg och de strejkande ungdomarna förstått. Därför stödjer vi deras krav, skriver 270 klimatforskare.
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| 2. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Spillovers in the regulation of multiple pollutants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 87 (2018), s. 114-134
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the interplay between policies aimed to control transboundary and local pollutants such as greenhouse gases and particulate matter. The two types of pollution interact in the abatement cost function of the polluting firms through economies or diseconomies of scope. They are regulated by distinct entities, potentially with different instruments that are designed according to some specific agenda. We show that the choice of regulatory instrument and the timing of the regulations matter for efficiency. Emissions of the local pollutant are distorted if the regulators anticipate that transboundary pollution will later be regulated through emission caps. The regulation is too stringent with diseconomies of scope, and not enough with economies of scope. In contrast, we obtain efficiency if the transboundary pollutant is regulated by emission taxes or tradable emission permits provided that the revenue from taxing emissions are redistributed to the countries in a lump-sum way and that the initial allocation of tradable emission permits is not linked to abatement costs.
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| 3. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Prices vs Quantities with Multiple Pollutants
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the choice of policy instrument price, quantity, or a mix of the two when two pollutants are regulated and firms’ abatement costs are private information. A key parameter that affects this choice is the technological externality between the abatement efforts involved, i.e., whether they are substitutes or complements. If they are complements, a mix policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on the other is sometime preferable, even if the pollutants are identical in terms of benefits and costs of abatement. Yet, if they are substitutes, the mix policy is dominated by taxes or quotas.
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| 4. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Prices vs quantities with multiple pollutants
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 22:1, s. 123-140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the choice of policy instruments (price, quantity or a mix of the two) when two pollutants are regulated and firms' abatement costs are private information. Whether abatement efforts are complements or substitutes is key determining the choice of policies. When pollutants are complements, a mixed policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on another is sometimes preferable even if the pollutants are identical in terms of benefits and costs of abatement. Yet, if they are substitutes, the mixed policy is dominated by taxes or quotas
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| 5. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategic environmental regulation of multiple pollutants
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze the interplay between policies aimed to control global and local pollution such as greenhouse gases and particulate matter. The two types of pollution interact in the abatement cost function of the polluting firms through economies or diseconomies of scope. They are regulated by distinct entities (global versus local), potentially with different instruments that are designed according to some specific agenda. We show that the choice of regulatory instrument and the timing of the regulations matter for efficiency. Emissions of local pollution are distorted if the local regulators anticipate that global pollution will later be regulated through emission caps. The regulation is too (not enough) stringent when abatement e¤orts exhibit economies (diseconomies) of scope. In contrast, we obtain e¢ ciency if the global pollutant is regulated by tax provided that the revenues from taxing emissions are redistributed to the local communities in a lump-sum way.
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| 6. |
- Ambec, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
The informational value of environmental taxes
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We propose informational spillovers as a new rationale for the use of multiple policy instruments to mitigate a single externality. We investigate the design of a pollution standard when the firms’ abatement costs are unknown and emissions are taxed. A firm might abate pollution beyond what is required by the standard by equalizing its marginal abatement costs to the tax rate, thereby revealing information about its abatement cost. We analyze how a regulator can take advantage of this information to design the standard. In a dynamic setting, the regulator relaxes the initial standard in order to induce more information revelation, which would allow her to set a standard closer to the first best in the second period. Updating standards, though, generates a ratchet effect since the low-cost firms might strategically hide their cost by abating no more than required by the standard. We provide conditions for the separating equilibrium to hold when firms act strategically. We illustrate our theoretical results with the case of NOx regulation in Sweden. We find evidence that the firms that are taxed experience more frequent standard updates.
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| 7. |
- Ambec, S., et al.
(författare)
-
The informational value of environmental taxes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727. ; 199
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose informational spillovers as a new rationale for the use of multiple policy instruments to mitigate a single externality. We investigate the design of a pollution standard when the firms' abatement costs are unknown and emissions are taxed. A firm might abate pollution beyond what is required by the standard by equalizing its marginal abatement costs to the tax rate, thereby revealing information about its abatement cost. We analyze how a regulator can take advantage of this information to design the standard. In a dynamic setting, the regulator relaxes the initial standard in order to induce more information revelation, which would allow her to set a standard closer to the first best in the future. Updating standards, though, generates a ratchet effect since a low-cost firm might strategically hide its cost by abating no more than required by the standard. We characterize the optimal standard and its update across time depending on the firm's abatement strategy. We illustrate our theoretical results with the case of NOx regulation in Sweden. We find evidence that the firms that pay the NOx tax experience more frequent standard updates and more stringent revisions than those who are exempted. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Bonilla, Jorge, 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
Diffusion of NOx abatement technologies in Sweden
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies how different NOx abatement technologies have diffused under the Swedish system of refunded emissions charges and analyzes the determinants of the time to adoption. The policy, under which the charge revenues are refunded back to the regulated firms in proportion to energy output, was explicitly designed to affect investment in NOx-reducing technologies. The results indicate that a higher net NOx charge liability, i.e. a reduction in tax liabilities net of the refund due to the new technology, increases the likelihood of adoption, but only for end-of-pipe post-combustion technologies. We also find some indication that market power considerations in the heat and power industry reduce the incentives to abate emissions through investment in postcombustion technologies. Adoption of post-combustion technologies and the efficiency improving technology of flue gas condensation are also more likely in the heat and power and waste incineration sectors, which is possibly explained by a large degree of public ownership in these sectors.
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| 9. |
- Bonilla, Jorge, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Refunded Emission Payments and Diffusion of NOx Abatement Technologies in Sweden
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 116, s. 132-145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies how different NOx abatement technologies have diffused under the Swedish system of refunded emission payments (REP) and analyzes the determinants of the time to adoption. The policy, under which the charge revenues are refunded back to the regulated firms in proportion to energy output, was explicitly designed to affect investment in NOx-reducing technologies. The main finding is that REP had a significant effect on the adoption of post-combustion technologies. Moreover, we also find some indications that the effects of REP have been enhanced by the existing system of individual emission standards. In particular, the effect of REP speeding up the pace of adoption of post-combustion technologies is considerably larger in those counties where stringent standards are in place.
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| 10. |
- Bonilla, Jorge, 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
Synergies and Trade-offs between Climate and Local Air Pollution: Policies in Sweden
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we explore the synergies and tradeoffs between abatement of global and local pollution. We built a unique dataset of Swedish heat and power plants with detailed boiler-level data 2001-2009 on not only production and inputs but also emissions of CO2 and NOx. Both pollutants are subject to strict policies in Sweden. CO2 is subject to multiple levels of governance using environmental instruments such as the EU ETS and Swedish carbon taxes; NOx – as a precursor of acid rain and eutrophication – is regulated by a heavy fee. Using a quadratic directional output distance function, we characterize changes in technical efficiency as well as patterns of substitutability in response to the policies mentioned. The fact that generating units face a trade-off between the pollutants indicates a need for policy coordination.
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| 11. |
- Bonilla, J, et al.
(författare)
-
Technical synergies and trade-offs between abatement of global and local air pollution
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 70:1, s. 191-221
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we explore the synergies and tradeoffs between abatement of global and local pollution. We build a unique dataset of Swedish combined heat and power plants with detailed boiler-level data 2001–2009 on not only production and inputs but also on emissions of CO2 and NOx. Both pollutants are regulated by strict policies in Sweden. CO2 is subject to theEuropean UnionEmissionTrading Scheme and Swedish carbon taxes;NOx— as a precursor of acid rain and eutrophication—is regulated by a heavy fee. Using a quadratic directional output distance function, we characterize changes in technical efficiency as well as patterns of substitutability in response to the policies mentioned. The fact that generating units face a trade-off between the pollutants indicates the need for policy coordination.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Air Pollution Dynamics and the Need for Temporally Differentiated Road Pricing
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation of pollution dispersion, traffic flows and vehicular emissions on pollution concentration and illustrate the need for temporally differentiated road pricing through an application to the case of the congestion charge in Stockholm, Sweden. By accounting explicitly for the role of pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, we allow for a more comprehensive view of the economy-ecology interactions at stake, showing that price differentiation is an optimal response to the physical environment. Most congestion charges in place incorporate price bans to mitigate congestion. Our analysis indicates that, to ensure compliance with air quality standards, such price variations should also be a response to limited pollution dispersion.
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| 14. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Air pollution dynamics and the need for temporally differentiated road pricing
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564. ; 75, s. 178-195
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation of pollution dispersion, traffic flows and vehicular emissions on pollution concentration and illustrate the need for temporally differentiated road pricing through an application to the case of the congestion charge in Stockholm, Sweden. By accounting explicitly for the role of pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, we allow for a more comprehensive view of the economy– ecology interactions at stake, showing that price differentiation is an optimal response to the physical environment. Most congestion charges in place incorporate price bands to mitigate congestion. Our analysis indicates that, to ensure compliance with air quality standards, such price variations should also be a response to limited pollution dispersion.
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| 15. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Provision: A Tale of Confused Objectives, Mulitple Market Failures and Policy Challenges
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Most research and funding in conservation has been oriented toward biodiversity per se. Until recently there has been little tangible effort in linking conservation to ecosystem service provision. Nevertheless, this trend seems to be changing due in part to the relative success of payment mechanisms that provide funding for the conservation of ecosystem services – defined as discrete and identifiable end-products. This paper describes the features of optimal policies to protect (i) biodiversity vs. (ii) ecosystem services and analyze to what extent the criteria in (i) and (ii) set against each other or create synergies. We also analyze how payments for ecosystem services affect the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation.
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| 16. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Provision: A Tale of Confused Objectives, Multiple Market Failures and Policy Challenges
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Handbook on the Economics of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity'. - Belgium : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 978 1 78195 151 4 - 9781781951514
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years, there has been a marked proliferation in the literature on economic approaches to ecosystem management, which has created a subsequent need for real understanding of the scope and the limits of the economic approaches to ecosystems and biodiversity. Within this Handbook, carefully commissioned original contributions from acknowledged experts in the field address the new concepts and their applications, identify knowledge gaps and provide authoritative recommendations.
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| 17. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Carbon Pricing: Transaction Costs of Emissions Trading vs. Carbon Taxes
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we empirically compare the transaction costs from monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of two environmental regulations directed to cost-efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions: a carbon dioxide (CO2) tax and a tradable emissions system. We do this in the case of Sweden, where a set of firms are covered by both types of regulations, i.e., the Swedish CO2 tax and the European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). This provides us with an excellent case study as it allows us to disentangle the costs of each regulation from other firm-specific variables that might affect the overall cost of MRV procedures. Our results indicate that the MRV costs of CO2 taxation do not depend on firms’ emissions, while they do in the case of the EU ETS. For firms of equivalent emissions’ size, the MRV costs are lower for CO2 taxation than for the EU ETS, which confirms the general view that regulating emissions upstream by means of a CO2 tax yields lower transaction costs vis-á-vis downstream regulation by means of emission trading.
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| 18. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic interests cloud hazard reductions in the European regulation of substances of very high concern
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 13:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we investigate how the conflicts between hazard reduction and economic interests have shaped the regulation of substances of very high concern (SVHCs) under the Authorization program of the European chemical regulation Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Since regulation starts with listing SVHCs on the Candidate List, we analyze the relative importance of toxicological properties, economic motivations, and available scientific knowledge on the probability of inclusion on the Candidate List. We find that the most important factor in whether a substance is listed is whether it is being produced in, or imported into, the European Economic Area (EEA), with the regulators less likely to place a substance on the list if it is currently being produced or imported in the EEA. This evidence suggests that regulators have listed chemicals of secondary importance leading to lesser than anticipated hazard reductions, either because production and imports had already ceased before the listing, or because the compound has never been produced or imported in the EEA at all.
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| 19. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Ecotourism and the Development of Indigenous Communities: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large part of the literature analyzing the links between biodiversity conservation and community development assumes that nature-based tourism managed by indigenous communities will result not only in conservation of natural resources but also in increased development. In practice, indigenous communities have often failed to implement successful ecotourism projects due to a combination of factors, including isolation and a lack of financial resources, management skills, and infrastructure. Based on a review of experiences, we analyze the complex interaction among the factors shaping the success and failure of ecotourism experiences in indigenous communities, and we stress the need for a better approach to indigenous-based ecotourism. Moreover, use of complementary economics instruments and marketing of so-called charismatic species may be crucial elements for maximizing revenues of the ecotourism activities.
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| 20. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 73:15, s. 47-55
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large part of the literature analyzing the links between biodiversity conservation and community development assumes that nature-based tourism managed by indigenous communities will result not only in conservation of natural resources but also in increased development. In practice, ecotourism has often failed to deliver the expected benefits to indigenous communities due to a combination of factors, including shortages in the endowments of human, financial and social capital within the community, lack of mechanisms for a fair distribution of the economic benefits of ecotourism, and land insecurity. Based on a review of experiences, we analyze the complex interaction among the factors shaping the success and failure of ecotourism experiences in indigenous communities, and we stress the need for a better approach to enhance the indigenous communities' livelihood possibilities coming from ecotourism, as well as to promote land tenure and communities' empowerment.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental Policy and the Size Distribution of Firms
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we analyze the effects of environmental policies on the size distribution of firms. We model a stationary industry where the observed size distribution is a solution to the profit maximization problem of heterogeneous firms that differ in terms of their energy efficiency. We compare the equilibrium size distribution under emission taxes, uniform emission standards, and performance standards. Our results indicate that, unlike emission taxes and performance standards, emission standards introduce regulatory asymmetries favoring small firms. These asymmetries cause significant detrimental effects on total output and total welfare, yet lead to reduced emissions and help preserve small businesses.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Environmental policy, technology adoption and the size distribution of firms
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883 .- 1873-6181. ; 72, s. 470-485
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential impacts of strict environmental policies on production costs and firms' competitiviness are central to the choice of which policy to implement. However, not all the industries nor all firms within an industry are affected in the same way. In this paper, we investigate the effects of emission taxes, uniform emission standards, and performance standards on the size distribution of firms. Our results indicate that, unlike emission taxes and performance standards, emission standards introduce regulatory asymmetries favoring small firms. On the contrary, emission taxes and performance standards reduce to a lower extent profits of larger firms but they do modify the optimal scale of firms. We also show that when the regulatory asymmetries created by emissions standards are taken into account, the profitability of emissions reducing technologies is higher under emission standards than under market-based instruments.
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| 26. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Fiscal Federalism, Interjurisdictional Externalities and Overlapping Policies
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze the effects of the interaction between national and local policies designed to reduce an environmental externality that causes environmental damages both nationally and locally. We formulate a theoretical model to develop hypotheses regarding the combined effects of such policies on the stringency of the local policies and on firms’ emissions reductions. To test our hypotheses, we use actual data for Sweden, where emissions of nitrogen oxides from combustion plants are subject to a heavy national tax and to individual emissions standards set by county authorities. Our analytical findings suggest that it is unlikely that local regulators will impose emissions standards stringent enough to achieve further reductions than those induced by the national tax. This is confirmed in our data, where most emissions reductions can be attributed to the national tax and the effects of the emissions standards are not significant.
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| 27. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979
(författare)
-
Fuel Taxes in Europe
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Zachariadis, T. (ed), Cars and Carbon - Automobiles and European Climate Policy in a Global Context. - : Springer Science+Business Media. - 9789400721227
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 28. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Interjurisdictional externalities, overlapping policies and NOx pollution control in Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze the effects of the interaction between national and local policies designed to reduce an environmental externality that causes environmental damages both nationally and locally.We formulate a theoretical model to develop hypotheses regarding the combined effects of such policies on the stringency of the local policies and on firms’ emissions reductions. To test our hypotheses, we use actual data for Sweden, where emissions of nitrogen oxides from combustion boilers are subject to a heavy national tax and most are also subject to individual emissions standards set by county authorities. Our analytical findings suggest that the national tax has brought along stricter emission standards. This is confirmed in our data, where emission standards are significantly more stringent when combined with the national tax.
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| 29. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Kemikalieskatter bidrar till en giftfri miljö
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet - Debatt. - 1101-2412. ; :2015-07-01
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Förslagen om att beskatta kemikalier är ett steg i rätt riktning. Den lagstiftning som finns idag är alltför svag, särskilt när det gäller så kallade blandningar av olika kemikalier. Det skriver en grupp forskare på Göteborgs universitet som arbetar med styrning av miljöeffekterna från kemikalier. Olika slags kemikalier hamnar i avloppsvattnet, och skribenterna varnar för just blandningen av olika ämnen, en så kallad cocktaileffekt.
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| 30. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Resource Management: Challenges and Policy Options
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much of the improvement in living standards in developed and developing countries alike is attributable to the exploitation of nonrenewable and renewable resources. The problem is to know when the exploitation occurs at rates and with technologies that are sustainable. If they are not sustainable, this state of affairs presents a serious problem for the future. A long-term management perspective is needed in order to avoid irreversible degradation of renewable resources. This paper examines major challenges to natural resource management as well as policy options.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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On Refunding of Emission Taxes and Technology Diffusion
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze diffusion of an abatement technology in an imperfectly competitive industry under a standard emission tax compared to an emission tax which is refunded in proportion to output market share. The results indicate that refunding can speed up diffusion if firms do not strategically influence the size of the refund. If they do, it is ambiguous whether diffusion is slower or faster than under a non-refunded emission tax. Moreover, it is ambiguous whether refunding continues over time to provide larger incentives for technological upgrading than a non-refunded emission tax, since the effects of refunding dissipate as the overall industry becomes cleaner.
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| 33. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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On Refunding of Emission Taxes and Technology Diffusion
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Strategic Behavior and the Environment. - : Now Publishers. - 1944-012X .- 1944-0138. ; 6:3, s. 205-248
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the impacts on technology diffusion of an emission tax refunded in proportion to output market share — a policy modeled after existing systems in Sweden and France— and compare to the diffusion of an abatement technology under a standard emission tax. The results indicate that refunding can speed up diffusion if firms do not strategically influence the size of the refund. If they do, it is ambiguous whether diffusion is slower or faster than under a nonrefunded emission tax. Moreover, it is ambiguous whether refunding continues over time to provide larger incentives for technological upgrades than a nonrefunded emission tax, since the effects of refunding dissipate as the industry becomes cleaner. The overall conclusion is that the effects of refunding on technology diffusion critically depends on the regulated industry’s prior technological composition and its market structure.
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| 34. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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On the Use of Market Based Instruments to Reduce Air Pollution in Asia
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high rates of economic activity and environmental degradation in Asia demand the implementation of creative and cost-effective environmental policy instruments that provide polluters with more flexibility to find least-cost solutions to pollution reduction. Despite their many theoretical advantages, the use of market-based instruments (MBIs) is a relatively recent phenomenon in Asia, partly due to policymakers being unfamiliar with MBIs and countries lacking the institutional capacity to implement and enforce them. This paper reviews the Asian experience with MBIs intended to reduce air pollution emissions and synthetizes lessons to be drawn and areas for improvement.
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| 35. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal Environmental Road Pricing and Daily Commuting Patterns
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-2615. ; 105:November, s. 297-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road pricing can improve air quality by reducing and spreading traffic flows. Nevertheless, air quality does not depend only on traffic flows, but also on pollution dispersion. In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation in pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, and show that time-varying road pricing is needed to make drivers internalize the social costs of both time-varying congestion and time-varying pollution. To this end, we develop an ecological economics model that takes into account the effects of road pricing on integrated daily commuting patterns. We characterize the optimal road pricing when pollution dispersion varies over the day and analyze its effects on traffic flows, arrival times, and the number of commuters by car.
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| 36. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal Environmental Road Pricing and Integrated Daily Commuting Patterns
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road pricing can improve air quality by reducing and spreading traffic flows. Nevertheless, air quality does not depend only on traffic flows, but also on pollution dispersion. In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation in pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, and show that time-varying road pricing is needed to make drivers internalize the social costs of both time-varying congestion and time-varying pollution. To this end, we develop an ecological economics model that takes into account the e¤ects of road pricing on integrated daily commuting patterns. We characterize the optimal road pricing when pollution dispersion varies over the day and analyze its effects on traffic flows, arrival times, and the number of commuters by car.
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| 37. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Ownership structure and prices: A case study of the Swedish tradable green certificate market
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the ownership structure among participants in the Swedish tradable green certificate (TGC) system and its implications for TGC prices. First, we investigate cross-ownership - a situation when a firm is active on both the demand and supply sides of the TGC market - by linking suppliers and obliged parties to their parent firms. Next, we calculate indexes of market concentration that account for cross-ownership. Finally, we use detailed TGC transaction-level data to analyze differences in the prices of the TGCs traded by cross-ownership versus non-cross-ownership firms. Our results show considerable cross-ownership, with many firms active on both TGC supply and demand sides. However, even after accounting for cross-ownership, the market concen-tration of the entire TGC market is low and has decreased over time. Despite the absence of market concen-tration, our analysis of TGC prices indicates that cross-ownership firms have the ability to differentiate TGC prices from non-cross-ownership firms. Such behavior is consistent with the behavioral assumption that the ultimate owner's objective is to maximize the total profit of the portfolio of shares, and that, therefore, the pricing behavior would differ from that of a perfectly competitive firm without ownership links to other firms in the industry.
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| 38. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979
(författare)
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Political Economy of Listing of Substances of Very High Concern in the European REACH Regulation
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Candidate List of the European Union regulation on the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals—known as REACH— gives advanced information to industry and other stakeholders about substances that may have serious effects on human health and the environment—known as substances of very high concern (SVHCs). Both the European Chemical Agency and EEA Member States can prepare dossiers proposing substances to be considered for inclusion on the Candidate List. This study investigates what types of SVHCs are suggested by different countries, and in particular, how the national production of the substances and their toxicological properties can affect the countries’ decision to submit a dossier. Moreover, I investigate what substances for which a dossier has been submitted are finally put forward for inclusion on the Candidate List and what types of comments are raised during the public consultation allowing stakeholders to provide further information on the properties of the substance. The results indicate that national economic interests have affected not only the decisions to submit a dossier but also what substances to propose for inclusion on the list, where countries submit dossiers mainly for substances where they expect little opposition from other member countries or from domestic actors.
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| 39. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory dealing: Technology adoption versus enforcement stringency of emission taxes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Contemporary economic policy. - : Wiley. - 1074-3529. ; 32:2, s. 451-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the role of targeted enforcement of emissions taxes when the regulator wants to minimize aggregate emissions via the adoption of new more environmentally friendly technology. The regulator wants to speed up the path of technology adoption generated by a policy of uniform enforcement (that monitors adopters and nonadopters with the same probability) by engaging in a regulatory deal where a reduced monitoring probability is granted in "exchange" for adoption of the new technology. We set up a theoretical model, characterize the circumstances in which such dealing minimizes aggregate emissions, and test our hypothesis using economic laboratory experiments. Our analytical and experimental results suggest that even though such a deal might imply an increased level of violation by adopters, such tolerance is rather an integral part of an overall enforcement strategy that minimizes aggregate emissions when the rate of adoption is endogenous. (JEL L51, Q53, Q55, Q58) © 2013 Western Economic Association International.
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| 40. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Should we tax or let firms trade emissions? An experimental analysis with policy implications for developing countries
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we use laboratory experiments to test the theoretical predictions derived by Villegas-Palacio and Coria (2010) about the effects of the interaction between technology adoption and incomplete enforcement. They show that under Tradable Emissions Permits (TEPs), and in contrast to taxes, the fall in permit price produced by adoption of environmentally friendly technologies reduces the benefits of violating the environmental regulation at the margin and leads firms to improve their compliance behavior. Moreover, when TEPs are used, the regulator can speed up the diffusion of new technologies since the benefits from adopting the new technology increase with the enforcement stringency. Our experimental results confirm these theoretical predictions. While the aggregate emissions do not statistically differ between the two policy instruments, the fraction of firms violating the regulation and the aggregate extent of violation are lower under TEPs than under emission taxes regardless of the monitoring probability. Hence, in contrast to previous studies, our results indicate that TEPs would appear to be a feasible policy alternative in weak regulatory contexts.
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| 41. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
State-Dependent Enforcement to Foster the Adoption of New Technologies
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 62:2, s. 359-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Harrington (J Public Econ 37:29–53, 1988) shows that a suitable strategy for regulators to make enforcement more efficient is to target surveillance resources according to past compliance records. Such scheme generates enforcement leverage as non-compliance triggers greater future scrutiny increasing the expected costs of non-compliance beyond the avoidance of immediate fines. In this paper, we propose an improved transition structure for the audit framework, in which targeting is based not only on firms’ past compliance record but also on adoption of environmentally superior technologies. We show that this transition structure would not only foster the adoption of new technology but also increase deterrence by changing the composition of firms in the industry toward an increased fraction of cleaner firms that pollute and violate less.
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| 42. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Taxes, Permits and Costly Policy Response to Technological Change
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we analyze the e ects of the choice of price (taxes) versus quantity (tradable permits) instruments on the policy response to technological change. We show that if policy responses incur transactional and political adjustment costs, environmental targets are less likely to be adjusted under tradable per- mits than under emission taxes. This implies that the total level of abatement over time might remain unchanged under tradable permits while it will increase under emission taxes.
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| 43. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Taxes, permits and costly policy response to technological change
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Economics and Policy Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-847X .- 1867-383X. ; 14:1, s. 35-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze the effects of the choice of price (taxes) versus quantity (tradable permits) instruments on the policy response to technological change. We show that if policy responses incur transactional and political adjustment costs, environmental targets are less likely to be adjusted under tradable permits than under emission taxes. This implies that the total level of abatement over time might remain unchanged under tradable permits while it will increase under emission taxes.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979
(författare)
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The Economics of Toxic Substance Control and the REACH Directive
- 2018
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Ingår i: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1750-6824 .- 1750-6824 .- 1750-6816. ; 12:2, s. 342-358
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Union regulation on the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals — known as the REACH Directive— is intended to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of the thousands of chemicals commonly used in the EU. This article presents an overview of the technical and economic challenges of toxic substance control and discusses how REACH has addressed the challenges of chemical regulation. The article identifies a number of barriers encountered in implementing REACH, including the fact that critical data concerning the toxicological properties of chemicals is missing from about 90 percent of the 184 REACH registration dossiers examined. The article also discusses how the information generated by REACH could be used to develop complementary policies -- such as risk-based taxation -- to better reflect the external effects of harmful chemicals and to provide further incentives for the development of products and processes that minimize the generation and use of hazardous substances. The article concludes by highlighting key insights and guidance for industry, policymakers, and academic researchers that can be derived from this examination of the economics of toxic substance control and REACH.
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| 47. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
The Harrington Paradox Squared
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Harrington (1988) shows that state-dependent enforcement based on past compliance records provides an explanation to the seemingly contradictory observation that firms' compliance with environmental regulations is high despite the fact that inspections occur infrequently and fines are rare and small. This result has been labeled in the literature as the "Harrington paradox". In this paper we propose an improved transition structure for the audit framework where targeting is based not only on firms' past compliance record but also on adoption of environmentally superior technologies. We show that this transition structure would not only foster the adoption of new technology but also increase deterrence by changing the composition of firms in the industry toward an increased fraction of cleaner firms that pollute and violate less.
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| 48. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
The progress of GHG markets : opportunities and risks
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The climate negotiations at the COP15 in December 2009 did not produce a new international treaty with binding emissions commitments but the Copenhagen Accord for dealing with post-2012 climate change. Given the current climate negotiation process it is unlikely that we will see a global climate agreement soon on a global cap between all Convention members participating in a single carbon market. We may be more likely to see a stepwise process moving towards this scenario, most likely involving linkages between different national policy programs when it comes to mitigation as well as offsetting emissions. In such a process countries will offer commitments based on their domestic abilities, preferences and policies, norms and institutions. National and sub-national policies are thus likely to be the de-facto building blocks of nations' abilities to make and fulfill international commitments. However, also with multilateral mitigation programs without binding commitments, carbon markets will be needed as well as international authorities that support measurement, reporting and verification rules and the international registries. Such markets will necessarily be complicated and temporary in a world without an overarching binding agreement. There will be numerous tradeoffs between different kinds of second-best arrangements. The purpose of this report is to build knowledge about the effects of the development of regional and international carbon markets and the auxiliary technology agreements that might be needed. Among the topics we address are: the evolution and integration of carbon markets, the impacts of policy and technology cost uncertainty on the cost of meeting targets through a carbon market mechanism, the effect of banking, price floors and ceilings, institutional constraints and technological change in the further development of carbon markets and their links to other environmental policy instruments, and the potential of REDD-plus to encourage sustainable forest development and climate mitigation.
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| 49. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
To Trade or Not to Trade: Firm-Level Analysis of Emissions Trading in Santiago, Chile
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies—given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market‐based policies—is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allow us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries.
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| 50. |
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