| 1. |
- Lindberg, Aleksandra, 1990-
(author)
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Selectivity and gas composition in electrochemical systems by mass spectrometry
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This doctoral thesis presents experimental studies of gaseous products of two electrochemical systems: the chlorate process and the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery, employing mass spectrometry.The cathodic efficiency for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of the chlorate process was investigated by employing ex-situ synthesized MnOx electrodes. Without the addition of toxic chromium (VI), used today in industry, high cathodic efficiency was achieved. The effect of different annealing temperatures in the electrode preparation on HER efficiency was examined. The addition of 1000 times lower concentrations of chromium (VI) than used in the industry today, together with in-situ added molybdate,showed promising results in keeping high cathodic efficiency and selectivity towards HER. The evolution of oxygen decreases anodic efficiency and also presents a safety risk due to simultaneously proceeding of HER in the undivided cell. The amount of produced oxygen by two types of electrodes TiRu and TiRuSnSb, was followed. Oxygen is produced by homogenous hypochlorite decomposition, heterogeneously by different electrode surface present in the electrolyte solution and anodically during the electrolysis i.e. electrochemically.Investigating gas composition in batteries presents a challenge due to the complexity of reactions leading to the gas evolution.Additionally, the gas consumption has a significant impact on the amount and constituents of the collected gases. The methodology for investigating gas composition of the NiMH battery without influencing the battery performance was established. Two technologies, sampler and microcapillary, gave reasonable and complementing results.
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| 2. |
- Guo, Baolin, 1981-
(author)
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Synthesis, characterization and molecular architecture of electroactive and degradable polymers
- 2010
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The third-generation biomaterials are designed to stimulate specific cellular responses at the molecular level. Recent studies have shown that electrical signals regulate cellular activities including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. One of the biggest limitations for conductive polymers in tissue engineering applications is their inherent inability to degrade, so the incorporation of conducting polymers into biodegradable polymers to obtain electroactive and biodegradable materials is still a challenge. Architecture plays an important role on the performance of polymers. To achieve the optimal mechanical, degradation, thermal and biological properties for each biomedical application, it is desirable to promote architectural diversity. To combine the electroactivity of conductive polymers and the degradability of aliphatic polyesters, linear, star-branched and hyperbranched copolymers based on Poly(L,L-lactide) (PLLA), Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and aniline oligomers were synthesized by coupling reactions between the hydroxyl group at the chain end of the PLLAs or PCLs and the carboxyl group of the aniline oligomer, using the N, N’-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide / 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DCC/DMAP) catalytic system. The chemical structures of the polymers obtained were fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and size exclusion chromatography. The cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet spectra of the copolymers demonstrated their good electroactive properties. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis studies showed the copolymers were more thermal stable than the corresponding PLLAs and PCLs. The wettability of the copolymer film increased sharply after doping with acid. The copolymers also exhibit much better processibility than conductive polymers because they are soluble in most organic solvents. Macromolecular architecture design as a useful tool to enhance the conductivity of degradable polymers has been presented. The hyperbranched copolymers showed a higher conductivity than that of the linear ones with the same content of conductive segments. It is proposed that the higher conductivity of the hyperbranched copolymers is due to the ordered distribution of peripheral emeraldine state of aniline pentamer (EMAP) segments. Thus, the conductivity of the polymers is controlled by the macromolecular design. In other words, the conductivity of the polymers was increased with the same content of aniline oligomer by macromolecular architecture.The copolymers with different architectures could be used to tailor the thermal properties, degradation properties and surface properties, to give materials that are favorable for the growth of electrically excitable cells in tissue engineering.
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| 3. |
- Zhu Ryberg, Yingzhi
(author)
-
Wood Hydrolysate for Renewable Products
- 2011
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Renewable biomass has been used by mankind for a long time for different purposes, from simply food to industrial products. Among a large family of polysaccharides, hemicellulose is non-edible but has shown a potential in many industrial fields such as medicine, agriculture and packaging. However, a complicated process is usually required to extract highly purified hemicellulose for further applications, which makes it not practical and economical for real industrial applications.This thesis presents the utilization of a wood hydrolysate which was simply upgraded and recovered instead of being highly purified from the liquid by-product in the pulp industry. This softwood hydrolysate is rich in hemicellulose, O-acetyl galactoglucomannan (AcGGM), and also contains some lignin.Films and coatings were produced based on this wood hydrolysate by blending with two other polysaccharide co-components, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan. Different recipes with a variety of concentrations and compositions were prepared. For comparison, highly purified AcGGM-based films and coatings were also produced.Mechanical properties and water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the films and coatings were investigated. It was found that as a co-component, chitosan improved the mechanical properties best, and CMC gave better oxygen barrier properties at both 50% and 80% relative humidity. The wood-hydrolysate-based films gave much lower oxygen permeability (OP) values than AcGGM-based films.In order to reveal why the less purified wood hydrolysate gave a better oxygen barrier, both theoretical and experimental studies were carried out. A group calculation based on Hansen’s Solubility parameter theory (HSP) showed that there were strong interactions between lignin and AcGGM in the wood hydrolysate and also that CMC was more compatible with wood hydrolysate/AcGGM than chitosan. These led to an affinity between components and gave a more compact molecular structure, and thus a smaller free volume in the matrix. This interpretation was in agreement with the Positron annihilation lifetime spectra (PALS) data, which showed that wood-hydrolysate-based films had a smaller free volume (hole size) and narrower distribution than AcGGM-based films. It also showed that CMC-co-component films had smaller hole radii in the matrix than chitosan-co-component films. Thermal properties and FTIR also shed light on the influence and nature of these interactions.
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| 4. |
- Abbasi, M., et al.
(author)
-
Fabrication of Spin-Coated Ti/TiHx/Ni-Sb-SnO2 Electrode : Stability and Electrocatalytic Activity
- 2018
-
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 165:9, s. H568-H574
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel three-layer anode having the composition Ti/TiHx/Ni-Sb-SnO2 (Ti/TiHx/NATO) was successfully prepared by a spin-coating and pyrolysis process aiming at a long service lifetime and good electrocatalytic properties for ozone formation. The TiHx as an interlayer was produced by electrochemical cathodic reduction of a coated layer of the TiOx on the titanium substrate. Spin coating and thermal decomposition were used to deposit the Sn-Sb-Ni precursor on the surface of the prepared Ti/TiHx electrode. Cyclic and linear scanning voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to reveal the electrode performance and morphology. Results show that the onset potential for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of Ti/TiHx /NATO is higher than for Ti/NATO. They also indicate that the service lifetime of the Ti/TiHx/NATO is twice as long as the Ti/NATO at a current density of 50 mA.cm(-2) at room temperature. Electrochemical ozone generation and degradation of the methylene blue were investigated to confirm selectivity and activity of the electrodes. After 5 min electrolysis, a current efficiency for ozone generation of 56% was obtained the electrode with TiHx while 38% was obtained on Ti/NATO under same conditions. The results also confirm that the Ti/TiH x /NATO has a higher kinetic rate constant and decolorization efficiency for removal of the methylene blue compare to the Ti/NATO. The rate constant for the pseudo-first ordered reaction of methylene blue degradation showed high values of 350 x 10(-3) min(-1) for Ti/NATO and 440 x 10(-3) min(-1) for Ti/TiHx/NATO.
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| 5. |
- Agredano Torres, Manuel, et al.
(author)
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Dynamic power allocation control for frequency regulation using hybrid electrolyzer systems
- 2023
-
In: 2023 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference And Exposition, APEC. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 2991-2998
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increase in hydrogen production to support the energy transition in different sectors, such as the steel industry, leads to the utilization of large scale electrolyzers. These electrolyzers have the ability to become a fundamental tool for grid stability providing grid services, especially frequency regulation, for power grids with a high share of renewable energy sources. Alkaline electrolyzers (AELs) have low cost and long lifetime, but their slow dynamics make them unsuitable for fast frequency regulation, especially in case of contingencies. Proton Exchange Membrane electrolyzers (PEMELs) have fast dynamic response to provide grid services, but they have higher costs. This paper proposes a dynamic power allocation control strategy for hybrid electrolyzer systems to provide frequency regulation with reduced cost, making use of advantages of AELs and PEMELs. Simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the proposed control strategy.
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| 6. |
- Alexiadis, Alessio, et al.
(author)
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Comparison between CFD calculations of the flow in a rotating disk cell and the Cochran/Levich equations
- 2012
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In: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1572-6657. ; 669, s. 55-66
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) models (single-phase. VOF and Euler-Euler) are employed to simulate the flow in a finite, rotating electrode cell under different operative conditions. The main dimensionless groups are derived and their effect on the flow is investigated. Except very close to the rotating electrode (i.e. in the hydrodynamic layer), the results show a flow pattern considerably different from Cochran's approximate analytical solution often used in electrochemistry. Historically, the Cochran equation was used to derive the Levich equation, which permits the calculation of the limiting current density on a rotating electrode. Despite the general inadequacy of Cochran's analytical solution, however, we show that the Levich equation often retains its validity because, in many practical situations, the concentration boundary layer is considerably smaller than the hydrodynamic boundary layer. When bubbles are generated on the electrode and a certain critical void fraction is exceeded, however, the Levich equation also becomes inaccurate. We propose, therefore, an amended version of this equation, which provides results closer to the CFD calculations.
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| 7. |
- Alexiadis, Alessio, et al.
(author)
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Liquid-gas flow patterns in a narrow electrochemical channel
- 2011
-
In: Chemical Engineering Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2509 .- 1873-4405. ; 66:10, s. 2252-2260
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The flow in a narrow (3 mm wide) vertical gap of an electrochemical cell with gas evolution at one electrode is modeled by means of the two-phase Euler-Euler model. The results indicate that at certain conditions an unsteady type of flow with vortices and recirculation regions can occur. Such flow pattern has been observed experimentally, but not reported in previous modeling studies. Further analysis establishes that the presence of a sufficient amount of small (similar to 10 mu m) bubbles is the main factor causing this type of flow at high current densities.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Alexiadis, Alessio, et al.
(author)
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On the stability of the flow in multi-channel electrochemical systems
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0021-891X .- 1572-8838. ; 42:9, s. 679-687
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The importance of the fluid dynamics in the modelling of electrochemical systems is often underestimated. The knowledge of the flow velocity pattern in an electrochemical cell, in fact, can allow us to associate certain electrochemical reactions with specific fluid patterns to maximize the yield of some reaction and, conversely, to minimize unwanted or side reactions. The correct evaluation of the convective term in the Nernst-Planck equation, however, requires the solution of the so-called Navier-Stokes equations, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is today the established method to numerically solve these equations. In this work, a CFD model is employed to show that the gas-liquid flow pattern can be remarkably different in a single channel or in a multi-channel gas-evolving electrochemical system. In the single channel, in fact, under certain conditions, vortices and recirculation regions can appear in the flow, which does not appear in the multi-channel case. The reason of this difference is found in the uneven distribution of the small bubbles in the two cases. Additionally, a second, simplified, model of the flow is discussed to show how a higher concentration of small bubbles in the single channel system can destabilize the flow.
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| 10. |
- Alexiadis, Alessio, et al.
(author)
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The flow pattern in single and multiple submerged channels with gas evolution at the electrodes
- 2012
-
In: International Journal of Chemical Engineering. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-806X .- 1687-8078. ; 2012, s. 392613-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We show that the gas-liquid flow pattern in a single gas-evolving electrochemical channel can be remarkably different from the flow pattern in multiple submerged gas-evolving electrochemical channels. This is due to the fact that in a single channel there is a higher accumulation of small bubbles and these can considerably affect the liquid velocity pattern which in turn may affect the performance of a cell. Since experimental work is often carried out in single channels, while industrial applications almost always involve multiple channels, this study provides insight into the factors that affect the flow pattern in each situation and establishes the basis for relating the behavior of single-and multiple-channel devices.
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| 11. |
- Alexiadis, Alessio, et al.
(author)
-
Transition to pseudo-turbulence in a narrow gas-evolving channel
- 2012
-
In: Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0935-4964 .- 1432-2250. ; 26:6, s. 551-564
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Different flow regimes have been observed, both experimentally and in CFD simulations, in narrow channels with gas evolution. In this manuscript, we examine, using the Euler-Euler model, the flow in a narrow channel, where gas is evolved from a vertical wall. We find some pseudo-turbulent features at conditions described in this manuscript. The transition to this pseudo-turbulent regime is associated with the value of a specific dimensionless group.
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| 12. |
- Anil, Athira, et al.
(author)
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Effect of pore mesostructure on the electrooxidation of glycerol on Pt mesoporous catalysts
- 2023
-
In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 11:31, s. 16570-16577
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Glycerol is a renewable chemical that has become widely available and inexpensive due to the increased production of biodiesel. Noble metal materials have shown to be effective catalysts for the production of hydrogen and value-added products through the electrooxidation of glycerol. In this work we develop three platinum systems with distinct pore mesostructures, e.g., hierarchical pores (HP), cubic pores (CP) and linear pores (LP); all with high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The ECSA-normalized GEOR catalytic activity of the systems follows HPC > LPC > CPC > commercial Pt/C. Regarding the oxidation products, we observe glyceric acid as the main three-carbon product (3C), with oxalic acids as the main two-carbon oxidation product. DFT-based theoretical calculations support the glyceraldehyde route going through tartronic acid towards oxalic acid and also help understanding why the dihydroxyacetone (DHA) route is active despite the absence of DHA amongst the observed oxidation products.
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| 13. |
- B. Araujo, Rafael, et al.
(author)
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Elucidating the role of Ni to enhance the methanol oxidation reaction on Pd electrocatalysts
- 2020
-
In: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 360
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amongst promising available technologies enabling the transition to renewable energy sources, electrochemical oxidation of alcohols, in a direct fuel cell or in an electrolysis reaction (H-2 production), can be an economically and sustainable alternative to currently used technologies. In this work, we highlight the advantages of a Pd-Ni bimetallic electrocatalyst for methanol electrooxidation - a convenient choice due to the low cost of Ni combined with the observed acceptable catalytic performance of Pd. We report a synergistic effort between experiments and theoretical calculations based on density functional theory to provide an in-depth understanding - at the atomistic level - of the origin of the enhanced electrochemical activity of methanol electrooxidation using the bimetallic catalysts Pd3Ni and PdNi over pure Pd. Cyclic voltammograms and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) demonstrate higher activity towards methanol electrooxidation with increased Ni concentration and, furthermore, higher selectivity for CO2. These effects are understood by: 1) changes in the methanol oxidation reaction mechanism. 2) Mitigation or suppression of CO poisoning on the Pd-Ni alloys as compared to the pure Pd catalyst. 3) A stronger tendency towards highly oxidized intermediates for the alloys. These findings elucidate the effects of a bimetallic electrocatalyst for alcohol electrooxidation as well as unambiguously suggest PdNi as a more cost-effective alternative electrocatalyst.
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| 14. |
- Bebelis, S., et al.
(author)
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Highlights during the development of electrochemical engineering
- 2013
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In: Chemical engineering research & design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0263-8762 .- 1744-3563. ; 91:10, s. 1998-2020
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Over the last century, electrochemical engineering has contributed significantly to societal progress by enabling development of industrial processes for manufacturing chemicals, such as chlorine and the Nylon precursor adiponitrile, as well as a wide range of metals including aluminium and zinc. In 2011, ca. 17 M tonne Cu p.a. was electro-refined to 99.99%+ purity required by electrical and electronic engineering applications, such as for electrodepositing with exquisite resolution multi-layer inter-connections in microprocessors. Surface engineering is widely practised industrially e.g. to protect steels against corrosion e.g. by electroplating nickel or using more recent novel self-healing coatings. Complex shapes of hard alloys that are difficult to machine can be fabricated by selective dissolution in electrochemical machining processes. Electric fields can be used to drive desalination of brackish water for urban supplies and irrigation by electrodialysis with ion-permeable membranes; such fields can also be used in electrokinetic soil remediation processes. Rising concerns about the consequences of CO2 emissions has led to the rapidly increasing development and deployment of renewable energy systems, the intermittency of which can be mitigated by energy storage in e.g. redox flow batteries for stationary storage and novel lithium batteries with increased specific energies for powering electric vehicles, or when economically viable, in electrolyser-fuel cells. The interface between electrochemical technology and biotechnology is also developing rapidly, with applications such as microbial fuel cells.Some of these applications are reviewed, the challenges assessed and current trends elucidated in the very active area of Chemical Engineering bordering with material science and electrochemistry.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Cornell, Ann, 1962-, et al.
(author)
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Anodic Reactions in the Chlorate Process
- 2001. - 1
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In: Energy and Electrochemical Processes for a Cleaner Environment. - Pennington, New Jersey, USA : The Electrochemical Scoiety, Inc.. - 1566773563 ; , s. 117-128
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 18. |
- Cornell, Ann, 1962-
(author)
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Chlorate cathodes and electrode design
- 2014
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In: Encyclopedia of applied electrochemistry. - New York, NY : Springer. - 9781441969958 ; , s. 175-181
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 19. |
- Cornell, Ann, 1962-
(author)
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Chlorate synthesis cells and technology
- 2014
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In: Encyclopedia of applied electrochemistry. - New York, NY : Springer. - 9781441969972 ; , s. 181-187
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 20. |
- Cornell, Ann, 1962-
(author)
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Electrochemical Reactor Engineering
- 2009. - 1
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In: Electrochemical Engineering: Industrial, Energy and Environmental Applications. - Castilla La Mancha : Department of Chemical Engineering UCLM. - 9788493439866 ; , s. 159-188
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Cornell, Ann, et al.
(author)
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Ruthenium-based dimensionally stable anode in chlorate electrolysis - Effects of electrolyte composition on the anode potential
- 2003
-
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 150:1, s. D6-D12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this work the anodic reactions taking place on a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) in chlorate electrolyte have been investigated. Rotating disk electrodes were made from commercial RuO2-catalyzed DSAs and studied in steady-state polarization measurements, mainly IR-corrected polarization curves. Effects of varying pH and electrolyte concentrations of chloride, chlorate, chromium(VI), hypochlorite (ClO- + ClOH) as well as mass transport were studied. The kinetics for the chlorine evolution reaction, with a Tafel slope of 40 mV/decade of current, was not dependent on pH in the region 2-8, at potentials lower than 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The slope of the polarization curves increased at about 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl, a pH-dependent bend not due to mass-transport limitations in the electrolyte. At a pH of 6.5, typical for the chlorate process, oxygen evolution is an important side reaction favored by the dichromate buffer and by increased mass transport, both keeping down the pH at the anode. In the chlorine evolution region the potentials increased when adding Cr(VI) to the electrolyte, whereas no major effect was seen from additions of NaClO. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society.
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| 25. |
- Cornell, Ann, 1962-, et al.
(author)
-
Ruthenium Based DSA® in Chlorate Electrolysis
- 2004. - 1
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In: 4th KURT SCHWABE CORROSION SYMPOSIUM, Mechanisms of Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention Proceedings. - Helsingfors, Finland : Helsinki University of Technology. ; , s. 326-332
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 26. |
- Cornell, Ann, et al.
(author)
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Ruthenium based DSA in chlorate electrolysis–critical anode potential and reaction kinetics
- 2003
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In: Electrochimica Acta. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 48:5, s. 473-481
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ruthenium based DSA®s have been investigated in chlorate electrolyte using rotating discs made from commercial electrodes. Measurements of the voltammetric charge, q*, and of iR-corrected polarisation curves up to current densities of 40 kA/m2 were recorded on new anodes and on aged anodes from 3 years of production in a chlorate plant. Anodic polarisation curves in chloride containing electrolytes bend towards a higher slope at approximately 1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl, likely due to oxidation of ruthenium. The potential and current density at which the curves bend have been defined as the critical potential, Ecr, and the critical current density, icr. New anodes that operate at a relatively high potential, >Ecr, obtain an increase in real surface area and thereby a decrease in anode potential and in the selectivity for oxygen formation during the first months of operation. Experiments at constant ionic strength under chlorate process conditions showed that Ecr decreased with increasing chloride concentration with a factor of −0.09 V/log Cl−, whereas icr increased with increasing chloride concentration. The chlorine evolution reaction was of the first order with respect to chloride concentration. A possible reaction mechanism for chlorine formation is suggested.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Cornell, Ann, et al.
(author)
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Ruthenium Dioxide as Cathode Material for Hydrogen Evolution in Hydroxide and Chlorate Solutions
- 1993
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In: Journal of The Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 140:11, s. 3123-3129
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ruthenium dioxide as electrocatalyst on an activated cathode for chlorate production was investigated with respect toits activity towards hydrogen evolution, hypochlorite reduction, and chlorate reduction, respectively. Investigations weremade in the presence, as well as in the absence, of a chromium hydroxide film in 1M NaOH and in typical chlorateelectrolyte. Low overvoltages for hydrogen evolution were found and, at technical current densities, an effect of catalystcoating thickness. Commercial DSA® electrodes with RuO2 as the active compound were tested as cathodes and were lessactive but more stable than the coatings produced by us. Hypochlorite and chlorate were reduced in the absence ofchromate, chlorate reduction being fast on ruthenium dioxide compared to the other electrode materials and by far thedominating cathodic reaction in chlorate electrolyte without chromate and hypochlorite at 70°C, 3 kA/m2
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Cornell, Ann, et al.
(author)
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The effect of addition of chromate on the hydrogen evolution reaction and on iron oxidation in hydroxide and chlorate solutions
- 1992
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In: Electrochimica Acta. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 37:10, s. 1873-1881
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The addition of chromate to the electrolyte has been shown in previous papers to hinder almost completely the electroreduction of hypochlorite, while the hydrogen evolution reaction can still proceed on the cathode surface. The effect of chromate on the latter reaction has been studied with cyclic voltammetry and by measuring polarization curves for iron electrodes in both chlorate and hydroxide electrolyte. For the sake of comparison, the investigations have also included the effects on the gold electrode in hydroxide solution. The results showed that the kinetics is changed in a way that decreases the differences in electrocatalytic activity between different electrode materials. Also, the innermost layer of the chromium hydroxide film seems to be the most active part in the HER. The chromate also affects the oxidation of the iron surface. A practical result of this is that the activity for the HER on corroded iron in chlorate electrolyte depends on whether the electrolyte contained chromate during the period of corrosion. The activation becomes much smaller if chromate is present.
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| 31. |
- Diaz-Morales, Oscar, et al.
(author)
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Catalytic effects of molybdate and chromate–molybdate films deposited on platinum for efficient hydrogen evolution
- 2023
-
In: Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986). - : Wiley. - 0268-2575 .- 1097-4660. ; 98:5, s. 1269-1278
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is extensively used in the paper industry, but its production uses strictly regulated highly toxic Na2Cr2O7 to reach high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) Faradaic efficiencies. It is therefore important to find alternatives either to replace Na2Cr2O7 or reduce its concentration.RESULTS: The Na2Cr2O7 concentration can be significantly reduced by using Na2MoO4 as an electrolyte co-additive. Na2MoO4 in the millimolar range shifts the platinum cathode potential to less negative values due to an activating effect of cathodically deposited Mo species. It also acts as a stabilizer of the electrodeposited chromium hydroxide but has a minor effect on the HER Faradaic efficiency. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show cathodic deposition of molybdenum of different oxidation states, depending on deposition conditions. Once Na2Cr2O7 was present, molybdenum was not detected by XPS, as it is likely that only trace levels were deposited. Using electrochemical measurements and mass spectrometry we quantitatively monitored H2 and O2 production rates. The results indicate that 3 μmol L−1 Na2Cr2O7 (contrary to current industrial 10–30 mmol L−1) is sufficient to enhance the HER Faradaic efficiency on platinum by 15%, and by co-adding 10 mmol L−1 Na2MoO4 the cathode is activated while avoiding detrimental O2 generation from chemical and electrochemical reactions. Higher concentrations of Na2MoO4 led to increased oxygen production.CONCLUSION: Careful tuning of the molybdate concentration can enhance performance of the chlorate process using chromate in the micromolar range. These insights could be also exploited in the efficient hydrogen generation by photocatalytic water splitting and in the remediation of industrial wastewater.
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| 32. |
- Duwig, Christophe
(creator_code:cre_t)
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Exhibition : Towards the energy of the future – the invisible revolution behind the electrical socket
- 2023
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Artistic workabstract
- Energy Crisis! Electricity Price drama! The threat of global energy poverty! Media are generous with spectacular titles. Yes, energy is important, and yes, nearly all societal challenges are connected to how we convert, distribute and use energy. Therefore, the KTH Energy Platform and KTH Library presented an exhibition with the theme Towards the energy of the future – the invisible revolution behind the electrical socket.The exhibition displayed showcase illustrations from the book made by Lotta Waesterberg Tomasson, as well as books related to energy and electricity from the KTH Library's collections. In parallell with the exhibition, a series of live popular science lunch seminars with presentations of selected chapters of the book took place. As part of the exhibition, students from KTH's Electrical Engineering program also showcased exciting projects that connect to the anthology’s contents, made with materials and equipment from the student-driven ELAB and “Studentverkstan”. Visitors were also invited to share their reflections and ideas on energy.
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| 33. |
- Endrodi, Balazs, et al.
(author)
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A review of chromium(VI) use in chlorate electrolysis : Functions, challenges and suggested alternatives
- 2017
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In: Electrochimica Acta. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 234, s. 108-122
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sodium chlorate is industrially produced by electrolysis of an aqueous salt solution, in which chromium ( VI) constitutes an important excipient component. It is added to a concentration of a few grams Na2Cr2O7/ liter to the electrolyte and has several functions in the process, the most important being to increase the Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution in the undivided electrochemical cells. A thin film of Cr(OH)(3) x nH(2)O formed by reductive deposition on the cathodes decreases the rate of unwanted side reactions, while still enabling hydrogen evolution to occur. In addition chromium(VI) buffers the electrolyte at the optimum pH for operation and promotes the desired homogeneous reactions in the electrolyte bulk. Chromium species also affect the rates of hydrogen and oxygen evolution at the electrodes and are said to protect the steel cathodes from corrosion. Although chromium(VI) stays in a closed loop during chlorate production, chromate is a highly toxic compound and new REACH legislation therefore intends to phase out its use in Europe from 2017. A production without chromium(VI), with no other process modifications is not possible, and today there are no commercially available alternatives to its addition. Thus, there is an urgent need for European chlorate producers to find solutions to this problem. It is expected that chromium-free production will be a requirement also in other parts of the world, following the European example. As the chromium(VI) addition affects the chlorate process in many ways its replacement might require a combination of solutions targeting each function separately. The aim of this paper is to explain the role and importance of chromium(VI) in the chlorate manufacturing process. Previous achievements in its replacement are summarized and critically evaluated to expose the current state of the field, and to highlight the most promising avenues to be followed. An attempt is also made to reveal connections with other research fields (e.g. photochemical water splitting, corrosion science) facing similar problems. Allied effort of these different communities is expected to open up research avenues to the mutual benefit of these fields.
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| 34. |
- Endrodi, Balazs, et al.
(author)
-
In situ formed vanadium-oxide cathode coatings for selective hydrogen production
- 2019
-
In: Applied Catalysis B. - : Elsevier. - 0926-3373 .- 1873-3883. ; 244, s. 233-239
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electrode selectivity towards hydrogen production is essential in various conversion technologies for renewable energy, as well as in different industrial processes, such as the electrochemical production of sodium chlorate. In this study we present sodium metavanadate as a solution additive, inducing selective cathodic formation of hydrogen in the presence of various other reducible species such as hypochlorite, chlorate, oxygen, nitrate, hydrogen-peroxide and ferricyanide. During electrolysis a vanadium-oxide coating forms from the reduction of sodium metavanadate, explaining the observed enhanced selectivity. The hydrogen evolution reaction proceeds without significantly altered kinetics on such in situ modified electrode surfaces. This suggests that the reaction takes place at the interface between the electrode surface and the protective film, which acts as a diffusion barrier preventing the unwanted species to reach the electrode surface.
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| 35. |
- Endrodi, Balazs, et al.
(author)
-
Selective electrochemical hydrogen evolution on cerium oxide protected catalyst surfaces
- 2020
-
In: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 341
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To date the only known solution to avoid the unwanted electrochemical reduction of hypochlorite and chlorate in industrial chlorate production, performed in undivided cells, is the addition of dichromate to the chlorate electrolyte. Because of the toxicity of this compound its use is restricted within the European Union to time limited authorization by REACH. Therefore, an alternative to sodium dichromate is essential to maintain, or even increase the process efficiency. The addition of cerium (III) salts to a hypochlorite solution increases the cathodic selectivity towards hydrogen evolution (HER), the preferred cathode process in industrial chlorate production. This is attributed to the deposition of a thin cerium oxide/hydroxide coating on the cathode, induced by the increased local alkalinity during electrolysis. Performing the electrodeposition of such protective coating ex situ, well-controlled coating thickness can be achieved. Optimizing the deposition conditions (time, current density), a coherent and stable coating is formed on the electrode surface. On this protected electrode surface the electrochemical reduction of hypochlorite is suppressed by ca. 90% compared to the bare Pt electrode, while the HER proceeds with high selectivity and unchanged kinetics. Interestingly, other electrochemical reactions (O-2 reduction, H2O2 reduction and oxidation) are also suppressed by the protective coating, suggesting that the deposited layer acts as an inorganic membrane on the electrode surface.
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| 36. |
- Endrodi, Balazs, et al.
(author)
-
Selective Hydrogen Evolution on Manganese Oxide Coated Electrodes : New Cathodes for Sodium Chlorate Production
- 2019
-
In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 7:14, s. 12170-12178
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The safety and feasibility of industrial electrochemical production of sodium chlorate, an important chemical in the pulp and paper industry, depend on the selectivity of the electrode processes. The cathodic reduction of anodic products is sufficiently suppressed in the current technology by the addition of chromium(VI) to the electrolyte, but due to the high toxicity of these compounds, alternative pathways are required to maintain high process efficiency. In this paper, we evaluate the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics and selectivity on thermally formed manganese oxide-coated titanium electrodes in hypochlorite and chlorate solutions. The morphology and phase composition of manganese oxide layers were varied via alteration of the annealing temperature during synthesis, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements. As shown in mass spectroscopy coupled electrochemical measurements, the hydrogen evolution selectivity in hypochlorite and chlorate solutions is dictated by the phase composition of the coating. Importantly, a hydrogen evolution efficiency of above 95% was achieved with electrodes of optimized composition (annealing temperature, thickness) in hypochlorite solutions. Further, these electrode coatings are nontoxic and Earth-abundant, offering the possibility of a more sustainable chlorate production.
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| 37. |
- Endrodi, Balázs, et al.
(author)
-
Suppressed oxygen evolution during chlorateformation from hypochlorite in the presenceof chromium(VI)
- 2019
-
In: Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986). - : Wiley. - 0268-2575 .- 1097-4660. ; 94:5, s. 1520-1527
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Chromium(VI) is a crucial electrolyte component in industrial chlorate production. Due to its toxicity, iturgently needs to be abandoned and its functions fulfilled by new solutions. In the industrial production of sodium chlorate,homogeneous decomposition of the hypochlorite intermediate to chlorate is a key step. As a competing loss reaction,hypochlorite can decompose to oxygen. How chromium(VI) affects these reactions is not well understood.RESULTS: This work shows, for the first time, that chromium(VI) selectively accelerates the chlorate formation from hypochloriteboth in dilute and concentrated, industrially relevant solutions. The effect of the ionic strength and the specific contributionof different electrolyte components were systematically studied. By simultaneously measuring the concentration decayof hypochlorite (UV–vis spectroscopy) and the oxygen formation (mass spectrometry), both the rate and the selectivity of thereactions were evaluated.CONCLUSION: In the presence of chromium(VI) the hypochlorite decomposition is described by the sum of an uncatalyzedand a parallel catalyzed reaction, where oxygen only forms in the uncatalyzed reaction. When removing chromium(VI),the homogeneous oxygen formation increases, causing economic and safety concerns. The need for a catalyst selectivefor chlorate formation is emphasized.
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| 38. |
- Endrődi, Balázs, et al.
(author)
-
Towards sustainable chlorate production : The effect of permanganate addition on current efficiency
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 182, s. 529-537
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sodium dichromate is an essential solution additive for the electrocatalytic production of sodium chlorate, assuring selective hydrogen evolution. Unfortunately, the serious environmental and health concerns related to hexavalent chromium mean there is an urgent need to find an alternative solution to achieve the required selectivity. In this study sodium permanganate is evaluated as a possible alternative to chromate, with positive results. The permanganate additive is stable in hypochlorite-containing solutions, and during electrolysis a thin film is reductively deposited on the cathode. The deposit is identified as amorphous manganese oxide by Raman spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. Using different electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic measurements, galvanostatic polarization curves) we demonstrate that the reduction of hypochlorite is suppressed, while the hydrogen evolution reaction can still proceed. In addition, the formed manganese oxide film acts as a barrier for the reduction of dissolved oxygen. The extent of hydrogen evolution selectivity in hypochlorite solutions was quantified in an undivided electrochemical cell using mass spectrometry. The cathodic current efficiency is significantly enhanced after the addition of permanganate, while the effect on the anodic selectivity and the decomposition of hypochlorite in solution is negligible. Importantly, similar results were obtained using electrodes with manganese oxide films formed ex situ. In conclusion, manganese oxides show great promise in inducing selective hydrogen evolution, and may open new research avenues to the rational design of selective cathodes, both for the chlorate process and for related processes such as photocatalytic water splitting.
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| 39. |
- Gustavsson, John, et al.
(author)
-
In-situ activated hydrogen evolution by molybdate addition to neutral and alkaline electrolytes
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering. - : International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC). - 1847-9286. ; 2:3, s. 105-120
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Activation of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by in-situ addition of Mo(VI) to the electrolyte has been studied in alkaline and pH neutral electrolytes, the latter with the chlorate process in focus. Catalytic molybdenum containing films formed on the cathodes during polarization were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X ray analysis (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X ray fluorescence (XRF). In-situ addition of Mo(VI) activates the HER on titanium in both alkaline and neutral electrolytes and makes the reaction kinetics independent of the substrate material. Films formed in neutral electrolyte consisted of molybdenum oxides and contained more molybdenum than those formed in alkaline solution. Films formed in neutral electrolyte in the presence of phosphate buffer activated the HER, but were too thin to be detected by EDS. Since molybdenum oxides are generally not stable in strongly alkaline electrolyte, films formed in alkaline electrolyte were thinner and probably co-deposited with iron. A cast iron molybdenum alloy was also investigated with respect to activity for HER. When polished in the same way as iron, the alloy displayed a similar activity for HER as pure iron.
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| 40. |
- Gustavsson, John, 1979-, et al.
(author)
-
In-situ Activated Hydrogen Evolution by Molybdate Addition to Neutral and Alkaline Electrolytes
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Activation of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by in-situ addition of Mo(VI) to the electrolyte has been studied in alkaline and pH neutral electrolytes, the latter with the chlorate process in focus. Catalytic molybdenum containing films formed on the cathodes during polarization were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X‑ray analysis (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X‑ray fluorescence (XRF). In-situ addition of Mo(VI) activates the HER on titanium in both alkaline and neutral electrolytes and makes the reaction kinetics independent of the substrate material. Films formed in neutral electrolyte consisted of molybdenum oxides and contained more molybdenum than those formed in alkaline solution. Films formed in neutral electrolyte in the presence of phosphate buffer activated the HER, but were too thin to be detected by EDS. Since molybdenum oxides are generally not stable in strongly alkaline electrolyte, films formed in alkaline electrolyte were thinner and probably co-deposited with iron. A cast iron‑molybdenum alloy was also investigated with respect to activity for HER. When polished in the same way as iron, the alloy displayed a similar activity for HER as pure iron.
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| 41. |
- Gustavsson, John, 1979-
(author)
-
In-situ activated hydrogen evolution from pH-neutral electrolytes
- 2012
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The goal of this work was to better understand how molybdate and trivalent cations can be used as additives to pH neutral electrolytes to activate the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Special emphasis was laid on the chlorate process and therefore also to some of the other effects that the additives may have in that particular process.Cathode films formed from the molybdate and trivalent cations have been investigated with electrochemical and surface analytical methods such as polarization curves, potential sweep, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), current efficiency measurements, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis.Trivalent cations and molybdate both activate the HER, although in different ways. Ligand water bound to the trivalent cations replaces water as reactant in the HER. Since the ligand water has a lower pKa than free water, it is more easily electrochemically deprotonated than free water and thus catalyzes the HER. Sodium molybdate, on the other hand, is electrochemically reduced on the cathode and form films which catalyze the HER (on cathode materials with poor activity for HER). Molybdate forms films of molybdenum oxides on the electrode surface, while trivalent cation additions form hydroxide films. There is a risk for both types of films that their ohmic resistance increases and the activity of the HER decreases during their growth. Lab-scale experiments show that for films formed from molybdate, these negative effects become less pronounced when the molybdate concentration is reduced.Both types of films can also increase the selectivity of the HER by hindering unwanted side reactions, but none of them as efficiently as the toxic additive Cr(VI) used today in the chlorate process. Trivalent cations are not soluble in chlorate electrolyte and thus not suitable for the chlorate process, whereas molybdate, over a wide pH range, can activate the HER on catalytically poor cathode materials such as titanium.
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| 42. |
- Gustavsson, John, 1979-, et al.
(author)
-
In-situ activation of hydrogen evolution in pH-neutral electrolytes by additions of multivalent cations
- 2012
-
In: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 37:12, s. 9496-9503
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Activation of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in close to pH-neutral electrolytes can be achieved by addition of trivalent cations. This activation has been investigated using steady state polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chemical analysis of cathode films for yttrium. Several multivalent cations were included in this study, such as Al(III), Mg(II), Y(III), Sm(III), La(III) and Sc(III). In general the more acidic the metal ions the larger is the activation. Metal hydroxide films formed in the alkaline diffusion layer at the cathode surface can have a negative impact on the magnitude of this activation, and therefore complicate the interpretation of the results. The activation corresponds to a transport of metal ion complexes to the electrode surface and the reduction of bound ligand water to form hydrogen.
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| 43. |
- Gustavsson, John, et al.
(author)
-
On the suppression of cathodic hypochlorite reduction by electrolyte additions of molybdate and chromate ions
- 2012
-
In: Journal of electrochemical science and engineering. - : International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC). - 1847-9286. ; 2:4, s. 185-198
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the feasibility of replacing Cr(VI) in the chlorate process by Mo(VI), focusing on the cathode reaction selectivity for hydrogen evolution on steel and titanium in a hypochlorite containing electrolyte. To evaluate the ability of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) additions to hinder hypochlorite reduction, potential sweep experiments on rotating disc electrodes and cathodic current efficiency (CE) measurements on stationary electrodes were performed. Formed electrode films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cathodic hypochlorite reduction is hindered by the Mo-containing films formed on the cathode surface after Mo(VI) addition to the electrolyte, but much less efficient compared to Cr(VI) addition. Very low levels of Cr(VI), in the mM range, can efficiently suppress hypochlorite reduction on polished titanium and steel. Phosphate does not negatively influence the CE in the presence of Cr(VI) or Mo(VI) but the Mo-containing cathode films become thinner if the electrolyte during the film build-up also contains phosphate. For a RuO2-TiO2 anode polarized in electrolyte with 40 mM Mo(VI), the anode potential increased and increased molybdenum levels were detected on the electrode surface
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| 44. |
- Gustavsson, John, 1979-, et al.
(author)
-
On the Suppression of Cathodic Hypochlorite Reduction by ElectrolyteAdditions of Molybdate and Chromate Ions
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the feasibility of replacing Cr(VI) in the chlorate process by Mo(VI), focusing on the cathode reaction selectivity for hydrogen evolution on steel and titanium in a hypochlorite containing electrolyte. To evaluate the ability of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) additions to hinder hypochlorite reduction, potential sweep experiments on rotating disc electrodes and cathodic current efficiency (CE) measurements on stationary electrodes were performed. Formed electrode films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cathodic hypochlorite reduction is hindered by the Mo-containing films formed on the cathode surface after Mo(VI) addition to the electrolyte, but much less efficient compared to Cr(VI) addition. Very low levels of Cr(VI), in the mM range, can efficiently suppress hypochlorite reduction on polished titanium and steel. Phosphate does not negatively influence the CE in the presence of Cr(VI) or Mo(VI) and the Mo-containing cathode films become thinner if the electrolyte during the film build-up also contains phosphate. For a RuO2-TiO2 anode polarized in electrolyte with 40 mM Mo(VI), the anode potential increased and on the electrode surface, increased molybdenum levels were detected. In an earlier study 40 mM Mo(VI) gave increased by-product oxygen.
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| 45. |
- Gustavsson, John, et al.
(author)
-
Rare earth metal salts as potential alternatives to Cr(VI) in the chlorate process
- 2010
-
In: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0021-891X .- 1572-8838. ; 40:8, s. 1529-1536
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chromate is today added to industrial chlorate electrolyte, where it forms a thin cathode film of chromium hydroxide that hinders unwanted reduction of hypochlorite and chlorate. The aim of this study was to investigate rare earth metal (REM) ions as an environmentally friendly alternative to the toxic chromate addition. Potential sweeps and iR-corrected polarisation curves were recorded using rotating disc electrodes of iron and gold. Addition of Y(III), La(III) or Sm(III) to 5 M NaCl at 70 A degrees C suppressed hypochlorite reduction. Activation of hydrogen evolution by REM ion addition to 0.5 M NaCl was more significant at 25 A degrees C than at 50 and 70 A degrees C. Increasing the chloride concentration to 5 M had a detrimental effect on this activation. The major problem in replacing chromate with REM salts is the poor solubility of REM ions at normal chlorate process conditions, and therefore REM salts are not a realistic alternative to chromate addition.
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| 46. |
- Huiran, Lu, 1989-
(author)
-
Wood-based Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries
- 2017
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have become very important recently as power sources for portable electronics and electric vehicles. Today non-renewable petroleum-based polymers are used as binders in state-of-the-art LIB. Therefore, it is essential to investigate alternative binders, which are environmentally friendly and inexpensive. Using wood-based materials, such as cellulose and lignin, could make the batteries more environmentally benign, cheaper and easier to produce.Lignin, a byproduct from the pulping industry and the second most abundant bio-polymer in wood, has been investigated for the first time as binder material for eco-friendly LIB. Both LiFePO4 (LFP) positive and graphite negative electrodes using pretreated lignin as binder exhibited good electrochemical performance. The drawback of lignin as binder is that its poor mechanical properties limit the preparation of a thick electrode, constraining the energy density for LIB.In order to meet the demands of flexible and bendable electronic devices, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as binder materials have been successfully fabricated for flexible batteries by a water-based paper making process. It showed excellent binding properties for different kinds of electrode materials, which were homogenously dispersed in its visible network. The flexible electrodes obtained good mechanical and electrochemical properties. A study of different CNF shows that the manufacturing process affects the performance of the electrodes.Another innovative LIB concept in this thesis was to build both lightweight and bendable LIB. Chopped carbon fibers (CF), bound by CNF, were demonstrated as both current collector and as a current collector-free negative electrode, produced by an easy filtration process. The gravimetric energy density was increased compared to cells with metallic current collectors. The CF-based lightweight and flexible electrode achieved a good cycling stability, rate capability, even after 4000 times of bending.
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| 47. |
- Hummelgård, Christine, et al.
(author)
-
Physical and electrochemical properties of cobalt doped (Ti,Ru)O-2 electrode coatings
- 2013
-
In: Materials Science & Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5107 .- 1873-4944. ; 178:20, s. 1515-1522
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The physical and electrochemical properties of ternary oxides Ti0.7Ru0.3-xCoxO2 (x = 0.093 and x = 0) have been investigated and compared. Samples of three different thicknesses were prepared by spin-coating onto polished titanium to achieve uniform and well-defined coatings. The resulting electrodes were characterized with a variety of methods, including both physical and electrochemical methods. Doping with cobalt led to a larger number of micrometer-sized cracks in the coating, and coating grains half the size compared to the undoped samples (10 instead of 20 nm across). This is in agreement with a voltammetric charge twice as high, as estimated from cyclic voltammetry. There is no evidence of a Co3O4 spinel phase, suggesting that the cobalt is mainly incorporated in the overall rutile structure of the (Ti,Ru)O-2. The doped electrodes exhibited a higher activity for cathodic hydrogen evolution compared to the undoped electrodes, despite the fact that one third of the active ruthenium was substituted with cobalt. For anodic chlorine evolution, the activity was similar for both electrode types. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 48. |
- Hummelgård, Christine, et al.
(author)
-
Spin coated titanium-ruthenium oxide thin films
- 2013
-
In: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 536, s. 74-80
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Substrates of different roughness spin coated with Ti0.7Ru0.3O2 films have been evaluated as model system for fundamental studies of the industrially and scientifically interesting (Ti, Ru)O-2 based electrodes. The approach allowed for much more accurate control over the material synthesis than the traditionally used brush-, dip-, or spray-coating, on titanium-metal substrates. It moreover yielded well-defined samples suitable for basic studies of the surface properties that are of fundamental importance for understanding the electrochemical functionality of the electrode. We have compared the films on silicon substrates to films prepared by spin coating the same material on titanium-metal substrates. Samples have been characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry. The samples displayed a uniformity of the films appropriate for AFM characterization. The smoother the substrate the less cracks in the coating. Using easily broken silicon wafers as substrate, a straightforward sample preparation technique was demonstrated for cross-section SEM. In addition, using high spinning velocities we have deposited the oxide films directly on silicon-nitride grids, thin enough to allow for studies with transmission electron microscopy without further sample preparation.
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| 49. |
- Högfeldt, Anna-Karin, et al.
(author)
-
Program leadership from a Nordic perspective - Managing education development
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of 8th International CDIO Conference, Brisbane, Australia.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nordic Five Tech (N5T) is a strategic alliance between five technical universities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The overall aim is to “utilize shared and complementary strengths and create synergy within education, research and innovation”. In this paper we focus on university educational development issues by investigating the program leadership at five Nordic technical universities. Specifically, the paper compares definitions, views and experiences of education leadership in the Nordic Five Tech (N5T) universities. The paper does this by, first, reviewing the definitions of roles and responsibilities for program directors at each university, and second, by presenting results from a survey carried out in March 2012 among program directors at the N5T universities. Based on this data, we analyze how program directors experience their role, their possibilities to lead, and their opportunities of learning to lead. How is time for reflection and development as leaders handled at the different universities? The paper goes on to consider what impact the mandate of the leadership role has on the possibilities for developing educational programs. For instance, how can program directors ensure that learning objectives concerning generic skills and abilities are reached? How can program directors drive implementation of integrative and value-oriented topics such as sustainable development, innovation and entrepreneurship?
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| 50. |
- Ipek, N., et al.
(author)
-
A coupled electrochemical and hydrodynamical two-phase model for the electrolytic pickling of steel
- 2008
-
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 155:4, s. P33-P43
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In industrial electrolytic pickling, a steel strip with oxidized surfaces is passed through an aqueous electrolyte between a configuration of electrodes, across which a potential difference is applied. The strip is thereby indirectly polarized, and electrochemical reactions at the strip surface result in the dissolution of the oxide layer and the evolution of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles. In this paper, we extend an earlier mathematical model for the electrochemical aspects of the process, which took account only of the liquid phase, to include the effect of the gas phase. The model is two-dimensional, steady-state and isothermal, and comprises five ionic species, the mixture velocity, pressure, and the gas fraction; numerical solutions of this model are then obtained. The results of the single and two-phase models are compared, and their implications for the actual pickling process are discussed.
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