| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Fomalont, E. B., et al.
(författare)
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THE 2014 ALMA LONG BASELINE CAMPAIGN: AN OVERVIEW
- 2015
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 808:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to similar to 15 km. To develop and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from 2014 September to late November, culminating in end-to-end observations, calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C 138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as 19 mas at similar to 350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy.
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| 4. |
- Heywood, I., et al.
(författare)
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Inflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 573:7773, s. 235-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Galactic Centre contains a supermassive black hole with a mass of four million Suns1 within an environment that differs markedly from that of the Galactic disk. Although the black hole is essentially quiescent in the broader context of active galactic nuclei, X-ray observations have provided evidence for energetic outbursts from its surroundings2. Also, although the levels of star formation in the Galactic Centre have been approximately constant over the past few hundred million years, there is evidence of increased short-duration bursts3, strongly influenced by the interaction of the black hole with the enhanced gas density present within the ring-like central molecular zone4 at Galactic longitude |l| < 0.7 degrees and latitude |b| < 0.2 degrees. The inner 200-parsec region is characterized by large amounts of warm molecular gas5, a high cosmic-ray ionization rate6, unusual gas chemistry, enhanced synchrotron emission7,8, and a multitude of radio-emitting magnetized filaments9, the origin of which has not been established. Here we report radio imaging that reveals a bipolar bubble structure, with an overall span of 1 degree by 3 degrees (140 parsecs × 430 parsecs), extending above and below the Galactic plane and apparently associated with the Galactic Centre. The structure is edge-brightened and bounded, with symmetry implying creation by an energetic event in the Galactic Centre. We estimate the age of the bubbles to be a few million years, with a total energy of 7 × 1052 ergs. We postulate that the progenitor event was a major contributor to the increased cosmic-ray density in the Galactic Centre, and is in turn the principal source of the relativistic particles required to power the synchrotron emission of the radio filaments within and in the vicinity of the bubble cavities.
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| 5. |
- Drake, Thomas M., et al.
(författare)
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Outcomes following small bowel obstruction due to malignancy in the national audit of small bowel obstruction
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Surgical Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0748-7983 .- 1532-2157. ; 45:12, s. 2319-2324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology Introduction: Patients with cancer who develop small bowel obstruction are at high risk of malnutrition and morbidity following compromise of gastrointestinal tract continuity. This study aimed to characterise current management and outcomes following malignant small bowel obstruction. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study of patients with small bowel obstruction who presented to UK hospitals between 16th January and 13th March 2017. Patients who presented with small bowel obstruction due to primary tumours of the intestine (excluding left-sided colonic tumours) or disseminated intra-abdominal malignancy were included. Outcomes included 30-day mortality and in-hospital complications. Cox-proportional hazards models were used to generate adjusted effects estimates, which are presented as hazard ratios (HR) alongside the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The threshold for statistical significance was set at the level of P ≤ 0.05 a-priori. Results: 205 patients with malignant small bowel obstruction presented to emergency surgery services during the study period. Of these patients, 50 had obstruction due to right sided colon cancer, 143 due to disseminated intraabdominal malignancy, 10 had primary tumours of the small bowel and 2 patients had gastrointestinal stromal tumours. In total 100 out of 205 patients underwent a surgical intervention for obstruction. 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 11.3% for those with primary tumours and 19.6% for those with disseminated malignancy. Severe risk of malnutrition was an independent predictor for poor mortality in this cohort (adjusted HR 16.18, 95% CI 1.86 to 140.84, p = 0.012). Patients with right-sided colon cancer had high rates of morbidity. Conclusions: Mortality rates were high in patients with disseminated malignancy and in those with right sided colon cancer. Further research should identify optimal management strategy to reduce morbidity for these patient groups.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Downey, Harriet, et al.
(författare)
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Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecological Solutions and Evidence. - : Wiley. - 2688-8319. ; 2:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis.2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice.3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses.4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.
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| 10. |
- Berk, M, et al.
(författare)
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Neuroprotection after a first episode of mania: a randomized controlled maintenance trial comparing the effects of lithium and quetiapine on grey and white matter volume
- 2017
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Ingår i: Translational psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2158-3188. ; 7:1, s. e1011-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lithium and quetiapine are effective treatments for bipolar disorder, but their potential neuroprotective effects in humans remain unclear. A single blinded equivalence randomized controlled maintenance trial was conducted in a prospective cohort of first-episode mania (FEM) patients (n=26) to longitudinally compare the putative protective effects of lithium and quetapine on grey and white matter volume. A healthy control sample was also collected (n=20). Using structural MRI scans, voxel-wise grey and white matter volumes at baseline and changes over time in response to treatment were investigated. Patients were assessed at three time points (baseline, 3 and 12-month follow-up), whereas healthy controls were assessed at two time points (baseline and 12-month follow-up). Patients were randomized to lithium (serum level 0.6 mmol l−1, n=20) or quetiapine (flexibly dosed up to 800 mg per day, n=19) monotherapy. At baseline, compared with healthy control subjects, patients with FEM showed reduced grey matter in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus and cerebellum. In addition, patients had reduced internal capsule white matter volume bilaterally (t1,66>3.20, P<0.01). Longitudinally, there was a significant treatment × time effect only in the white matter of the left internal capsule (F2,112=8.54, P<0.01). Post hoc testing showed that, compared with baseline, lithium was more effective than quetiapine in slowing the progression of white matter volume reduction after 12 months (t1,24=3.76, P<0.01). Our data support the role of lithium but not quetiapine therapy in limiting white matter reduction early in the illness course after FEM.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Marcaide, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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The quasars 1038+528 A and B
- 1985
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - Les Ulis : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 142:1, s. 71-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The results of VLBI observations of the quasars 1038 + 528 A and B at 2.8, 3.6, 13, and 18 cm at various times between November 1979 and March 1981 are reported. The observations and data calibration are described, as are the mapping and astrometric techniques applied in the study. Both quasars are found to have 'core-jet' morphologies. The core of the A quasar dominates its morphology at centrimetric wavelengths with the brightness temperature of its 400 pc long jet being about 1/100 that of the core. By contrast, the 'jet' in the B quasar is very short (about 70 pc); the tail of this jet has the steepest spectral index found to date in extragalactic compact sources, indicating that high electron losses are responsible for the shortness of the jet. No evidence for appreciable morphological change in the B quasar was found over the time span of the study, whereas a new feature may be emerging from the A quasar core at superluminal speed.
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| 15. |
- Sánchez Van Kammen, Mayte, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia
- 2021
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Ingår i: JAMA Neurology. - : American Medical Association. - 2168-6149 .- 2168-6157. ; 78:11, s. 1314-1323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Importance: Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) has been reported after vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson).Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with and without TTS.Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from an international registry of consecutive patients with CVST within 28 days of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination included between March 29 and June 18, 2021, from 81 hospitals in 19 countries. For reference, data from patients with CVST between 2015 and 2018 were derived from an existing international registry. Clinical characteristics and mortality rate were described for adults with (1) CVST in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, (2) CVST after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination not fulling criteria for TTS, and (3) CVST unrelated to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Exposures: Patients were classified as having TTS if they had new-onset thrombocytopenia without recent exposure to heparin, in accordance with the Brighton Collaboration interim criteria.Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical characteristics and mortality rate.Results: Of 116 patients with postvaccination CVST, 78 (67.2%) had TTS, of whom 76 had been vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCov-19; 38 (32.8%) had no indication of TTS. The control group included 207 patients with CVST before the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 63 of 78 (81%), 30 of 38 (79%), and 145 of 207 (70.0%) patients, respectively, were female, and the mean (SD) age was 45 (14), 55 (20), and 42 (16) years, respectively. Concomitant thromboembolism occurred in 25 of 70 patients (36%) in the TTS group, 2 of 35 (6%) in the no TTS group, and 10 of 206 (4.9%) in the control group, and in-hospital mortality rates were 47% (36 of 76; 95% CI, 37-58), 5% (2 of 37; 95% CI, 1-18), and 3.9% (8 of 207; 95% CI, 2.0-7.4), respectively. The mortality rate was 61% (14 of 23) among patients in the TTS group diagnosed before the condition garnered attention in the scientific community and 42% (22 of 53) among patients diagnosed later.Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of patients with CVST, a distinct clinical profile and high mortality rate was observed in patients meeting criteria for TTS after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination..
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Mangum, J. G., et al.
(författare)
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Densitometry and Thermometry of Starburst Galaxies
- 2016
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Ingår i: EAS Publications Series. - : EDP Sciences. - 1633-4760 .- 1638-1963. - 9782759820221 ; 75-76, s. 61-65
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With a goal toward deriving the physical conditions in external galaxies, we have conducted a survey and subsequent high spatial resolution imaging of formaldehyde (H2CO) and ammonia (NH3) emission and absorption in a sample of starburst galaxies. In this article we present the results from a subset of this survey which focuses on high spatial resolution measurements of volume density-and kinetic temperature-sensitive transitions of the H2CO molecule. The volume density structure toward the nuclear region of NGC 253 has been derived from ? ≠4 arcsec NRAO Very Large Array (VLA) measurements of the 110-111 and 211-212 K-doublet transitions of H2CO. The kinetic temperature structure toward NGC 253 and NGC 4945 has been derived from ? ≠0.5-1.0 arcsec measurements of the H2CO 3K-1K+1-2K-1K+1 (near 218 GHz) and 5K-1K+1-4K-1K+1 (near 365 GHz) transitions acquired using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). These measurements have allowed us to characterize the dense gas and kinetic temperature structure within these star forming galaxies, which is a first step toward associating dense star-forming gas and the heating processes at work within galaxies.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Sacco, R. L., et al.
(författare)
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Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke
- 2008
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - Boston : Massachusetts medical society. - 1533-4406 .- 0028-4793. ; 359:12, s. 1238-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Recurrent stroke is a frequent, disabling event after ischemic stroke. This study compared the efficacy and safety of two antiplatelet regimens--aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (ASA-ERDP) versus clopidogrel. METHODS: In this double-blind, 2-by-2 factorial trial, we randomly assigned patients to receive 25 mg of aspirin plus 200 mg of extended-release dipyridamole twice daily or to receive 75 mg of clopidogrel daily. The primary outcome was first recurrence of stroke. The secondary outcome was a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or death from vascular causes. Sequential statistical testing of noninferiority (margin of 1.075), followed by superiority testing, was planned. RESULTS: A total of 20,332 patients were followed for a mean of 2.5 years. Recurrent stroke occurred in 916 patients (9.0%) receiving ASA-ERDP and in 898 patients (8.8%) receiving clopidogrel (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.11). The secondary outcome occurred in 1333 patients (13.1%) in each group (hazard ratio for ASA-ERDP, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.07). There were more major hemorrhagic events among ASA-ERDP recipients (419 [4.1%]) than among clopidogrel recipients (365 [3.6%]) (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.32), including intracranial hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.83). The net risk of recurrent stroke or major hemorrhagic event was similar in the two groups (1194 ASA-ERDP recipients [11.7%], vs. 1156 clopidogrel recipients [11.4%]; hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.11). CONCLUSIONS: The trial did not meet the predefined criteria for noninferiority but showed similar rates of recurrent stroke with ASA-ERDP and with clopidogrel. There is no evidence that either of the two treatments was superior to the other in the prevention of recurrent stroke. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00153062.)
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Yusuf, S., et al.
(författare)
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Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events
- 2008
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - : Massachusetts medical society. - 1533-4406 .- 0028-4793. ; 359:12, s. 1225-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Prolonged lowering of blood pressure after a stroke reduces the risk of recurrent stroke. In addition, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in high-risk patients reduces the rate of subsequent cardiovascular events, including stroke. However, the effect of lowering of blood pressure with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor soon after a stroke has not been clearly established. We evaluated the effects of therapy with an angiotensin-receptor blocker, telmisartan, initiated early after a stroke. METHODS: In a multicenter trial involving 20,332 patients who recently had an ischemic stroke, we randomly assigned 10,146 to receive telmisartan (80 mg daily) and 10,186 to receive placebo. The primary outcome was recurrent stroke. Secondary outcomes were major cardiovascular events (death from cardiovascular causes, recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or new or worsening heart failure) and new-onset diabetes. RESULTS: The median interval from stroke to randomization was 15 days. During a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, the mean blood pressure was 3.8/2.0 mm Hg lower in the telmisartan group than in the placebo group. A total of 880 patients (8.7%) in the telmisartan group and 934 patients (9.2%) in the placebo group had a subsequent stroke (hazard ratio in the telmisartan group, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 1.04; P=0.23). Major cardiovascular events occurred in 1367 patients (13.5%) in the telmisartan group and 1463 patients (14.4%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.01; P=0.11). New-onset diabetes occurred in 1.7% of the telmisartan group and 2.1% of the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.04; P=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with telmisartan initiated soon after an ischemic stroke and continued for 2.5 years did not significantly lower the rate of recurrent stroke, major cardiovascular events, or diabetes. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00153062.)
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| 23. |
- Brill, Jason B., et al.
(författare)
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The Role of TEG and ROTEM in Damage Control Resuscitation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 52-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trauma-induced coagulopathy is associated with very high mortality, and hemorrhage remains the leading preventable cause of death after injury. Directed methods to combat coagulopathy and attain hemostasis are needed. The available literature regarding viscoelastic testing, including thrombelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), was reviewed to provide clinically relevant guidance for emergency resuscitation. These tests predict massive transfusion and developing coagulopathy earlier than conventional coagulation testing, within 15 min using rapid testing. They can guide resuscitation after trauma, as well. TEG and ROTEM direct early transfusion of fresh frozen plasma when clinical gestalt has not activated a massive transfusion protocol. Reaction time and clotting time via these tests can also detect clinically significant levels of direct oral anticoagulants. Slowed clot kinetics suggest the need for transfusion of fibrinogen via concentrates or cryoprecipitate. Lowered clot strength can be corrected with platelets and fibrinogen. Finally, viscoelastic tests identify fibrinolysis, a finding associated with significantly increased mortality yet one that no conventional coagulation test can reliably detect. Using these parameters, guided resuscitation begins within minutes of a patients arrival. A growing body of evidence suggests this approach may improve survival while reducing volumes of blood products transfused.
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| 24. |
- Böhme, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
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Complete avian malaria parasite genomes reveal features associated with lineage-specific evolution in birds and mammals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Genome Research. - : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSHL). - 1088-9051 .- 1549-5469. ; 28:4, s. 547-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Avian malaria parasites are prevalent around the world and infect a wide diversity of bird species. Here, we report the sequencing and analysis of high-quality draft genome sequences for two avian malaria species, Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium gallinaceum. We identify 50 genes that are specific to avian malaria, located in an otherwise conserved core of the genome that shares gene synteny with all other sequenced malaria genomes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the avian malaria species form an outgroup to the mammalian Plasmodium species, and using amino acid divergence between species, we estimate the avian- and mammalian-infective lineages diverged in the order of 10 million years ago. Consistent with their phylogenetic position, we identify orthologs of genes that had previously appeared to be restricted to the clades of parasites containing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, the species with the greatest impact on human health. From these orthologs, we explore differential diversifying selection across the genus and show that the avian lineage is remarkable in the extent to which invasion-related genes are evolving. The subtelomeres of the P. relictum and P. gallinaceum genomes contain several novel gene families, including an expanded surf multigene family. We also identify an expansion of reticulocyte binding protein homologs in P. relictum, and within these proteins, we detect distinct regions that are specific to nonhuman primate, humans, rodent, and avian hosts. For the first time in the Plasmodium lineage, we find evidence of transposable elements, including several hundred fragments of LTR-retrotransposons in both species and an apparently complete LTR-retrotransposon in the genome of P. gallinaceum.
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| 25. |
- Commowick, Olivier, et al.
(författare)
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Objective Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation using a Data Management and Processing Infrastructure
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a study of multiple sclerosis segmentation algorithms conducted at the international MICCAI 2016 challenge. This challenge was operated using a new open-science computing infrastructure. This allowed for the automatic and independent evaluation of a large range of algorithms in a fair and completely automatic manner. This computing infrastructure was used to evaluate thirteen methods of MS lesions segmentation, exploring a broad range of state-of-theart algorithms, against a high-quality database of 53 MS cases coming from four centers following a common definition of the acquisition protocol. Each case was annotated manually by an unprecedented number of seven different experts. Results of the challenge highlighted that automatic algorithms, including the recent machine learning methods (random forests, deep learning,.), are still trailing human expertise on both detection and delineation criteria. In addition, we demonstrate that computing a statistically robust consensus of the algorithms performs closer to human expertise on one score (segmentation) although still trailing on detection scores.
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| 26. |
- Cotton, L. J., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical relationships of ambers using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- 2017. - 1
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Ingår i: Geological Society Special Publication. - 0305-8719. ; 448:1, s. 413-424
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amber is known for its remarkably well-preserved fossils, but the chemical complexity of amber and its history are less well known. Amber is highly variable in both its physical and chemical properties, which are dependent on factors such as the source tree and the diagenetic history. Amber from a given locality therefore has a unique chemical composition. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is often used to determine the chemical composition of amber and to provide a fingerprint for amber samples. We used FTIR spectroscopy to analyse samples spanning the time period from the Early Cretaceous to the Oligo-Miocene from 17 localities in the Americas, Europe and Asia. We then used cluster analysis to examine the trends in amber chemistry and to increase our understanding of its formation through time. A detailed analysis of the clustering followed by modelling of the variables of importance suggested that the exocyclic methylene group content and conformation play a major part in explaining the clustering. Other variables, such as the ester and alkyl contents, contribute to identification. Placed in a broader perspective, our study indicates that the dominant factor in clustering is the age of the amber, followed by the locality.
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| 27. |
- Duchesne, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Prehospital Mortality Due to Hemorrhagic Shock Remains High and Unchanged : A Summary of Current Civilian EMS Practices and New Military Changes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 3-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mortality secondary to trauma related hemorrhagic shock has not improved for several decades. Underlying the stall in progress is the conundrum of effective pre-hospital interventions for hemorrhage control. As we know, neither pressing hard on the gas nor "Stay and play" have changed mortality over the last 20 years. For this reason, when dealing with effective changes that will improve severe hemorrhage mortality outcomes, there is a need for the creation of a hybrid pre-hospital model.Improvements in mortality outcomes for patients with severe hemorrhage based on evidence for common civilian prehospital procedures such as in-field intubation and immediate fluid resuscitation with crystalloid solution is weak at best. The use of tourniquets, once considered too risky to use, however, has risen dramatically in large part due success seen during their use in the military. Their use in the civilian setting shows promising results. Recently updated military Advanced Resuscitative Care (ARC) guidelines propose the use of prehospital whole blood transfusion as well as in-field use of Zone 1 Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA). Several case studies from Europe suggest these strategies are feasible for use in the civilian population, but could they be implemented in the U.S.?
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| 28. |
- Hörer, Tal M., 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Endovascular Resuscitation and Trauma Management (EVTM) : Practical Aspects and Implementation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 37-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in hemorrhage control by endovascular methods. Traumatic and non-traumatic hemorrhage is being more frequently managed with endografts, embolization agents and minimal invasive methods. These methods initially were used in hemodynamically stable patients only, whereas now are being implemented in acute settings and hemodynamically unstable patients. The strategy of using endovascular and combined open-endo methods approach for hemodynamic instability in trauma and non-trauma patients has been named EVTM- EndoVascular resuscitation and Trauma Management. The EVTM concept will be presented in this article, describing how it is developed and used, as well as its limitations and future aspects.
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| 29. |
- Kauvar, David, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges and Opportunities for Endovascular Treatment of Hemorrhage in Combat Casualty Care
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 46-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACT: The care of the hemorrhaging patient continues to evolve. The use of endovascular techniques to treat hemorrhage has increased significantly in civilian trauma care over the past 15 years and is identified as a major national trauma care research priority. Endovascular techniques are being increasingly employed to treat major thoracoabdominal arterial injuries and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is being adopted at trauma centers as a supportive adjunct to resuscitation in the exsanguinating patient. Emerging endovascular technology offers the opportunity to provide temporary or permanent control of non-compressible torso hemorrhage, which remains a vexing problem in combat casualty care. Endovascular advances have not been translated to the care of combat casualties to any significant degree, however. This review provides a summary and analysis of the gap between civilian endovascular hemorrhage control and combat casualty care practice to better align future research and development efforts.
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| 30. |
- Kauvar, David, et al.
(författare)
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Circulatory Trauma: A Paradigm for Understanding the Role of Endovascular Therapy in Hemorrhage Control
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 22-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathophysiology of traumatic hemorrhage is a phenomenon of vascular disruption and the symptom of bleeding represents one or more vascular injuries. In the Circulatory Trauma paradigm traumatic hemorrhage is viewed as injury to the circulatory system and suggests the underlying basis for endovascular hemorrhage control techniques. The question "Where is the patient bleeding?" is replaced by "Which blood vessels are disrupted?" and stopping bleeding becomes a matter of selective vessel access and vascular flow control. Control of traumatic hemorrhage has traditionally been performed via external access to the end organ that is bleeding followed by the application of direct pressure, packing, or clamping and repair of directly affected blood vessels. In the circulatory trauma paradigm, bleeding is seen as disruption to vessels which may be accessed internally, from within the vascular system. A variety of endovascular treatments such as balloon occlusion, embolization, or stent grafting can be used to control hemorrhage throughout the body. This narrative review presents a brief overview of the current role of endovascular therapy in the management of circulatory trauma. The authors draw on their personal experience combined with the last decade of published experiences with the use of endovascular techniques in trauma and present general recommendations for their evolving use. The focus of the review is on the use of endovascular techniques as specific vascular treatments using the circulatory trauma paradigm.
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| 31. |
- Khan, Mansoor Ali, et al.
(författare)
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DCR and EVTM : The Future of Trauma Research and Training
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of endovascular resuscitation and trauma management. - Örebro : Society of Endovascular Resuscitation and Trauma Management in cooperation with Örebro University Hospital. - 2002-7567. ; 4:2, s. 75-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Special issue in collaboration with the Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) group
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- McCoy, Christopher Cameron, et al.
(författare)
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Back to the Future: Whole Blood Resuscitation of the Severely Injured Trauma Patient
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following advances in blood typing and storage, whole blood transfusion became available for the treatment of casualties during World War I. While substantially utilized during World War II and the Korean War, whole blood transfusion declined during the Vietnam War as civilian centers transitioned to blood component therapies. Little evidence supported this shift, and recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have renewed interest in military and civilian applications of whole blood transfusion. Within the past two decades, civilian trauma centers have begun to study transfusion protocols based upon cold-stored, low anti-A/B titer type O whole blood for the treatment of severely injured civilian trauma patients. Early data suggests equivalent or improved resuscitation and hemostatic markers with whole blood transfusion when compared to balanced blood component therapy. Additional studies are taking place to define the optimal way to utilize low-titer type O whole blood in both prehospital and trauma center resuscitation of bleeding patients.
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| 35. |
- Naidoo, P., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms for sustainable post-trial access : A perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS AND LAW. - : HEALTH & MEDICAL PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1999-7639. ; 14:3, s. 77-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical trials are essential to establish the safety and efficacy of investigational products, contributing to risk/benefit assessments that ultimately determine whether these products meet the criteria for market authorisation. Clinical trials are also an important source of revenue and expertise generation for countries in which they are conducted. In developing countries, they represent substantial foreign direct investment. In spite of the substantial capital input that clinical trials require, the issue of funding post-trial access to beneficial therapies remains contentious, especially in resource-limited settings. In this article, we explore this situation and propose mechanisms to establish 'win-win' situations where both patients and clinical trial sponsors derive benefit from post-trial access programmes in low- and middle-income countries.
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| 36. |
- Ordonez, Carlos A., et al.
(författare)
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The Colombian Experience in Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) : The Progression From a Large Caliber to a Low-Profile Device at a Level I Trauma Center
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 42-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) is now performed in many trauma centers, it is used at more than 250 hospitals in the United States and there is an increase rate of publications with the experience in these centers, but there is a gap of knowledge regarding the use of REBOA in Latin-America. This paper endeavors to describe the utilization of REBOA at a high level Latin-American Trauma Center and the transition from a large caliber to a low-profile device with the concomitant reduction in the groin access complications.Methods: A prospective, observational, single-center study was conducted. We included all trauma patients who underwent REBOA. We recorded data from admission parameters, complications, and clinical outcomes.Results: Fifty patients were included. Most of the REBOA catheters were inserted in the operating room [47 (94%)], and the arterial access was done by surgical cutdown [40 (80%)]. All the complications were associated with the catheter of 11 Fr Sheath used in 36 patients [n = 8/36 (22%) vs. n = 0/14 (0%); P = 0.05].Conclusion: REBOA can be used safely in blunt or penetrating thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic trauma. The insertion of a 7 Fr Sheath was associated with lower complications, so its use should be preferred over larger calibers.
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| 37. |
- Pfreundschuh, Simon, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Synergistic radar and sub-millimeter radiometer retrievals of ice hydrometeors in mid-latitude frontal cloud systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 15:3, s. 677-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accurate measurements of ice hydrometeors are required to improve the representation of clouds and precipitation in weather and climate models. In this study, a newly developed, synergistic retrieval algorithm that combines radar with passive millimeter and sub-millimeter observations is applied to observations of three frontally generated, mid-latitude cloud systems in order to validate the retrieval and assess its capabilities to constrain the properties of ice hydrometeors. To account for uncertainty in the assumed shapes of ice particles, the retrieval is run multiple times while the shape is varied. Good agreement with in situ measurements of ice water content and particle concentrations for particle maximum diameters larger than 200ĝ€¯μm is found for one of the flights for the large plate aggregate and the six-bullet rosette shapes. The variational retrieval fits the observations well, although small systematic deviations are observed for some of the sub-millimeter channels pointing towards issues with the sensor calibration or the modeling of gas absorption. For one of the flights the quality of the fit to the observations exhibits a weak dependency on the assumed ice particle shape, indicating that the employed combination of observations may provide limited information on the shape of ice particles in the observed clouds. Compared to a radar-only retrieval, the results show an improved sensitivity of the synergistic retrieval to the microphysical properties of ice hydrometeors at the base of the cloud. Our findings indicate that the synergy between active and passive microwave observations may improve remote-sensing measurements of ice hydrometeors and thus help to reduce uncertainties that affect currently available data products. Due to the increased sensitivity to their microphysical properties, the retrieval may also be a valuable tool to study ice hydrometeors in field campaigns. The good fits obtained to the observations increase confidence in the modeling of clouds in the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator and the corresponding single scattering database, which were used to implement the retrieval forward model. Our results demonstrate the suitability of these tools to produce realistic simulations for upcoming sub-millimeter sensors such as the Ice Cloud Image or the Arctic Weather Satellite.
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| 38. |
- Ramirez, Kelly S., et al.
(författare)
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Detecting macroecological patterns in bacterial communities across independent studies of global soils
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Microbiology. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2058-5276. ; 3:2, s. 189-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of high-throughput DNA sequencing methods provides unprecedented opportunities to further unravel bacterial biodiversity and its worldwide role from human health to ecosystem functioning. However, despite the abundance of sequencing studies, combining data from multiple individual studies to address macroecological questions of bacterial diversity remains methodically challenging and plagued with biases. Here, using a machine-learning approach that accounts for differences among studies and complex interactions among taxa, we merge 30 independent bacterial data sets comprising 1,998 soil samples from 21 countries. Whereas previous meta-analysis efforts have focused on bacterial diversity measures or abundances of major taxa, we show that disparate amplicon sequence data can be combined at the taxonomy-based level to assess bacterial community structure. We find that rarer taxa are more important for structuring soil communities than abundant taxa, and that these rarer taxa are better predictors of community structure than environmental factors, which are often confounded across studies. We conclude that combining data from independent studies can be used to explore bacterial community dynamics, identify potential 'indicator' taxa with an important role in structuring communities, and propose hypotheses on the factors that shape bacterial biogeography that have been overlooked in the past.
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| 39. |
- Roberts, Derek J., et al.
(författare)
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Endovascular Versus Open: Emergency Department Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta or Thoracotomy for Management of Post-Injury Non-compressible Torso Hemorrhage
- 2020
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ENDOVASCULAR RESUSCITATION AND TRAUMA MANAGEMENT. - : OREBRO UNIV HOSPITAL. - 2002-7567. ; 4:2, s. 109-119
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-compressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) (i.e. bleeding from anatomical locations not amenable to control by direct pressure or tourniquet application) is a leading cause of potentially preventable death after injury. In select trauma patients with infra-diaphragmatic NCTH-related hemorrhagic shock or traumatic circulatory arrest, occlusion of the aorta proximal to the site of hemorrhage may sustain or restore spontaneous circulation. While the traditional method of achieving proximal aortic occlusion included Emergency Department thoracotomy (EDT) with descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) affords a less invasive option when thoracotomy is not required for other indications. In this article, we review the innovation, pathophysiologic effects, indications for, and technique of EDT and partial, intermittent, and complete REBOA in injured patients, including recommended methods for reversing aortic occlusion. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods of proximal aortic occlusion and review studies comparing their effectiveness and safety for managing post-injury NCTH. We conclude by providing recommendations as to when each of these methods may be best, when indicated, to manage injured patients with NCTH.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Sztukowski, Lisa A., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking reveals limited interactions between Campbell Albatross and fisheries during the breeding season
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Ornithology = Journal fur Ornithologie. - : Springer. - 0021-8375 .- 1439-0361. ; 158:3, s. 725-735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fisheries-related mortality has been influential in driving global declines in seabird populations. Understanding the overlap between seabird distribution and fisheries is one important element in assessing bycatch risk, and may be achieved by tracking the movements of individual birds and fishing vessels. Here, we assess the spatiotemporal overlap between the vulnerable Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida and large (>28 m) commercial fishing boats in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). We used a novel analytical approach, bivariate Gaussian bridge movement modelling, to compute spatiotemporal utilization distributions of bird-borne global positioning system (GPS) loggers and data from the Vessel Monitoring System. We tracked birds for 28,815 h during incubation and chick brooding, with half of this time spent within New Zealand’s EEZ, utilizing 6.7% of the available area. However, there was no evidence that albatrosses and fishing vessels were in the same location simultaneously. We accounted for the broader ecological footprint of fishing vessels by calculating the distance between GPS-fix locations for albatrosses and fishing vessels, revealing that albatrosses were within 30 km of fishing vessels in 8.4% of foraging trips. This highlights differences in estimated fine-scale spatiotemporal overlaps which may be due to the distance between albatrosses and vessels or the methods used. Overall, the low levels of spatial overlap could be a result of Campbell Albatross’ preference for foraging in areas without fishing activity or competitive exclusion by other species. Our results reinforce the importance of multi-scale, temporally explicit, and multi-national approaches to risk assessment, as Campbell Albatrosses spend approximately half of their time foraging outside New Zealand’s EEZ.
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| 42. |
- Tatum, Danielle, et al.
(författare)
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Time to Hemorrhage Control in a Hybrid ER System : Is It Time to Change?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 16-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time to hemorrhage control is critical, as mortality in patients with severe hemorrhage that arrive to trauma centers with sign of life remains over 40%. Prompt identification and management of severe hemorrhage is paramount to reducing mortality. In traditional US trauma systems, the early hospital course of a severely hemorrhaging patient typically proceeds from the trauma resuscitation bay to the operating room or angiography suite with a potential stop for radiological imaging. This protracted journey can prove fatal as it consumes valuable minutes. In contrast to the current US system is a newly developed and increasingly adopted system in Japan called the hybrid emergency room system (HERS). The hybrid ER is equipped to allow resuscitation, imaging, and damage control intervention to occur in the ER without the need to transport the patient to a subsequent destination. The HERS is relatively new and remains restricted to a small number of institutions, limiting the ability to robustly examine impact(s) on patient outcomes. Even if proven to yield superior outcomes, there are significant obstacles to adopting the HERS in the US. Challenges such as the high cost of building and implementing a HER system, return on investment, and the significant differences between the US and Japan in terms of physician training, trauma center, and reimbursement schemes may render the hybrid ER system to be unfeasible in most current trauma centers. Barriers aside, the Japanese hybrid ER system remains the most novel recent advancement in the quest to reduce potentially preventable mortality from hemorrhage.
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| 43. |
- Williams, James, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations of Available Blood Products for Massive Transfusion During Mass Casualty Events at us Level 1 Trauma Centers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Shock. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1073-2322 .- 1540-0514. ; 56:1S, s. 62-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Exsanguination remains a leading cause of preventable death in traumatically injured patients. To better treat hemorrhagic shock, hospitals have adopted massive transfusion protocols (MTPs) which accelerate the delivery of blood products to patients. There has been an increase in mass casualty events (MCE) worldwide over the past two decades. These events can overwhelm a responding hospital's supply of blood products. Using a computerized model, this study investigated the ability of US trauma centers (TCs) to meet the blood product requirements of MCEs.METHODS: Cross-sectional survey data of on-hand blood products were collected from 16 US level-1 TCs. A discrete event simulation model of a TC was developed based on historic data of blood product consumption during MCEs. Each hospital's blood bank was evaluated across increasingly more demanding MCEs using modern MTPs to guide resuscitation efforts in massive transfusion (MT) patients.RESULTS: A total of 9,000 simulations were performed on each TC's data. Under the least demanding MCE scenario, the median size MCE in which TCs failed to adequately meet blood product demand was 50 patients (IQR 20-90), considering platelets. 10 TCs exhaust their supply of platelets prior to RBCs or plasma. Disregarding platelets, five TCs exhausted their supply of O- packed red blood cells (RBCs), six exhausted their AB plasma supply, and five had a mixed exhaustion picture.CONCLUSION: Assuming a TC's ability to treat patients is limited only by their supply of blood products, US level-1 TCs lack the on-hand blood products required to adequately treat patients following a MCE. Use of non-traditional blood products, that have a longer shelf life, may allow TCs to better meet the blood product requirement needs of patients following larger MCEs.
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| 44. |
- Yoo, S.K., et al.
(författare)
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The K - μ / inverse gamma fading model
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC. - 9781467367820 ; 2015-December, s. 425-429
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 IEEE. Statistical distributions have been extensively used in modeling fading effects in conventional and modern wireless communications. In the present work, we propose a novel κ - μ composite shadowed fading model, which is based on the valid assumption that the mean signal power follows the inverse gamma distribution instead of the lognormal or commonly used gamma distributions. This distribution has a simple relationship with the gamma distribution, but most importantly, its semi heavy-tailed characteristics constitute it suitable for applications relating to modeling of shadowed fading. Furthermore, the derived probability density function of the κ - μ / inverse gamma composite distribution admits a rather simple algebraic representation that renders it convenient to handle both analytically and numerically. The validity and utility of this fading model are demonstrated by means of modeling the fading effects encountered in body centric communications channels, which have been known to be susceptible to the shadowing effect. To this end, extensive comparisons are provided between theoretical and respective real-time measurement results. It is shown that these comparisons exhibit accurate fitting of the new model for various measurement set ups that correspond to realistic communication scenarios.
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| 45. |
- Yoo, S.K., et al.
(författare)
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The η - μ / inverse gamma composite fading model
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC. - 2166-9570. - 9781467367820 ; 2015-December, s. 166-170
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 IEEE. In this paper we propose a new composite fading model which assumes that the mean signal power of an η - μ signal envelope follows an inverse gamma distribution. The inverse gamma distribution has a simple relationship with the gamma distribution and can be used to model shadowed fading due to its semi heavy-tailed characteristics. To demonstrate the utility of the new η - μ / inverse gamma composite fading model, we investigate the characteristics of the shadowed fading behavior observed in body centric communications channels which are known to be susceptible to shadowing effects, particularly generated by the human body. It is shown that the η - μ / inverse gamma composite fading model provided an excellent fit to the measurement data. Moreover, using Kullback-Leibler divergence, the η - μ / inverse gamma composite fading model was found to provide a better fit to the measured data than the k - μ / inverse gamma composite fading model, for the communication scenarios considered here.
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