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1.	Brack, Werner, et al. (författare) Towards the review of the European Union Water Framework Directive : Recommendations for more efficient assessment and management of chemical contamination in European surface water resources 2017 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 576, s. 720-737 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Water is a vital resource for natural ecosystems and human life, and assuring a high quality of water and protecting it from chemical contamination is a major societal goal in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives are the major body of legislation for the protection and sustainable use of European freshwater resources. The practical implementation of the WFD with regard to chemical pollution has faced some challenges. In support of the upcoming WFD review in 2019 the research project SOLUTIONS and the European monitoring network NORMAN has analyzed these challenges, evaluated the state-of-the-art of the science and suggested possible solutions. We give 10 recommendations to improve monitoring and to strengthen comprehensive prioritization, to foster consistent assessment and to support solution-oriented management of surface waters. The integration of effect-based tools, the application of passive sampling for bioaccumulative chemicals and an integrated strategy for prioritization of contaminants, accounting for knowledge gaps, are seen as important approaches to advance monitoring. Including all relevant chemical contaminants in more holistic chemical status assessment, using effect-based trigger values to address priority mixtures of chemicals, to better consider historical burdens accumulated in sediments and to use models to fill data gaps are recommended for a consistent assessment of contamination. Solution-oriented management should apply a tiered approach in investigative monitoring, to identify toxicity drivers, strengthen consistent legislative frameworks and apply solutions-oriented approaches that explore risk reduction scenarios before and along with risk assessment.
2.	Bui, Thuy T., et al. (författare) Estimating uptake of phthalate ester metabolites into the human nail plate using pharmacokinetic modelling 2017 Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 100, s. 148-155 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract There is a lack of knowledge regarding uptake of phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals into the human nail plate and thus, clarity concerning the suitability of human nails as a valid alternative matrix for monitoring longterm exposure. In particular, the relative importance of internal uptake of phthalate metabolites (from e.g. blood) compared to external uptake pathways is unknown. This study provides first insights into the partitioning of phthalate-metabolites between blood and nail using pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling and biomonitoring data from a Norwegian cohort. A previously published PK model (Lorber PK model) was used in combination with measured urine data to predict serum concentrations of DEHP and DnBP/DiBP metabolites at steady state. Then, partitioning between blood and nail was assessed assuming equilibrium conditions and treating the nail plate as a tissue, assuming a fixed lipid and water content. Although calculated as a worst-case scenario at equilibrium, the predicted nail concentrations of metabolites were lower than the biomonitoring data by factors of 44 to 1300 depending on the metabolite. It is therefore concluded that internal uptake of phthalate metabolites from blood into nail is a negligible pathway and does not explain the observed nail concentrations. Ingtead, external uptake pathways are more likely to dominate, possibly through deposition of phthalates onto the skin/nail and subsequent metabolism. Modelling gaseous diffusive uptake of PEs from air to nail revealed that this pathway is unlikely to be important. Experimental quantification of internal and external uptake pathways of phthalates and their metabolites into the human nail plate is needed to verify these modelling results. However, based on this model, human nails are not a good indicator of internal human exposure for the phthalate esters studied.
3.	Bui, Thuy T., et al. (författare) Human exposure, hazard and risk of alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters 2016 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 541, s. 451-467 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Alternative plasticizers to phthalate esters have been used for over a decade, but data regarding emissions, human exposure and health effects are limited. Here we review 20 alternative plasticizers in current use and their human exposure, hazard and risk. Physicochemical properties are collated for these diverse alternatives and log K-OW values range over 15 orders of magnitude and log K-AW and log K-OA values over about 9 orders of magnitude. Most substances are hydrophobic with low volatility and are produced in high volumes for use in multiple applications. There is an increasing trend in the total use of alternative plasticizers in Sweden compared to common phthalate esters in the last 10 years, especially for DINCH. Evaluative indoor fate modeling reveals that most alternatives are distributed to vertical surfaces (e.g. walls or ceilings). Only TXIB and GTA are predicted to be predominantly distributed to indoor air. Human exposure data are lacking and clear evidence for human exposure only exists for DEHT and DINCH, which show increasing trends in body burdens. Human intake rates are collected and compared with limit values with resulting risk ratios below 1 except for infant's exposure to ESBO. PBT properties of the alternatives indicate mostly no reasons for concern, except that TEHPA is estimated to be persistent and TCP toxic. A caveat is that non-standard toxicological endpoint results are not available and, similar to phthalate esters, the alternatives are likely pseudo-persistent. Keydata gaps for more comprehensive risk assessment are identified and include: analytical methods to measure metabolites in biological fluids and tissues, toxicological information regarding non-standard endpoints such as endocrine disruption and a further refined exposure assessment in order to consider high risk groups such as infants, toddlers and children.
4.	Bui, Thuy T., et al. (författare) Probing the relationship between external and internal human exposure of organophosphate flame retardants using pharmacokinetic modelling 2017 Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 230, s. 550-560 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Human external exposure (i.e. intake) of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has recently been quantified, but no link has yet been established between external and internal exposure. In this study, we used a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to probe the relationship between external and internal exposure data for three PFRs (EHDPHP, TNBP and TPHP) available for a Norwegian cohort of 61 individuals from 61 different households. Using current literature on metabolism of PFRs,, we predicted the metabolite serum/urine concentrations and compared it to measured data from the study population. Unavailable parameters were estimated using a model fitting approach (least squares method) after assigning reasonable constraints on the ranges of fitted parameters. Results showed an acceptable comparison between PK model estimates and measurements (<10-fold deviation) for EHDPHP. However, a deviation of 10-1000 was observed between PM model estimates and measurements for TNBP and TPHP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the PK model revealed that EHDPHP results showed higher uncertainty than TNBP or TPHP. However, there are indications that (1) current biomarkers of exposure (i.e. assumed metabolites) for TNBP and TPHP chemicals might not be specific and ultimately affecting the outcome of the modelling and (2) some exposure pathways might be missing. Further research, such as in vivo laboratory metabolism experiments of PFRs including identification of better biomarkers will reduce uncertainties in human exposure assessment.
5.	Bui, Tuong Thuy, et al. (författare) Probing the relationship between external and internal human exposure of organophosphate flame retardants using pharmacokinetic modelling Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Human external exposure (i.e. intake) of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) has recently been quantified, but no link has yet been established between external and internal exposure. In this study, we used a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to probe the relationship between external and internal exposure data for three PFRs (EHDPHP, TNBP and TPHP) available for a Norwegian cohort of 61 individuals from 61 different households. Using current literature on metabolism of PFRs, we predicted the human body burden and compared it to the measured serum and urine data for the PFRs metabolites. Unavailable parameters were estimated using a model fitting approach (least squares method) after assigning reasonable constraints on the ranges of fitted parameters. Results showed an acceptable comparison between PK model estimates and measurements (< 10-fold deviation) for EHDPHP. However, a deviation of 10-1000 was observed between PK model estimates and measurements for TNBP and TPHP. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis on the PK model revealed that EHDPHP results showed higher uncertainty than TNBP or TPHP. However, there are indications that (1) current biomarkers of exposure (i.e. assumed metabolites) for TNBP and TPHP chemicals might not be specific and ultimately affecting the outcome of the modeling, (2) some exposure pathways might be missing. Further research, such as in vivo laboratory metabolism experiments of PFRs including identification of better biomarkers will reduce uncertainties in human exposure assessment.
6.	Christiansen, Sigurd, et al. (författare) Properties of sea spray aerosols during a spring phyto-plankton bloom on the Faroe Shelf in the North Atlantic Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
7.	Giovanoulis, Georgios, 1982-, et al. (författare) Corrigendum to “Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH” [Environ. Int. 112 (2018) 115–126] 2020 Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 143, s. 106071-106071 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
8.	Giovanoulis, Georgios, et al. (författare) Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH 2018 Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 112, s. 115-126 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Phthalate esters are substances mainly used as plasticizers in various applications. Some have been restricted and phased out due to their adverse health effects and ubiquitous presence, leading to the introduction of alternative plasticizers, such as DINCH. Using a comprehensive dataset from a Norwegian study population, human exposure to DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DPHP and DINCH was assessed by measuring their presence in external exposure media, allowing an estimation of the total intake, as well as the relative importance of different uptake pathways. Intake via different uptake routes, in particular inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral uptake was estimated and total intake based on all uptake pathways was compared to the calculated intake from biomonitoring data. Hand wipe results were used to determine dermal uptake and compared to other exposure sources such as air, dust and personal care products. Results showed that the calculated total intakes were similar, but slightly higher than those based on biomonitoring methods by 1.1 to 3 times (median), indicating a good understanding of important uptake pathways. The relative importance of different uptake pathways was comparable to other studies, where inhalation was important for lower molecular weight phthalates, and negligible for the higher molecular weight phthalates and DINCH. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower (median up to 2000 times) than the total dermal uptake via air, dust and personal care products. Still, dermal uptake is not a well-studied exposure pathway and several research gaps (e.g. absorption fractions) remain. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure for the Norwegian participants to the phthalates and DINCH was lower than health based limit values. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required.
9.	Giovanoulis, Georgios, et al. (författare) Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Phthalate esters are substances mainly used as plasticizers in various applications. Some have been restricted and phased out due to their adverse health effects and ubiquitous presence, leading to the introduction of alternative plasticizers, such as DINCH. Using a comprehensive dataset from a Norwegian study population, human exposure to DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DPHP and DINCH was assessed by measuring their presence in external exposure media, allowing an estimation of the total intake, as well as the relative importance of different uptake pathways. Intake via different uptake routes, in particular inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral uptake was estimated and total intake based on all uptake pathways was compared to the back-calculated intake from biomonitoring data. Hand wipe results were used to determine dermal uptake and compared to other exposure sources such as air, dust and personal care products. Results showed that the calculated total intakes were similar, but slightly higher than those based on biomonitoring methods by 1.1 to 2.8 times (median), indicating a good understanding of important uptake pathways. The relative importance of different uptake pathways was comparable to other studies, where inhalation was important for lower molecular weight phthalates, and negligible for the higher molecular weight phthalates and DINCH. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. The dermal uptake assessed by hand wipes was much lower (median up to 2000 times) than the sum of dermal uptake via air, dust and personal care products and unlikely represents an integrative dermal exposure. Dermal uptake is not a well-studied exposure pathway and several research gaps (e.g. absorption fractions) remain. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure risk for the Norwegian participants to the phthalates and DINCH was lower than health based limit values. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required.
10.	Liagkouridis, Ioannis, et al. (författare) Emissions and fate of brominated flame retardants in the indoor environment : A critical review of modelling approaches 2014 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 491, s. 87-99 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract This review explores the existing understanding and the available approaches to estimating the emissions and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and in particular focuses on the brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Volatilisation, an important emission mechanism for the more volatile compounds can be well described using current emission models. More research is needed, however, to better characterise alternative release mechanisms such as direct material-particle partitioning and material abrasion. These two particle-mediated emissions are likely to result in an increased chemical release from the source than can be accounted for by volatilisation, especially for low volatile compounds, and emission models need to be updated in order to account for these. Air-surface partitioning is an important fate process for SVOCs such as BFRs however it is still not well characterised indoors. In addition, the assumption of an instantaneous air-particle equilibrium adopted by current indoor fate models might not be valid for high-molecular weight, strongly sorbing compounds. A better description of indoor particle dynamics is required to assess the effect of particle-associated transport as this will control the fate of low volatile BFRs. We suggest further research steps that will improve modelling Precision and increase our understanding of the factors that govern the indoor fate of a wide range of SVOCs. It is also considered that the appropriateness of the selected model for a given study relies on the individual characteristics of the study environment and scope of the study.
11.	Liagkouridis, Ioannis, 1982- (författare) Indoor emissions and fate of flame retardants : A modelling approach 2016 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A significant number of consumer goods and building materials act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. As a result, FRs have become ubiquitous indoors raising concerns about human exposure and possible health implications. Once released indoors, FRs can escape to the outdoors where they can persist, be transported over long distances and present a threat to the environment. Despite the increasing number of studies reporting the occurrence of FRs in the indoor environment, the understanding of i) how and to what extent these chemicals are released from indoor sources, and ii) their subsequent fate indoors remains limited. The overarching objective of this thesis was to improve this understanding by assessing the indoor emissions and fate of FRs using a combination of multimedia modelling strategies and experimental/empirical approaches. Paper I identifies a number of knowledge gaps and limitations regarding indoor emissions and fate of FRs and the available modelling approaches. These include a limited understanding of the key emission mechanisms for low volatility FRs, uncertainties regarding indoor air/surface partitioning, poor characterization of dust and film dynamics and a significant lack of knowledge regarding indoor reaction/degradation processes. In Paper II we highlighted the serious scarcity in physicochemical property data for the alternative FRs and demonstrated the applicability of a simple QSPR technique for selecting reliable property estimates for chemical assessments. A modelling fate assessment indicated a strong partitioning to indoor surfaces and dust for most of the alternative FRs. Indications for POP (persistent organic pollutant)-like persistence and LRT (long-range transport) and bioaccumulative potential in the outdoor environment were also identified for many alternative FRs. Using an inverse modelling approach in Paper III we estimated 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher emissions of organophosphate FRs (0.52 and 0.32 ng.h-1) than brominated FRs (0.083 μg.h-1 and 0.41 μg.h-1) in Norwegian households. An emission-to-dust signal was also identified for organophosphate FRs suggesting that direct migration to dust may be a key fate process indoors. No evidence of a direct source-to-dust transfer mechanism was seen in Paper IV where the chemical transfer between a product treated with an organophosphate FR and dust in direct contact was experimentally investigated. It was concluded though that direct contact between an FR source and dust can result in contamination hotspots indoors.
12.	Liagkouridis, Ioannis, et al. (författare) Physical-chemical properties and evaluative fate modelling of 'emerging' and 'novel' brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor environment 2015 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 524, s. 416-426 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Several groups of flame retardants (FRs) have entered the market in recent years as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), but little is known about their physical-chemical properties or their environmental transport and fate. Here we make best estimates of the physical-chemical properties and undertake evaluative modelling assessments (indoors and outdoors) for 35 so-called 'novel' and 'emerging' brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and 22 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). A QSPR (Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship) based technique is used to reduce uncertainty in physical-chemical properties and to aid property selection for modelling, but it is evident that more, high quality property data are required for improving future assessments. Evaluative modelling results show that many of the alternative FRs, mainly alternative BFRs and some of the halogenated OPFRs, behave similarly to the PBDEs both indoors and outdoors. These alternative FRs exhibit high overall persistence (Pov), long-range transport potential (LRTP) and POP-like behaviour and on that basis cannot be regarded as suitable replacements to PBDEs. A group of low molecular weight alternative BFRs and non-halogenated OPFRs show a potentially better environmental performance based on Pov and LRTP metrics. Results must be interpreted with caution though since there are significant uncertainties and limited data to allow for thorough model evaluation. Additional environmental parameters such as toxicity and bioaccumulative potential as well as functionality issues should be considered in an industrial substitution strategy.
13.	Liagkouridis, Ioannis, et al. (författare) Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust 2017 Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 27:3, s. 650-657 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modeling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modeling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41gh(-1) for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37ngh(-1) median emission rates). A consistent emission-to-dust signal, defined as higher dust-based than air-based emission estimates, was identified for four of the seven OPFRs, but only for one of the 19 BFRs. It is concluded, however, that uncertainty in model input parameters could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal.
14.	Liagkouridis, Ioannis, 1982-, et al. (författare) Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (ΒFRs) and 7 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modelling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally-based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modelling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41 μg.h-1 for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37 ng.h-1 median emission rates). An emission-to-dust signal was identified for 4 of the 7 OPFRs, but only for 1 out of the 19 BFRs. The influence of the sensitivity and uncertainty of KOA on model-estimated emission rates is explored and it is concluded that uncertainty in the model input KOA value could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal given the high sensitivity of dust-based emission estimates to KOA.
15.	Anderson, J. K., et al. (författare) Grouping of PFAS for human health risk assessment : Findings from an independent panel of experts 2022 Ingår i: Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0273-2300 .- 1096-0295. ; 134 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract An expert panel was convened to provide insight and guidance on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) grouping for the purposes of protecting human health from drinking water exposures, and how risks to PFAS mixtures should be assessed. These questions were addressed through multiple rounds of blind, independent responses to charge questions, and review and comments on co-panelists responses. The experts agreed that the lack of consistent interpretations of human health risk for well-studied PFAS and the lack of information for the vast majority of PFAS present significant challenges for any mixtures risk assessment approach. Most experts agreed that "all PFAS" should not be grouped together, persistence alone is not sufficient for grouping PFAS for the purposes of assessing human health risk, and that the definition of appropriate subgroups can only be defined on a case-by-case manner. Most panelists agreed that it is inappropriate to assume equal toxicity/potency across the diverse class of PFAS. A tiered approach combining multiple lines of evidence was presented as a possible viable means for addressing PFAS that lack analytical and/or toxicological studies. Most PFAS risk assessments will need to employ assumptions that are more likely to overestimate risk than to underestimate risk, given the choice of assumptions regarding dose-response model, uncertainty factors, and exposure information.
16.	Andersson, Hanna, 1982, et al. (författare) SUPFES: ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT ON SHORT-CHAIN PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES APPLIED TO LAND IN MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE 2014 Ingår i: 6th INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP on Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances - PFASs. Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In a recent risk assessment of sludge application to Swedish farmlands perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was identified as a substance contributing to risks to the environment and a regulation of permissible levels in sludge was proposed. This is only one of many actions taken to regulate the so called long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of substances which include e.g. PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their precursors. These regulations are enforced due to concerns regarding the persistence, bioaccumulation potential and effects for wildlife and human health of the long-chain PFAS. With the regulation and phase out of PFAS products containing long perfluoroalkyl chains, PFAS products containing short-chain perfluoroalkyl chains are seen as viable alternatives by the manufacturing industry, but to date knowledge about these alternative emerging products is limited and risk assessments have not yet been conducted. In this project, which is a subproject of the Swedish research programme SUPFES (www.supfes.eu), we assess the risks associated with short-chain PFAS in municipal sewage sludge applied to agricultural land in Sweden. Different scenarios are created regarding the loads of PFAS to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Further modelling scenarios are undertaken to estimate the loading of PFAS to agricultural land in Sweden as well as the subsequent fate and uptake in agricultural plants and leakage to water. The model predicted concentrations provide a basis for environmental risk assessment. With the long-chain PFAS as a benchmark, the study also aims to assess if the transition from long- to short-chain PFAS is beneficial from an application of sludge to agricultural land perspective. The risk assessment is connected to a life cycle assessment (LCA) on possible sludge handling alternatives which helps to place the problems associated with PFAS risks into a larger LCA perspective. The project results will help to determine if action is needed by water authorities to reduce the diffuse emissions of PFAS to agricultural land by introducing improved treatment technologies to remove PFAS from WWTP. This is thus an important contribution to the overarching goal of the SUPFES project which is to quantify and, if necessary, reduce diffuse emissions of PFAS to the environment. In the poster preliminary results from the risk assessment will be presented and ideas for further work discussed. Important methodological issues will be highlighted.
17.	Armitage, James, et al. (författare) Empirical evaluation of spatial and non-spatial European-scale multimedia fate models: Results and implications for chemical risk assessment. 2007 Ingår i: J. Environ. Monit.. ; 9, s. 572-581 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
18.	Armitage, James M, et al. (författare) Additions and corrections to “Modeling the global fate and transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFO) emitted from direct sources using a multispecies mass balance model” 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. Annan publikation (refereegranskat)
19.	Armitage, James M, et al. (författare) Comparative Assessment of the Global Fate and Transport Pathways of Long-chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) and Perfluorocarboxylates (PFCs) Emitted from Direct Sources 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:15, s. 5830-5836 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A global-scale multispecies mass balance model was used to simulate the long-term fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with eight to thirteen carbons (C8−C13) and their conjugate bases, the perfluorocarboxylates (PFCs). The main purpose of this study was to assess the relative long-range transport (LRT) potential of each conjugate pair, collectively termed PFC(A)s, considering emissions from direct sources (i.e., manufacturing and use) only. Overall LRT potential (atmospheric + oceanic) varied as a function of chain length and depended on assumptions regarding pKa and mode of entry. Atmospheric transport makes a relatively higher contribution to overall LRT potential for PFC(A)s with longer chain length, which reflects the increasing trend in the air−water partition coefficient (KAW) of the neutral PFCA species with chain length. Model scenarios using estimated direct emissions of the C8, C9, and C11 PFC(A)s indicate that the mass fluxes to the Arctic marine environment associated with oceanic transport are in excess of mass fluxes from indirect sources (i.e., atmospheric transport of precursor substances such as fluorotelomer alcohols and subsequent degradation to PFCAs). Modeled concentrations of C8 and C9 in the abiotic environment are broadly consistent with available monitoring data in surface ocean waters. Furthermore, the modeled concentration ratios of C8 to C9 are reconcilable with the homologue pattern frequently observed in biota, assuming a positive correlation between bioaccumulation potential and chain length. Modeled concentration ratios of C11 to C10 are more difficult to reconcile with monitoring data in both source and remote regions. Our model results for C11 and C10 therefore imply that either (i) indirect sources are dominant or (ii) estimates of direct emission are not accurate for these homologues.
20.	Armitage, James M., 1974- (författare) Modeling the global fate and transport of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) 2009 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants that are widely distributed in the global environment. Despite the fact that these chemicals have been manufactured and used for over 50 years, there has been little scientific and regulatory interest until very recently. An important research priority over the past decade has been to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and pathways explaining the presence of these compounds in remote regions. One explanation is related to the use and release of volatile precursor compounds which undergo atmospheric transport and are also susceptible to degradation to PFAS through gas phase reactions with radical species. The main purpose of this doctoral thesis was to investigate an alternative explanation, namely the long-range transport (LRT) of PFAS themselves, which have been released into the environment in substantial quantities during manufacturing and product use. Papers I – III explore the LRT potential of perfluorocarboxylic acids and perfluorocarboxylates and demonstrate that both oceanic and atmospheric transport are efficient pathways of dispersion from source to remote regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Oceanic transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was shown to be an important process in Paper IV as well. The role of precursor transport and degradation to PFOS was also examined in this paper. The most interesting aspect of the fate and transport of PFOS precursors is the rapid response in ambient concentrations exhibited by these compounds in the model simulations following production phase-out. Since precursor compounds are known to degrade to PFOS in vivo, the modeling results demonstrate that this exposure pathway is a plausible explanation for the declining trends in PFOS concentrations reported for marine mammals in some remote environments.
21.	Armitage, James M., et al. (författare) Modeling the Global Fate and Transport of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Precursor Compounds in Relation to Temporal Trends in Wildlife Biomonitoring Data Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
22.	Armitage, James M, et al. (författare) Modeling the Global Fate and Transport of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Precursor Compounds in Relation to Temporal Trends in Wildlife Exposure. 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:24, s. 9274-80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A global-scale fate and transport model was applied to investigate the historic and future trends in ambient concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and volatile perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (POSF)-based precursor compounds in the environment. First, a global emission inventory for PFOS and its precursor compounds was estimated for the period 1957-2010. We used this inventory as input to a global-scale contaminant fate model and compared modeled concentrations with field data. The main focus of the simulations was to examine how modeled concentrations of PFOS and volatile precursor compounds respond to the major production phase-out that occurred in 2000-2002. Modeled concentrations of PFOS in surface ocean waters are generally within a factor of 5 of field data and are dominated by direct emissions of this substance. In contrast, modeled concentrations of the precursor compounds considered in this study are lower than measured concentrations both before and after the production phase-out. Modeled surface ocean water concentrations of PFOS in source regions decline slowly in response to the production phase-out while concentrations in remote regions continue to increase until 2030. In contrast, modeled concentrations of precursor compounds in both the atmosphere and surface ocean water compartment in all regions respond rapidly to the production phase-out (i.e., decline quickly to much lower levels). With respect to wildlife biomonitoring data, since precursor compounds are bioavailable and degrade to PFOS in vivo, it is at least plausible that declining trends in PFOS body burdens observed in some marine organisms are attributable to this exposure pathway. The continued increases in PFOS body burdens observed in marine organisms inhabiting other regions may reflect exposure primarily to PFOS itself, present in the environment due to production and use of this compound as well as degradation of precursor compounds.
23.	Armitage, James M, et al. (författare) Modeling the Global Fate and Transport of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFO) Emitted from Direct Sources Using a Multispecies Mass Balance Model 2009 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 43:4, s. 1134-1140 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The global-scale fate and transport processes of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFO) emitted from direct sources were simulated using a multispecies mass balance model over the period 1950 to 2010. The main goal of this study was to assess the atmospheric and oceanic long-range transport potential of direct source emissions and the implications for the contamination of terrestrial and marine systems worldwide. Consistent with previous modeling studies, ocean transport was found to be the dominant pathway for delivering PFO(A) associated with direct sources to the Arctic marine environment, regardless of model assumptions. The modeled concentrations for surface ocean waters were insensitive to assumptions regarding physical−chemical properties and emission mode of entry and were in reasonable agreement with available monitoring data from the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, model outputs characterizing atmospheric transport potential were highly sensitive to model assumptions, especially the assumed value of the acid dissociation constant (pKa). However, the complete range of model results for scenarios with different assumptions about partitioning and emissions provide evidence that the atmospheric transport of directly emitted PFO(A) can deliver this substance to terrestrial environments distant from sources. Additional studies in remote or isolated terrestrial systems may provide further insight into the scale of contamination actually attributable to direct sources.
24.	Arnot, Jon A., et al. (författare) Toward a Consistent Evaluative Framework for POP Risk Characterization 2011 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 45:1, s. 97-103 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The purpose of Annex E in the Stockholm Convention (SC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) is to assess whether a chemical is likely, as a result of its long-range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health or environmental effects, such that global action is warranted. To date, risk profiles for nominated POPs have not consistently selected assessment endpoints or completed mandated risk characterizations. An assessment endpoint hierarchy is proposed to facilitate risk characterization for the implementation of the SC. The framework is illustrated for a nominated POP, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), using three risk estimation methods. Based on current monitoring and toxicity data, the screening-level results indicate that humans and ecological receptors in remote regions such as the Arctic are unlikely to experience significant adverse effects (i.e., low risk) due to long-range environmental transport of HBCD. The results for birds are more uncertain than the results for fish and mammals due to the paucity of avian toxicity data. Risk characterization results for HBCD and for some listed POPs are compared to illustrate how the proposed methods can further assist decision-making and chemical management.
25.	Balk, Fabian G. P., et al. (författare) Children's exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids - a modelling approach 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 21:11, s. 1875-1886 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Adults are mainly exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via ingestion of food, inhalation of air and ingestion of dust, whereas for children the exposure to PFASs is largely unknown. This study aimed to reconstruct the serum concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in children after infancy up to 10.5 years of age and to test if dietary intake is the major exposure pathway for children to PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS after infancy. For this work, a dataset from a Finnish child cohort study was available, which comprised serum concentrations of the studied perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and PFAS concentration measurements in dust and air samples from the children's bedrooms. The calculated PFAA intakes were used in a pharmacokinetic model to reconstruct the PFAA serum concentrations from 1 to 10.5 years of age. The calculated PFOA and PFOS intakes were close to current regulatory intake thresholds and diet was the major exposure medium for the 10.5 year-olds. The one-compartment PK model reconstructed median PFOA and PFOS serum concentrations well compared to corresponding measured median serum concentrations, while the modelled PFHxS serum concentrations showed a constant underestimation. The results imply that children's exposure to PFOA and PFOS after breastfeeding and with increasing age resembles the exposure of adults. Further, the children in the Finnish cohort experienced a rather constant exposure to PFOA and PFOS between 1 and 10.5 years of age. The PFHxS exposure sources and respective pharmacokinetic parameter estimations need further investigation.
26.	Beard, David J., et al. (författare) Considerations and methods for placebo controls in surgical trials (ASPIRE guidelines) 2020 Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 395:10226, s. 828-838 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Placebo comparisons are increasingly being considered for randomised trials assessing the efficacy of surgical interventions. The aim of this Review is to provide a summary of knowledge on placebo controls in surgical trials. A placebo control is a complex type of comparison group in the surgical setting and, although powerful, presents many challenges. This Review outlines what a placebo control entails and present understanding of this tool in the context of surgery. We consider when placebo controls in surgery are acceptable (and when they are desirable) in terms of ethical arguments and regulatory requirements, how a placebo control should be designed, how to identify and mitigate risk for participants in these trials, and how such trials should be done and interpreted. Use of placebo controls is justified in randomised controlled trials of surgical interventions provided there is a strong scientific and ethical rationale. Surgical placebos might be most appropriate when there is poor evidence for the efficacy of the procedure and a justified concern that results of a trial would be associated with high risk of bias, particularly because of the placebo effect. Feasibility work is recommended to optimise the design and implementation of randomised controlled trials. This Review forms an outline for best practice and provides guidance, in the form of the Applying Surgical Placebo in Randomised Evaluations (known as ASPIRE) checklist, for those considering the use of a placebo control in a surgical randomised controlled trial.
27.	Beard, David J., et al. (författare) Placebo comparator group selection and use in surgical trials : The aspire project including expert workshop 2021 Ingår i: Health Technology Assessment. - 1366-5278. ; 25:53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The use of placebo comparisons for randomised trials assessing the efficacy of surgical interventions is increasingly being considered. However, a placebo control is a complex type of comparison group in the surgical setting and, although powerful, presents many challenges. Objectives: To provide a summary of knowledge on placebo controls in surgical trials and to summarise any recommendations for designers, evaluators and funders of placebo-controlled surgical trials. Design: To carry out a state-of-the-art workshop and produce a corresponding report involving key stakeholders throughout. Setting: A workshop to discuss and summarise the existing knowledge and to develop the new guidelines. Results: To assess what a placebo control entails and to assess the understanding of this tool in the context of surgery is considered, along with when placebo controls in surgery are acceptable (and when they are desirable). We have considered ethics arguments and regulatory requirements, how a placebo control should be designed, how to identify and mitigate risk for participants in these trials, and how such trials should be carried out and interpreted. The use of placebo controls is justified in randomised controlled trials of surgical interventions provided that there is a strong scientific and ethics rationale. Surgical placebos might be most appropriate when there is poor evidence for the efficacy of the procedure and a justified concern that results of a trial would be associated with a high risk of bias, particularly because of the placebo effect. Conclusions: The use of placebo controls is justified in randomised controlled trials of surgical interventions provided that there is a strong scientific and ethics rationale. Feasibility work is recommended to optimise the design and implementation of randomised controlled trials. An outline for best practice was produced in the form of the Applying Surgical Placebo in Randomised Evaluations (ASPIRE) guidelines for those considering the use of a placebo control in a surgical randomised controlled trial. Limitations: Although the workshop participants involved international members, the majority of participants were from the UK. Therefore, although every attempt was made to make the recommendations applicable to all health systems, the guidelines may, unconsciously, be particularly applicable to clinical practice in the UK NHS. Future work: Future work should evaluate the use of the ASPIRE guidelines in making decisions about the use of a placebo-controlled surgical trial. In addition, further work is required on the appropriate nomenclature to adopt in this space.
28.	Borchert, Flora, et al. (författare) Identifying non-essential uses to phase out Substances of Very High Concern under REACH Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
29.	Boucher, Justin M., et al. (författare) Toward a Comprehensive Global Emission Inventory of C-4-C-10 Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids (PFSAs) and Related Precursors : Focus on the Life Cycle of C-6- and C-10-Based Products 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 6:1, s. 1-7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A first global emission inventory of C-4-C-10 perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids (PFSAs) released during the life cycle of perfluorohexanesulfonyl fluoride (PHxSF)- and perfluorodecanesulfonyl fluoride (PDSF)-based products is presented. This study complements previous research on emissions of PFSAs that focused largely on the life cycle of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF) and its derivatives. It reviews and integrates existing information about the life cycle of PHxSF, PDSF, and their derivatives; the limited data available in the public domain point to potentially significant global production, uses, and releases of these substances. Between 1958 and 2015, ranges of total emissions of perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorodecanesulfonic acid (PFDS) are estimated to be 120-1022 and 38-378 metric tons, respectively. With the new emission estimates as inputs in a global multimedia environmental fate model (CliMoChem), the model-derived environmental concentrations well capture the reported field concentrations, providing strong support for the plausibility of the developed emission inventories. The results highlight the ongoing environmental exposure to these substances and the need for more detailed data in the public domain about their production levels and uses.
30.	Brack, W., et al. (författare) Strengthen the European collaborative environmental research to meet European policy goals for achieving a sustainable, non-toxic environment 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Sciences Europe. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 31:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To meet the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals and the European Union (EU) strategy for a non-toxic environment, water resources and ecosystems management require cost-efficient solutions for prevailing complex contamination and multiple stressor exposures. For the protection of water resources under global change conditions, specific research needs for prediction, monitoring, assessment and abatement of multiple stressors emerge with respect to maintaining human needs, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Collaborative European research seems an ideal instrument to mobilize the required transdisciplinary scientific support and tackle the large-scale dimension and develop options required for implementation of European policies. Calls for research on minimizing society's chemical footprints in the water-food-energy-security nexus are required. European research should be complemented with targeted national scientific funding to address specific transformation pathways and support the evaluation, demonstration and implementation of novel approaches on regional scales. The foreseeable pressure developments due to demographic, economic and climate changes require solution-oriented thinking, focusing on the assessment of sustainable abatement options and transformation pathways rather than on status evaluation. Stakeholder involvement is a key success factor in collaborative projects as it allows capturing added value, to address other levels of complexity, and find smarter solutions by synthesizing scientific evidence, integrating governance issues, and addressing transition pathways. This increases the chances of closing the value chain by implementing novel solutions. For the water quality topic, the interacting European collaborative projects SOLUTIONS, MARS and GLOBAQUA and the NORMAN network provide best practice examples for successful applied collaborative research including multi-stakeholder involvement. They provided innovative conceptual, modelling and instrumental options for future monitoring and management of chemical mixtures and multiple stressors in European water resources. Advancement of EU water framework directive-related policies has therefore become an option. Bt Aachen Biol, Aachen, Germany.
31.	Brack, Werner, et al. (författare) The SOLUTIONS project : Challenges and responses for present and future emerging pollutants in land and water resources management 2015 Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 503, s. 22-31 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract SOLUTIONS (2013 to 2018) is a European Union Seventh Framework Programme Project (EU-FP7). The project aims to deliver a conceptual framework to support the evidence-based development of environmental policies with regard to water quality. SOLUTIONS will develop the tools for the identification, prioritisation and assessment of those water contaminants that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. To this end, a new generation of chemical and effect-based monitoring tools is developed and integrated with a full set of exposure, effect and risk assessment models. SOLUTIONS attempts to address legacy, present and future contamination by integrating monitoring and modelling based approaches with scenarios on future developments in society, economy and technology and thus in contamination. The project follows a solutions-oriented approach by addressing major problems of water and chemicals management and by assessing abatement options. SOLUTIONS takes advantage of the access to the infrastructure necessary to investigate the large basins of the Danube and Rhine as well as relevant Mediterranean basins as case studies, and puts major efforts on stakeholder dialogue and support. Particularly, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) working groups, International River Commissions, and water works associations are directly supported. with consistent guidance for the early detection, identification, prioritisation, and abatement of chemicals in the water cycle. SOLUTIONS will give a specific emphasis on concepts and tools for the impact and risk assessment of complex mixtures of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products. Analytical and effect-based screening tools will be applied together with ecological assessment tools for the identification of toxicants and their impacts. The SOLUTIONS approach is expected to provide transparent and evidence-based candidates or River Basin Specific Pollutants in the case study basins and to assist future review of priority pollutants under the WFD as well as potential abatement options.
32.	Bui, Tuong Thuy, 1987- (författare) Assessing human exposure to phthalates, alternative plasticizers and organophosphate esters 2017 Konstnärligt arbete (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Phthalate esters (PEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are common indoor pollutants frequently detected in environmental (dust, air), personal (hand wipes, diet) and human matrices (urine, serum etc.). In this thesis, mathematical models were used to establish links between intake and body burden for a comprehensive dataset based on a Norwegian study population. Also, the relative importance of different PE uptake pathways was assessed and discussed. Furthermore, the suitability of human nails as an alternative, non-invasive biomonitoring matrix for PEs was investigated. Additionally, information regarding alternative plasticizers to PEs was collected and presented extensively. Results showed that for PEs (paper II), daily intakes based on external exposure media agree with back-calculations using urinary metabolite concentrations, leading to the conclusion that human exposure for the general adult population is well understood and that the most important uptake routes were captured. Overall intake levels are comparable or lower than level presented in recent comprehensive studies and hazard quotients were well below 1 (low risk). As expected, diet was found to be the most important uptake route for all PEs. For lower molecular weight PEs, inhalation becomes a strong contributing pathway whereas for higher molecular weight PEs, dust ingestion was also important. Daily intake based on hand wipes was found to be much lower than the estimated total dermal intake based on air, dust and personal care products, questioning the relevance of hand wipes to represent total dermal exposure. Human nails were found to be unsuitable for replacing urine as a biomonitoring matrix for PEs as internal intake (from blood) cannot explain measured nail concentrations and uptake from air is too slow to reach observed concentrations within a realistic time frame (paper III). Hence, the kinetic links between intake and nail concentrations could not be established. Although exposure to traditional PEs is decreasing, use and body burden of some alternatives are increasing (paper I). Fortunately, most alternative plasticizers have favorable toxicological properties, resulting in low risk for humans. In contrast to PEs, OPEs still remain a group of poorly studied substances in terms of human exposure (paper IV). Due to lack of information regarding human metabolism, reliable links between intake and concentrations in serum and urine could not be established. Modelling results showed that concentrations in serum, and to some extent, urine, were underestimated for 2 compounds. It is likely that a combination of missing intake and suboptimal biomarkers were the cause for this under-prediction. Because of this, further studies regarding human metabolism should be performed for OPEs and potentially more specific biomarkers identified in the future. For PEs, there is a need for more comprehensive datasets to study exposure for high risk groups such as infants and children. Furthermore, dermal uptake remains poorly understood and the uptake of PEs into human nails should be studied in more detail to establish the kinetic links between exposure and body burden.
33.	Carlsson, Pernilla, et al. (författare) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as sentinels for the elucidation of Arctic environmental change processes : a comprehensive review combined with ArcRisk project results 2018 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 25:23, s. 22499-22528 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be used as chemical sentinels for the assessment of anthropogenic influences on Arctic environmental change. We present an overview of studies on PCBs in the Arctic and combine these with the findings from ArcRisk-a major European Union-funded project aimed at examining the effects of climate change on the transport of contaminants to and their behaviour of in the Arctic-to provide a case study on the behaviour and impact of PCBs over time in the Arctic. PCBs in the Arctic have shown declining trends in the environment over the last few decades. Atmospheric long-range transport from secondary and primary sources is the major input of PCBs to the Arctic region. Modelling of the atmospheric PCB composition and behaviour showed some increases in environmental concentrations in a warmer Arctic, but the general decline in PCB levels is still the most prominent feature. 'Within-Arctic' processing of PCBs will be affected by climate change-related processes such as changing wet deposition. These in turn will influence biological exposure and uptake of PCBs. The pan-Arctic rivers draining large Arctic/sub-Arctic catchments provide a significant source of PCBs to the Arctic Ocean, although changes in hydrology/sediment transport combined with a changing marine environment remain areas of uncertainty with regard to PCB fate. Indirect effects of climate change on human exposure, such as a changing diet will influence and possibly reduce PCB exposure for indigenous peoples. Body burdens of PCBs have declined since the 1980s and are predicted to decline further.
34.	Cordner, Alissa, et al. (författare) PFAS Contamination in Europe : Generating Knowledge and Mapping Known and Likely Contamination with “Expert-Reviewed” Journalism 2024 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 58:15, s. 6616-6627 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract While the extent of environmental contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has mobilized considerable efforts around the globe in recent years, publicly available data on PFAS in Europe were very limited. In an unprecedented experiment of “expert-reviewed journalism” involving 29 journalists and seven scientific advisers, a cross-border collaborative project, the “Forever Pollution Project” (FPP), drew on both scientific methods and investigative journalism techniques such as open-source intelligence (OSINT) and freedom of information (FOI) requests to map contamination across Europe, making public data that previously had existed as “unseen science”. The FPP identified 22,934 known contamination sites, including 20 PFAS manufacturing facilities, and 21,426 “presumptive contamination sites”, including 13,745 sites presumably contaminated with fluorinated aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) discharge, 2911 industrial facilities, and 4752 sites related to PFAS-containing waste. Additionally, the FPP identified 231 “known PFAS users”, a new category for sites with an intermediate level of evidence of PFAS use and considered likely to be contamination sources. However, the true extent of contamination in Europe remains significantly underestimated due to a lack of comprehensive geolocation, sampling, and publicly available data. This model of knowledge production and dissemination offers lessons for researchers, policymakers, and journalists about cross-field collaborations and data transparency.
35.	Cousins, Ian, et al. (författare) Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) 2022 Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:16, s. 11172-11179 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It is hypothesized that environmental contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) defines a separate planetary boundary and that this boundary has been exceeded. This hypothesis is tested by comparing the levels of four selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) in various global environmental media (i.e., rainwater, soils, and surface waters) with recently proposed guideline levels. On the basis of the four PFAAs considered, it is concluded that (1) levels of PFOA and PFOS in rainwater often greatly exceed US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisory levels and the sum of the aforementioned four PFAAs (Σ4 PFAS) in rainwater is often above Danish drinking water limit values also based on Σ4 PFAS; (2) levels of PFOS in rainwater are often above Environmental Quality Standard for Inland European Union Surface Water; and (3) atmospheric deposition also leads to global soils being ubiquitously contaminated and to be often above proposed Dutch guideline values. It is, therefore, concluded that the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the planetary boundary for chemical pollution being exceeded. Levels of PFAAs in atmospheric deposition are especially poorly reversible because of the high persistence of PFAAs and their ability to continuously cycle in the hydrosphere, including on sea spray aerosols emitted from the oceans. Because of the poor reversibility of environmental exposure to PFAS and their associated effects, it is vitally important that PFAS uses and emissions are rapidly restricted.
36.	Cousins, Ian, et al. (författare) Reconciling measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates 2011 Ingår i: Environmental Chemistry. - 1448-2517 .- 1449-8979. ; 8:4, s. 339-354 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract This study critically evaluates the recently published measurement and modelling studies of the sources and fate of perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs). It is concluded that modelling studies provide support to the 'direct hypothesis' for PFOA and PFNA (i.e. the global dominance of direct sources (mainly from fluoropolymer manufacturing)). Empirical evidence for the importance of direct sources of PFOA and PFNA is provided by PFNA : PFOA ratios and isomer profiles of PFOA in ocean water. However, homologue patterns of long-chain PFCAs in biota from remote regions suggest that indirect sources (mainly from precursor degradation) are proportionally more important for PFCAs with more than 10 carbons. Temporal data in biotic and abiotic media are reviewed and an increasing trend to 2000 is observed for all PFCAs, with discrepancies in time trends reported after that period. Some studies on temporal patterns report a levelling off or decline in the latter part of the 2000s for PFOA and PFNA, whereas others show a continual increase throughout the study period. Differences in temporal patterns result from the fact that some environments respond faster to emission changes than others and may thus be useful to elucidate the importance of direct and indirect sources to different regions.
37.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) Comment on “Fluorotechnology Is Critical to Modern Life: The FluoroCouncil Counterpoint to the Madrid Statement” 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 123:7, s. A170-A170 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
38.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) Finding essentiality feasible : common questions and misinterpretations concerning the "essential-use" concept 2021 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 23:8, s. 1079-1087 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract The essential-use concept is a tool that can guide the phase-out of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and potentially other substances of concern. This concept is a novel approach to chemicals management that determines whether using substances of concern, such as PFAS, is truly essential for a given functionality. To assess the essentiality of a particular use case, three considerations need to be addressed: (1) the function (chemical, end use and service) that the chemical provides in the use case, (2) whether the function is necessary for health and safety and critical for the functioning of society and (3) if the function is necessary, whether there are viable alternatives for the chemical for this particular use. A few illustrative examples of the three-step process are provided for use cases of PFAS. The essential-use concept takes chemicals management away from a substance-by-substance approach to a group approach. For PFAS and other substances of concern, it offers a more rapid pathway toward effective management or phase-out. Parts of the concept of essential use have already been widely applied in global treaties and international regulations and it has also been recently used by product manufacturers and retailers to phase out substances of concern from supply chains. Herein some of the common questions and misinterpretations regarding the practical application of the essential-use concept are reviewed, and answers and further clarifications are provided.
39.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:7, s. 1444-1460 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Grouping strategies are needed for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in part, because it would be time and resource intensive to test and evaluate the more than 4700 PFAS on the global market on a chemical-by-chemical basis. In this paper we review various grouping strategies that could be used to inform actions on these chemicals and outline the motivations, advantages and disadvantages for each. Grouping strategies are subdivided into (1) those based on the intrinsic properties of the PFAS (e.g.persistence, bioaccumulation potential, toxicity, mobility, molecular size) and (2) those that inform risk assessment through estimation of cumulative exposure and/or effects. The most precautionary grouping approach of those reviewed within this article suggests phasing out PFAS based on their high persistence alone (the so-called P-sufficient approach). The least precautionary grouping approach reviewed advocates only grouping PFAS for risk assessment that have the same toxicological effects, modes and mechanisms of action, and elimination kinetics, which would need to be well documented across different PFAS. It is recognised that, given jurisdictional differences in chemical assessment philosophies and methodologies, no one strategy will be generally acceptable. The guiding question we apply to the reviewed grouping strategies is: grouping for what purpose? The motivation behind the grouping (e.g.determining use in productsvs.setting guideline levels for contaminated environments) may lead to different grouping decisions. This assessment provides the necessary context for grouping strategies such that they can be adopted as they are, or built on further, to protect human and environmental health from potential PFAS-related effects.
40.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 21:11, s. 1803-1815 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To determine when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of essential use based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to determine the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, constant efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chemicals, or groups of chemicals, of concern.
41.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) The high persistence of PFAS is sufficient for their management as a chemical class 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:12, s. 2307-2312 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic organic substances with diverse structures, properties, uses, bioaccumulation potentials and toxicities. Despite this high diversity, all PFAS are alike in that they contain perfluoroalkyl moieties that are extremely resistant to environmental and metabolic degradation. The vast majority of PFAS are therefore either non-degradable or transform ultimately into stable terminal transformation products (which are still PFAS). Under the European chemicals regulation this classifies PFAS as very persistent substances (vP). We argue that this high persistence is sufficient concern for their management as a chemical class, and for all non-essential uses of PFAS to be phased out. The continual release of highly persistent PFAS will result in increasing concentrations and increasing probabilities of the occurrence of known and unknown effects. Once adverse effects are identified, the exposure and associated effects will not be easily reversible. Reversing PFAS contamination will be technically challenging, energy intensive, and costly for society, as is evident in the efforts to remove PFAS from contaminated land and drinking water sources.
42.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) The precautionary principle and chemicals management : The example of perfluoroalkyl acids in groundwater 2016 Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 94, s. 331-340 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Already in the late 1990s microgram-per-liter levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were measured in water samples from areas where fire-fighting foams were used or spilled. Despite these early warnings, the problems of groundwater, and thus drinking water, contaminated with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including PFOS are only beginning to be addressed. It is clear that this PFAS contamination is poorly reversible and that the societal costs of clean-up will be high. This inability to reverse exposure in a reasonable timeframe is a major motivation for application of the precautionary principle in chemicals management. We conclude that exposure can be poorly reversible; 1) due to slow elimination kinetics in organisms, or 2) due to poorly reversible environmental contamination that leads to continuous exposure. In the second case, which is relevant for contaminated groundwater, the reversibility of exposure is not related to the magnitude of a chemical's bioaccumulation potential. We argue therefore that all PFASs entering groundwater, irrespective of their perfluoroalkyl chain length and bioaccumulation potential, will result in poorly reversible exposures and risks as well as further clean-up costs for society. To protect groundwater resources for future generations, society should consider a precautionary approach to chemicals management and prevent the use and release of highly persistent and mobile chemicals such as PFASs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
43.	Cousins, Ian T., et al. (författare) Why is high persistence alone a major cause of concern? 2019 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 21:5, s. 781-792 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Persistence is a hazard criterion for chemicals enshrined in chemical regulation worldwide. In this paper, we argue that the higher the persistence of a chemical, the greater the emphasis that it should be given in chemicals assessment and decision making. We provide case studies for three classes of highly persistent chemicals (chlorofluorocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances) to exemplify problems unique to highly persistent chemicals, despite their otherwise diverse properties. Many well-known historical chemical pollution problems were the result of the release of highly persistent chemicals. Using evaluative modeling calculations, we demonstrate that if a chemical is highly persistent, its continuous release will lead to continuously increasing contamination irrespective of the chemical's physical-chemical properties. We argue that these increasing concentrations will result in increasing probabilities of the occurrence of known and unknown effects and that, once adverse effects are identified, it will take decades, centuries or even longer to reverse contamination and therefore effects. Based on our findings we propose that high persistence alone should be established as a sufficient basis for regulation of a chemical, which we term the P-sufficient approach. We argue that regulation on high persistence alone is not over-precautionary given the historical and ongoing problems that persistent chemicals have caused. Regulation of highly persistent chemicals, for example by restriction of emissions, would not only be precautionary, but would serve to prevent poorly reversible future impacts.
44.	Cousins, Sara AO, et al. (författare) Landskapsindikatorer för biologisk mångfald 2022 Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract Det övergripande syftet med detta projekt är att identifiera landskapsindikatorergenom att integrera tillgänglig statistik och geodata tillsammans med ekologiskteori för att identifiera hur förlust av gräsmarker och småhabitat i jordbrukslandskappåverkar mångfald av gräsmarksväxter nationellt. I projektet har vi använt historiskadataunderlag; statistik, kartor, och satellitbilder tillsammans med geografisk analysoch vegetationsinventeringar. 48 jordbrukslandskap valdes ut i fyra olika biogeografiskaregioner; Norrbotten, Gävleborg, Södermanland och Skåne. Studieandskapenvar cirkelrunda med en diameter på 2 km och valdes ut baserat på tillgången av brahistoriskt kartmaterial från 1800-talets andra hälft. De historiska kartorna rektifieradesoch digitaliserades i ett geografiskt informationssystem varefter markanvändningentolkades med fokus på gräsmark och åker. Som ett mått på den biologiska mångfalden kopplat till gräsmarkshabitat inventerades kärlväxter i 20 stycken slumpmässigt utlagda 1m2 rutor i små resthabitat av gräsmarkskaraktär (framförallt åkerholmar, vägkanter, skogsbryn) och 10 stycken 1m2 rutor slumpmässigt utlagda i en centralt belägen betesmark (om en sådan fanns) inom varje jordbrukslandskap. Ett annat mått på biologisk mångfald är genetisk variation. Den genetiska variationen hos gräsmarksspecialisten liten blåklocka (Campanula rotundifolia) analyserades genom att blad samlades in från 25 olika populationer, utspridda i varje jordbrukslandskap. Växternas mångfald och den genetiska mångfalden hos liten blåklocka inventerades inom en 1 km bred cirkel i mitten av varje studielandskap. Resultaten blev följande:Det lämpligaste historiska dataunderlaget att använda vid landskapsanalyser berortill stor del på vilken rumslig noggrannhet och upplösning av analys som efterfrågas.Jordbruksstatistiken anges årligen över socknen men socknarna varierar stort i storlekoch det kan vara svårt att fånga förändringar som påverkar gräsmarker i stora socknarmed stor andel skog. Historiska kartor har en hög rumslig upplösning men endast ettfåtal platser har ett äldre kartmaterial. Det äldre kartmaterialet täcker oftast ett relativtlitet område då utmarkerna sällan karterades. Historiska data bör tolkas med en förståelseför den begränsade informationen som kan extraheras från underlaget. Detär önskvärt att fler historiska kartor digitaliseras i geografiska informationssystemför att underlätta vidare analys. Den ekonomiska kartan kan vara ett bra tillskott föratt analysera förändring över tid men det måste ske med förbehåll då kartmaterialetär av olika ålder i olika delar av landet och svårigheten att med säkerhet separera bergi dagen, kalhygge och gräsmark. Historiska satellitbilder fungerar dåligt då det är svårtatt få både molnfria och snöfria bilder över alla regioner under vegetationsperiodenoch att det inte går att använda samma träningsytor över hela landet i en analys. Metodenatt använda maskininlärning och Sentinel-2 L2A för att övervaka naturbetesmarkerverkar mycket lovande kan vidareutvecklas.För 150 år sedan fanns det i snitt 42 % gräsmark (öppen/halvöppen mark, ej åker)inom de 48 jordbrukslandskapen. Idag finns det 2 % av den ursprungliga gräsmarkenkvar i Norrbotten och Gävleborg, 6% i Skåne och 10% i Södermanland. Många jordbrukslandskap har ingen gräsmark kvar alls, trots att alla 48 jordbrukslandskap fortfarande är jordbrukslandskap. Resultatet visar att andelen naturbetesmarker minskat betydligt mer än vad som visats i tidigare studier.Den avgörande faktorn för dagens artrikedom av växter i jordbrukslandskapet är attdet finns betesmarker i landskapet. Naturbetesmarker med lång kontinuerlig hävd ärviktiga, och ju större betesmark desto bättre. Småhabitat av tidigare gräsmark hade enrelativt låg andel arter, jämfört med tidigare studier. Vägrenar i de nordligare regionernaär breda, på grund av snöröjning, och kan ha en relativt hög andel gräsmarksspecialister.I jordbrukslandskap med få eller inga betesmarker spelar småhabitat en stor roll för många gräsmarksspecialister men småhabitaten kan dock inte kompensera för betade gräsmarker, speciellt inte naturbetesmarker. Analys av gräsmarksspecialisten liten blåklocka visade att dess populationsstorlek spelar stor roll för den genetiska diversiteten. Ju större population i landskapet desto högre genetisk variation. Populationsstorlek var högre med ökad andel betesmark, naturbetesmark och variation i jordbrukslandskapet på nationell nivå. På regional nivå blir resultaten inte lika tydliga. Bristen på betesmark i många av jordbrukslandskapen försvårar statistiskt robusta analyser. Flera av de 48 jordbrukslandskap som ingick i analysen har tidigare haft naturbetesmarker, enligt GIS-skiktet tillhörande TUVA-databasen, men var ohävdade och övergivna sedan flera år tillbaka vid tidpunkten för våra växtinventeringar. För att kunna göra landskapsanalyser och övervaka gräsmarkernas situation är det viktigt att både databasen och dess nedladdningsbara GIS-filer hålls uppdaterade. Resultaten visar på vikten att inkludera vardagslandskap och landskap från flera av Sveriges olika regioner. Fokus på de flesta tidigare landskapsekologiska studierbaseras på jordbrukslandskap med en relativt hög andel biologisk viktiga habitat ochfrån södra Sverige. Genom att analysera landskapsförändringar från ett stort antaljordbrukslandskap från flera biogeografiska regioner i Sverige ger denna studie enhögre generalitet och pekar ännu tydligare på vikten att öka insatserna för att bevaraoch restaurera gräsmarker nationellt innan dess biologiska värden går förlorade.
45.	Cousins, Sara A. O., et al. (författare) Modelling the effects of landscape pattern and grazing regimes on the persistence of plant species with high conservation value in grasslands in south-eastern Sweden 2003 Ingår i: Landscape Ecology. - 0921-2973 .- 1572-9761. ; 18:3, s. 315-332 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Semi-natural grasslands in Sweden are threatened by land-use change and lack of management with attendant risk to their biodiversity. We present a model to explore the effects of grazing frequency and intensity on plant species persistence, and the relative effects of grassland size and pattern. We used a landscape modelling platform, LAMOS (LAndscape MOdelling Shell), to design a landscape model of vegetation dynamics incorporating the effects of local succession, dispersal and grazing disturbance. Five plant functional groups (PFG), representing various combinations of persistence and dispersal character, light requirements and disturbance responses, were defined to model species dynamics. Based on old cadastral maps three different landscapes were designed representing specific time-layers, i.e., a historical (17th to 18th century), a pre-modern (1940s) and a present-day landscape. Simulations showed that a threshold was crossed when grasslands decreased in area to about 10 - 30% of the modelled area, and as a consequence the biomass of grassland-specific PFGs was strongly reduced. These competition sensitive groups did not persist in the model even with intense grazing in the present-day landscape, where grasslands occupy 11% of the total area. However, all grassland species would have been able to persist in the historical landscape, where grasslands occupied 59% of the total area, even without grazing. Our results suggest that continuous but low-intensity grazing is more positive for grassland PFGs than discontinuous but highly intensive grazing. This effect was particularly strong when the frequency and/or intensity of grazing dropped below a threshold of 20%. Simulations using three landscape maps designed to explore effects of further fragmentation and habitat loss showed that the spatial pattern of remaining grasslands is important for the persistence of grassland-specific PFG. The model presented here is an advance towards more realistic grazing models to explore the effects of prescribed grazing and landscape fragmentation on the persistence species or plant functional groups.
46.	Cousins, Sara, et al. (författare) Landskapsindikatorer för biologisk mångfald : Inga betesdjur, ingen mångfald 2022 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Det övergripande syftet med detta projekt är att identifiera landskapsindikatorer genom att integrera tillgänglig statistik och geodata tillsammans med ekologiskteori för att identifiera hur förlust av gräsmarker och småhabitat i jordbrukslandskap påverkar mångfald av gräsmarksväxter nationellt. I projektet har vi använt historiska dataunderlag; statistik, kartor, och satellitbilder tillsammans med geografisk analys och vegetationsinventeringar. 48 jordbrukslandskap valdes ut i fyra olika biogeografiska regioner; Norrbotten, Gävleborg, Södermanland och Skåne. Studieandskapen var cirkelrunda med en diameter på 2 km och valdes ut baserat på tillgången av bra historiskt kartmaterial från 1800-talets andra hälft.De historiska kartorna rektifierades och digitaliserades i ett geografiskt informationssystem varefter markanvändningen tolkades med fokus på gräsmark och åker. Som ett mått på den biologiska mångfalden kopplat till gräsmarkshabitat inventerades kärlväxter i 20 stycken slumpmässigt utlagda 1m2 rutor i små resthabitat av gräsmarkskaraktär (framförallt åkerholmar, vägkanter, skogsbryn) och 10 stycken 1m2rutor slumpmässigt utlagda i en centralt belägen betesmark (om en sådan fanns) inom varje jordbrukslandskap. Ett annat mått på biologisk mångfald är genetisk variation. Den genetiska variationen hos gräsmarksspecialisten liten blåklocka (Campanula rotundifolia) analyserades genom att blad samlades in från 25 olika populationer, utspridda i varje jordbrukslandskap. Växternas mångfald och den genetiska mångfalden hos liten blåklocka inventerades inom en 1 km bred cirkel i mitten av varje studielandskap.Resultaten blev följande:Det lämpligaste historiska dataunderlaget att använda vid landskapsanalyser beror till stor del på vilken rumslig noggrannhet och upplösning av analys som efterfrågas. Jordbruksstatistiken anges årligen över socknen men socknarna varierar stort i storlek och det kan vara svårt att fånga förändringar som påverkar gräsmarker i stora socknarmed stor andel skog. Historiska kartor har en hög rumslig upplösning men endast ett fåtal platser har ett äldre kartmaterial. Det äldre kartmaterialet täcker oftast ett relativt litet område då utmarkerna sällan karterades. Historiska data bör tolkas med en förståelseför den begränsade informationen som kan extraheras från underlaget. Det är önskvärt att fler historiska kartor digitaliseras i geografiska informationssystemför att underlätta vidare analys. Den ekonomiska kartan kan vara ett bra tillskott för att analysera förändring över tid men det måste ske med förbehåll då kartmaterialet är av olika ålder i olika delar av landet och svårigheten att med säkerhet separera bergi dagen, kalhygge och gräsmark. Historiska satellitbilder fungerar dåligt då det är svårt att få både molnfria och snöfria bilder över alla regioner under vegetationsperioden och att det inte går att använda samma träningsytor över hela landet i en analys. Metoden att använda maskininlärning och Sentinel-2 L2A för att övervaka naturbetesmarker verkar mycket lovande kan vidareutvecklas. För 150 år sedan fanns det i snitt 42 % gräsmark (öppen/halvöppen mark, ej åker) inom de 48 jordbrukslandskapen. Idag finns det 2 % av den ursprungliga gräsmarken kvar i Norrbotten och Gävleborg, 6% i Skåne och 10% i Södermanland. Många jordbrukslandskap har ingen gräsmark kvar alls, trots att alla 48 jordbrukslandskap fortfarande är jordbrukslandskap. Resultatet visar att andelen naturbetesmarker minskat betydligt mer än vad som visats i tidigare studier.Den avgörande faktorn för dagens artrikedom av växter i jordbrukslandskapet är att det finns betesmarker i landskapet. Naturbetesmarker med lång kontinuerlig hävd är viktiga, och ju större betesmark desto bättre. Småhabitat av tidigare gräsmark hade en relativt låg andel arter, jämfört med tidigare studier. Vägrenar i de nordligare regionerna är breda, på grund av snöröjning, och kan ha en relativt hög andel gräsmarksspecialister. I jordbrukslandskap med få eller inga betesmarker spelar småhabitat en stor roll för många gräsmarksspecialister men småhabitaten kan dock inte kompenseraför betade gräsmarker, speciellt inte naturbetesmarker. Analys av gräsmarksspecialisten liten blåklocka visade att dess populationsstorlek spelar stor roll för den genetiska diversiteten. Ju större population i landskapet desto högre genetisk variation. Populationsstorlek var högre med ökad andel betesmark, naturbetesmark och variation i jordbrukslandskapet på nationell nivå. På regional nivå blir resultaten inte lika tydliga. Bristen på betesmark i många av jordbrukslandskapen försvårar statistiskt robusta analyser. Flera av de 48 jordbrukslandskap som ingick i analysen har tidigare haft naturbetesmarker, enligt GIS-skiktet tillhörande TUVA-databasen, men var ohävdade och övergivna sedan flera år tillbaka vid tidpunkten för våra växtinventeringar. För att kunna göra landskapsanalyser och övervaka gräsmarkernas situation är det viktigt att både databasen och dess nedladdningsbara GIS-filer hålls uppdaterade. Resultaten visar på vikten att inkludera vardagslandskap och landskap från flera av Sveriges olika regioner. Fokus på de flesta tidigare landskapsekologiska studierbaseras på jordbrukslandskap med en relativt hög andel biologisk viktiga habitat och från södra Sverige. Genom att analysera landskapsförändringar från ett stort antal jordbrukslandskap från flera biogeografiska regioner i Sverige ger denna studie en högre generalitet och pekar ännu tydligare på vikten att öka insatserna för att bevara och restaurera gräsmarker nationellt innan dess biologiska värden går förlorade.
47.	Dalmijn, Joost, et al. (författare) Emission inventory of PFASs and other fluorinated organic substances for the fluoropolymer production industry in Europe 2024 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 26:2, s. 269-287 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Fluoropolymers are a group of fluorinated polymers within the broad class of substances known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). During their production, a wide array of additional fluorinated organic substances (many PFASs and some not defined as PFASs) are used, formed and emitted to air and water. This study aims to assess, and make an inventory of, all emissions of PFASs and other fluorinated organic substances by the fluoropolymer production industry in Europe using available emission databases and permits. Air emissions of the fluorinated gases (i.e., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons (CFCs, H(C)FCs and PFCs)) by this industry have reportedly decreased between 2007 and 2021 from roughly 500 to 150 tonnes per year. Emissions of fluorosurfactants to air and water have also been reduced significantly. However, large uncertainties remain regarding the emissions of substances that are neither fluorinated gases nor fluorosurfactants but are classified as PFASs, such as polymerization by-products, chain transfer agents and fluorinated solvents. The available data indicate that the release of these substances is not decreasing but remains relatively stable. As this inventory probably underestimates emissions, further research, improved data availability and more harmonized reporting of emissions are necessary to obtain more accurate emission data for these substances. Nevertheless, based on the available data, it is clear that the emissions from fluoropolymer production plants to air and water are still significant and that the production of fluoropolymers continues to introduce persistent substances to the environment. This study assesses the environmental impact of the fluoropolymer industry in Europe by making an inventory of their emissions of PFASs and other fluorinated organic substances.
48.	Downey, Harriet, et al. (författare) Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management 2021 Ingår i: Ecological Solutions and Evidence. - : Wiley. - 2688-8319. ; 2:1 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract 1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis.2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice.3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses.4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.
49.	Fang, Shuhong, et al. (författare) Environment occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids and associated human health risks near a major fluorochemical manufacturing park in southwest of China 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 396 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Despite China being the largest global manufacturer of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), few studies have been carried out on the environmental occurrence and associated human health risks of PFAAs emitted from manufacturing sites in China. Here, river water, tap water, soil and leaf samples were collected around a major fluorochemical manufacturing park (FMP) in the southwest of China in 2019. High EPFAA concentrations (sum of 12 PFAAs) of 3817 ng/L, 3254 ng/L, 322 - 476 ng/g dw and 23401-33749 ng/g dw were measured near the FMP in river water, tap water, soil and leaves, respectively, indicating that the FMP is a point source of PFAAs. PFOA was the predominant PFAA in all samples (58.5-98.6 %) indicating the production or use of PFOA at the FMP. PFOA concentrations in most tap water samples (> 300 ng/L in 31 of 38 samples) exceeded the U.S. EPA health advisory. Proportions of branched PFOA isomers in all samples were in 5.9-47.4 %, suggesting the production or use of PFOA manufactured by electrochemical fluorination at the FMP. It is recommended to focus more attention on branched PFOA isomers in the future because otherwise health risks may be underestimated due to their relatively high proportions in China.
50.	Fang, Shuhong, et al. (författare) Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in ski wax products on the market in 2019 indicate no changes in formulation 2020 Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:11, s. 2142-2146 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the summer of 2019, eleven of the best-selling fluorinated ski wax products were purchased from one of Norway's largest sports stores and soon after analysed for a suite of 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The waxes were shown to contain a wide range of perfluoroalkyl acids, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with up to 25 carbons. Of particular concern was the finding that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels in nine of the eleven ski lubrication products analysed were above the EU limit values of 25 ng g(-1), which came into force on 4(th) July 2020. The ski wax with the highest PFOA levels had a concentration that was 1215 times higher than the EU restrictions. Although some of the ski wax manufacturers have indicated that they have switched to formulations that contain chemistries based on shorter perfluoroalkyl chains, the analytical results show that this is not the case.

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