| 1. |
- Amano, Tatsuya, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming Practice : Checklists for Delivering Change
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transforming Conservation : A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making - A Practical Guide to Evidence and Decision Making. - 9781800648562 - 9781800648586 ; , s. 367-386
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delivering a revolution in evidence use requires a cultural change across society. For a wide range of groups (practitioners, knowledge brokers, organisations, organisational leaders, policy makers, funders, researchers, journal publishers, the wider conservation community, educators, writers, and journalists), options are described to facilitate a change in practice, and a series of downloadable checklists is provided.
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| 2. |
- Álvarez Asencio, Rubén, et al.
(författare)
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Nanotribology : Tribotronics, ionic liquids and control of surface interactions
- 2013
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Ingår i: 5th World Tribology Congress, WTC 2013. ; , s. 3106-3108
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interfacial ordering of Ionic liquids leads to interesting nanotribological properties as revealed by colloid probe studies. The first of these is the clear correlation between the number of ion pairs trapped in the tribological contact and the friction coefficient displayed. The second is the fact that the surface electrical potential can be used to control the composition of the boundary layer and thus tune the friction. Thirdly, the interfacial ordering appears to significantly affect the fluid dynamics over large distances.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, Orlagh, et al.
(författare)
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An investigation of the antileishmanial properties of semi-synthetic saponins
- 2020
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Ingår i: RSC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2632-8682. ; 11:7, s. 833-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by insect-vector borne protozoan parasites of the,Leishmania species. Whilst infection threatens and affects millions of the global poor, vaccines are absent and drug therapy limited. Extensive efforts have recently been made to discover new leads from small molecule synthetic compound libraries held by industry; however, the number of new chemical entities identified and entering development as anti-leishmanials has been very low. This has led to increased interest in the possibility of discovering naturally derived compounds with potent antileishmanial activity which may be developed towards clinical applications. Plant-derived triterpenoid and steroidal saponins have long been considered as anti-microbials and here we describe an investigation of a library of 137 natural (9) and semi-synthetic saponins (128) for activity againstLeishmania mexicana, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The triterpenoid sapogenin, hederagenin, readily obtained in large quantities fromHedera helix(common ivy), was converted into a range of 128 derivatives. These semi-synthetic compounds, as well as saponins isolated from ivy, were examined with a phenotypic screening approach to identify potent and selective anti-leishmanial hits. This led to the identification of 12 compounds, including the natural saponin gypsogenin, demonstrating high potency (ED50< 10.5 mu M) against axenicL. mexicanaamastigotes, the mammalian pathogenic form. One of these, hederagenin disuccinate, was sufficiently non-toxic to the macrophage host cell to facilitate further analyses, selectivity index (SI) > 10. Whilst this was not active in an infected cell model, the anti-leishmanial properties of hederagenin-derivatives have been demonstrated, and the possibility of improving the selectivity of natural hederagenin through chemical modification has been established.
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| 4. |
- Asencio, Rubén Alvarez, et al.
(författare)
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Ionic Liquid Nanotribology : Stiction Suppression and Surface Induced Shear Thinning
- 2012
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 28:26, s. 9967-9976
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The friction and adhesion between pairs of materials (silica, alumina, and polytetrafluoroethylene) have been studied and interpreted in terms of the long-ranged interactions present. In ambient laboratory air, the interactions are dominated by van der Waals attraction and strong adhesion leading to significant frictional forces. In the presence of the ionic liquid (IL) ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) the van der Waals interaction is suppressed and the attractive/adhesive interactions which lead to "stiction" are removed, resulting in an at least a 10-fold reduction in the friction force at large applied loads. The friction coefficient for each system was determined; coefficients obtained in air were significantly larger than those obtained in the presence of EAN (which ranged between 0.1 and 0.25), and variation in the friction coefficients between systems was correlated with changes in surface roughness. As the viscosity of ILs can be relatively high, which has implications for the lubricating properties, the hydrodynamic forces between the surfaces have therefore also been studied. The linear increase in repulsive force with speed, expected from hydrodynamic interactions, is clearly observed, and these forces further inhibit the potential for stiction. Remarkably, the viscosity extracted from the data is dramatically reduced compared to the bulk value, indicative of a surface ordering effect which significantly reduces viscous losses.
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| 5. |
- Benselfelt, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of Xyloglucan onto Cellulose Surfaces of Different Morphologies : An Entropy-Driven Process
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 17:9, s. 2801-2811
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The temperature-dependence of xyloglucan (XG) adsorption onto smooth cellulose model films regenerated from N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) was investigated using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and it was found that the adsorbed amount increased with increasing temperature. This implies that the adsorption of XG to NMMO-regenerated cellulose is endothermic and supports the hypothesis that the adsorption of XG onto cellulose is an entropy-driven process. We suggest that XG adsorption is mainly driven by the release of water molecules from the highly hydrated cellulose surfaces and from the XG molecules, rather than through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces as previously suggested. To test this hypothesis, the adsorption of XG onto cellulose was studied using cellulose films with different morphologies prepared from cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), semicrystalline NMMO-regenerated cellulose, and amorphous cellulose regenerated from lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide. The total amount of high molecular weight xyloglucan (XGHMW) adsorbed was studied by quartz crystal microbalance and reflectometry measurements, and it was found that the adsorption was greatest on the amorphous cellulose followed by the CNC and NMMO-regenerated cellulose films. There was a significant correlation between the cellulose dry film thickness and the adsorbed XG amount, indicating that XG penetrated into the films. There was also a correlation between the swelling of the films and the adsorbed amounts and conformation of XG, which further strengthened the conclusion that the water content and the subsequent release of the water upon adsorption are important components of the adsorption process.
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| 6. |
- Cavieres, Lohengrin A., et al.
(författare)
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Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-0248 .- 1461-023X. ; 17:2, s. 193-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions among species determine local-scale diversity, but local interactions are thought to have minor effects at larger scales. However, quantitative comparisons of the importance of biotic interactions relative to other drivers are rarely made at larger scales. Using a data set spanning 78 sites and five continents, we assessed the relative importance of biotic interactions and climate in determining plant diversity in alpine ecosystems dominated by nurse-plant cushion species. Climate variables related with water balance showed the highest correlation with richness at the global scale. Strikingly, although the effect of cushion species on diversity was lower than that of climate, its contribution was still substantial. In particular, cushion species enhanced species richness more in systems with inherently impoverished local diversity. Nurse species appear to act as a ‘safety net’ sustaining diversity under harsh conditions, demonstrating that climate and species interactions should be integrated when predicting future biodiversity effects of climate change.
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| 7. |
- Cranston, Emily D., et al.
(författare)
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Direct Surface Force Measurements of Polyelectrolyte Multi layer Films Containing Nanocrystalline Cellulose
- 2010
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 26:22, s. 17190-17197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polyelectrolyte multilayer films containing nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) make up a new class of nanostructured composite with applications ranging from coatings to biomedical devices. Moreover, these materials arc amenable to surface force studies using colloid-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). For electrostatically assembled films with either NCC or PAH as the outermost layer, surface morphology was investigated by A FM and wettability was examined by contact angle measurements. By varying the surrounding ionic strength and pH, the relative contributions from electrostatic, van der Waals, steric. and polymer bridging interactions were evaluated. The ionic cross-linking in these films rendered them stable under all solution conditions studied although swelling at low pH and high ionic strength was inferred. The underlying polymer layer in the multilayered film was found to dictate the dominant surface forces when polymer migration and chain extension were facilitated. The precontact normal forces between a silica probe and an NCC-capped multilayer film were monotonically repulsive at pH values where the material surfaces were similarly and fully charged. In contrast, at pH 3.5, the anionic surfaces were weakly charged but the underlying layer of cationic PAH was fully charged and attractive forces dominated due to polymer bridging from extended PAH chains. The interaction with an anionic carboxylic acid probe showed similar behavior to the silica probe; however, for a cationic amine probe with an anionic NCC-capped Film, electrostatic double-layer attraction at low pH, and electrostatic double-layer repulsion at high pH, Were observed. Finally, the effect or the capping layer was studied with an anionic probe, which indicated that NCC-capped films exhibited purely repulsive forces which were larger in magnitude than the combination of electrostatic double-layer attraction and steric repulsion. measured for PAH-capped films. Wherever possible, DLVO theory was used to fit the measured surface forces and apparent surface potentials and surface charge densities were calculated.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Cranston, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Postgraduate education in internal medicine in Europe
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0828 .- 0953-6205. ; 24:7, s. 633-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Limited information exists on the framework and content of postgraduate education in internal medicine in Europe. This report describes the results of a survey of postgraduate training in internal medicine in the European countries. Methods: Two online questionnaire-based surveys were carried out by the European Board of Internal Medicine, one on the practice of internists and the other on postgraduate training in internal medicine. The national internal medicine societies of all 30 member countries of the European Federation of Internal Medicine were invited to participate. The responses were reviewed by internal medicine residents from the respective countries and summaries of the data were sent to the national societies for approval. Descriptive analysis of the data on postgraduate training in internal medicine was performed. Results: Twenty-seven countries (90%) completed the questionnaire and approved their datasets. The length of training ranged from four to six years and was commonly five years. The majority of countries offered training in internal medicine and a subspecialty. A common trunk of internal medicine was frequently a component of subspecialty training programmes. Hospital inpatient service was the predominant setting used for training. A final certifying examination was in place in 14 countries. Conclusion: Although some similarities exists, there appear to be significant differences in the organisation, content and governance of postgraduate training in internal medicine between the European countries. Our findings will prove invaluable for harmonisation of training and qualification in internal medicine in Europe. (C) 2013 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Cranston, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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The practice of internal medicine in Europe: organisation, clinical conditions and procedures
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0828 .- 0953-6205. ; 24:7, s. 627-632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Current information on the role of internists in the European countries is scarce. This report describes the results of a survey of the practice of internists in Europe. Methods: Two online questionnaire-based surveys were carried out by the European Board of Internal Medicine, one on the practice of internists and the other on postgraduate training in internal medicine. The national internal medicine societies of all 30 member countries of the European Federation of Internal Medicine were invited to participate. The responses were reviewed by internal medicine trainees from the respective countries and summaries of the data were sent to the national societies for approval. Descriptive analysis of the data on the practice of internists was carried out. Results: Twenty-seven countries (90%) completed the questionnaire and approved their datasets. In 8 European countries, most internists practised internal medicine alone and in 7 countries at least half of physicians practised internal medicine together with a subspecialty. Internal medicine was considered a hospital-based specialty in most countries. The majority of selected presenting problems and diagnoses were rated as commonly encountered in all countries. More variability between countries was observed in the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Conclusion: Many similarities exist in the practice of internal medicine between the European countries, while some differences are present that likely reflect the variable impact of subspecialisation. The results of the survey should prove valuable for the definition of specific competencies and development of a common curriculum for internal medicine at the European level. (C) 2013 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Werzer, O, et al.
(författare)
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Ionic liquid nanotribology: Mica-silica interactions in ethylammonium nitrate
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 14:15, s. 5147-5152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colloid probe atomic force microscopy has been used to study the nanotribological properties of the silica-ethylammonium nitrate (EAN)-mica system. Normal force curve measurements reveal a series of steps at separations that are consistent with the size of an EAN ion pair (0.5 nm) due to displacement of structured solvent layers as the two surfaces are brought together. At closest separations, two steps are measured with widths of 0.3 nm and 0.1 nm, which are too small to be due to an ion pair layer. The 0.3 nm step is attributed to a partial displacement of a silica-bound cation-rich layer, with residual cations being removed in the subsequent 0.1 nm step. Lateral force measurements reveal that the frictional response is dependent on the number of ion pair layers between the surfaces. At low forces, when there is more than a single layer of EAN between silica and mica, the lateral force increases relatively steeply with applied load, and is independent of the sliding speed. At intermediate forces, a single layer of cations in an intercalated bilayer structure is present between the surfaces. The friction coefficient (μ) increases logarithmically with sliding speed consistent with an activated, discontinuous sliding process. At high force, μ is small and once again, independent of sliding velocity. The adsorbed cation layer is bound primarily to mica and compressed by the high normal force. This robust layering with a well-defined sliding plane permits the colloid probe to slide easily over the mica surface.
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