| 1. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 2. |
- Cui, Can, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between autoimmune diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : a register-based study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration. - : Informa Healthcare. - 2167-8421 .- 2167-9223. ; 22:3-4, s. 211-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To assess the associations of 43 autoimmune diseases with the subsequent risk of ALS and further evaluate the contribution of familial confounding to these associations.Methods: We conducted a nationwide register-based nested case-control study including 3561 ALS patients diagnosed during 1990-2013 in Sweden and 35,610 controls that were randomly selected from the general population and individually matched to the cases on age, sex, and county of birth. To evaluate the contribution of familial factors on the studied association, we additionally studied the first-degree relatives (siblings and children) of ALS patients and their controls.Results: Patients with ALS had a 47% higher risk of being previously diagnosed with autoimmune disease (OR 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-1.64), compared with controls. A positive association was noted for several autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis, polymyositis or dermatomyositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, type 1 diabetes diagnosed younger than 30 years, multiple sclerosis, and hypothyreosis. The increased risk of any autoimmune disease was greatest during the year before ALS diagnosis, likely due to misdiagnosis. A statistically significantly increased risk was also noted during 2-5 years, but not earlier, before ALS diagnosis. First-degree relatives of ALS patients had however no increased risk of autoimmune diseases compared with first-degree relatives of controls.Conclusions: Although it is difficult to completely remove the potential effects of misdiagnosis, there is likely a positive association between autoimmune disease (such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis) and ALS, which is not fully explained by shared familial confounding factors.
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| 3. |
- Cui, Can
(författare)
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Immunity and inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : an epidemiological approach
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare but lethal neurodegenerative disease, characterized by degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The pathogenesis of ALS is, however, not completely clear. One of the hypothesized mechanisms, neuroinflammation, is considered a pathological hallmark in ALS, as in other neurodegenerative diseases. A crosstalk between neuro- and systemic inflammation has been demonstrated repeatedly in ALS, which provides a foundation to better understand the disease mechanism through studying systemic immune responses. In this thesis, we demonstrated the relationships of previous autoimmune diseases (Study I) and peripheral immune biomarkers (Study II) with the risk of ALS diagnosis, as well as the associations of immune cells measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the prognosis of ALS (Study III and Study IV). In Study I, we comprehensively assessed the associations of 43 autoimmune diseases with the subsequent risk of ALS and further evaluated if familial confounding contributed to these associations. Based on the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), we conducted a nationwide study including 1) comparison between 3,561 ALS patients diagnosed during 1990-2013 in Sweden and 35,610 population-controls individually matched to the cases by age, sex, and county of birth, and 2) comparison between first-degree relatives of the ALS patients and their controls. We found an overall 47% higher risk of previous diagnosis of any autoimmune disease among ALS patients, compared with controls. An increased risk was also noted for myasthenia gravis (MG), polymyositis or dermatomyositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), type 1 diabetes diagnosed younger than 30 years, multiple sclerosis (MS), and hypothyreosis. However, there was no increased risk of autoimmune disease among first-degree relatives of ALS patients, compared with the first-degree relatives of the controls. In Study II, we described the temporal patterns of serum creatinine and C-reactive protein (CRP) before and after the diagnosis of ALS, MS, and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Through cross-linking the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project to the Swedish regional and national health registers, we performed a population-based case-control study including all newly diagnosed patients with ALS (N=525), MS (N=1,815), and PD (N=3,797) during 2006-2013, as well as their individually matched controls (N=2625 for ALS, N=9,063 for MS, and 18,960 for PD). We observed consistently lower levels of creatinine from two years before diagnosis onward, whereas lower levels of CRP before diagnosis and higher levels after diagnosis, in ALS patients, compared with controls. Among patients with ALS, the creatinine level decreased continuously from one year before diagnosis until two years after diagnosis, whereas CRP level increased from diagnosis until two years after diagnosis. There were, however, no similar patterns noted in MS or PD. In Study III, we evaluated the correlation between leukocyte subpopulations in blood and the prognosis of ALS. Through the Swedish Motor Neuron Disease (MND) Quality Registry, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 288 ALS patients with up to 5 years of follow-up during 2015-2020 in Stockholm, Sweden. The results showed that the counts of peripheral leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes increased gradually over time since ALS diagnosis and were positively correlated with disease severity, but not associated with risk of death or disease progression rate. Focusing on the lymphocyte subpopulations, inverse associations were found between the counts of natural killer (NK) cells and proportions of Th2-differentiated CD4+ central memory (CM) T cells with the risk of death, while positive associations were observed between proportions of CD4+ effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA) T cells and CD8+ T cells with the risk of death. None of the lymphocyte subpopulations was correlated with disease severity or progression rate. In Study IV, we further estimated the association of T cell responses in both the periphery and the intracranial compartment with the prognosis of ALS. We performed a cohort study including 89 newly diagnosed ALS patients in Stockholm, Sweden. Flow cytometry was used to collect information on T cells from blood and CSF of these ALS patients. The results showed that levels of CD4+FOXP3- effector T (Teff) cells were negatively associated with survival, whereas levels of activated regulatory T (aTreg) cells were positively associated with survival. Furthermore, the levels of peripheral Treg cells and composite T cell profile were also found to be associated with disease progression rate. Although these results were comparable between blood and CSF, the markers measured in blood and CSF demonstrated only a moderate correlation with each other. Finally, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis on additional CSF samples collected from five ALS patients and four ALS-free controls and found that the cytotoxic effect of Teff cells noted in the flow cytometric analysis might be due to the elevated cytotoxic gene expressions and clonal expansions. In conclusion, in Study I, we found a positive association between several autoimmune diseases and ALS, suggesting that chronic inflammation might contribute to the subsequent development of some ALS cases. In Study II, we found that serum creatinine and CRP showed distinct temporal patterns before and after diagnosis of ALS, compared with other neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that there might be specific features of inflammation in ALS compared to other neurodegenerative diseases. In Studies III and IV, our findings suggest that leukocyte populations, primarily lymphocytes, play an important role in ALS prognosis, whereas neutrophils and monocytes primarily reflect functional status. Taken together, these studies add new knowledge to the current understanding of immune responses in the risk and prognosis of ALS and shed light on potential new intervention strategies in the prevention and treatment of ALS.
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| 4. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 5. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Svanberg, Eleonora, 1999-, et al.
(författare)
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Wavelike nature of the vertical shear instability in global protoplanetary discs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 514:3, s. 4581-4587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The vertical shear instability (VSI) is a robust phenomenon in irradiated protoplanetary discs (PPDs). The majority of previous numerical simulations have focused on the turbulent properties of its saturated state. However, the saturation of the VSI manifests as large-scale coherent radially travelling inertial waves. In this paper, we study inertial-wave-disc interactions and their impact on VSI saturation. Inertial-wave linear theory is developed and applied to a representative global 2D simulation using the ATHENA++ code. It is found that the VSI saturates by separating the disc into several radial wave zones roughly demarcated by Lindblad resonances (turning points); this structure also manifests in a modest radial variation in the vertical turbulence strength. Future numerical work should employ large radial domains to accommodate this radial structure of the VSI, while concurrently adopting sufficiently fine resolutions to resolve the parametric instability that attacks the saturated VSI inertial waves.
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| 8. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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| 9. |
- Wang, Jiechen, et al.
(författare)
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A parallel algorithm for constructing Voronoi diagrams based on point-set adaptive grouping
- 2014
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Ingår i: Concurrency and Computation. - : Wiley. - 1532-0626 .- 1532-0634. ; 26:2, s. 434-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a parallel algorithm for constructing Voronoi diagrams based on point-set adaptive grouping. The binary tree splitting method is used to adaptively group the point set in the plane and construct sub-Voronoi diagrams for each group. Given that the construction of Voronoi diagrams in each group consumes the majority of time and that construction within one group does not affect that in other groups, the use of a parallel algorithm is suitable.After constructing the sub-Voronoi diagrams, we extracted the boundary points of the four sides of each sub-group and used to construct boundary site Voronoi diagrams. Finally, the sub-Voronoi diagrams containing each boundary point are merged with the corresponding boundary site Voronoi diagrams. This produces the desired Voronoi diagram. Experiments demonstrate the efficiency of this parallel algorithm, and its time complexity is calculated as a function of the size of the point set, the number of processors, the average number of points in each block, and the number of boundary points.
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| 10. |
- Yu, Qiang, et al.
(författare)
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Unveiling segregation-induced evolution in phase constitution of Cu-containing high-entropy alloys
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 843
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A theoretical investigation of Cu segregation effect on phase constitution, magnetic, and mechanical properties of FeCoNi(CumAl)(x) high-entropy alloys is presented. Results show that the homogenous FeCoNi(Cu1.0Al)(x) only exists as a single face-centered cubic phase at arbitrary temperatures. The level of Cu-segregation determines the phase evolution amongst inhomogeneous single phase (0.75 <= m < 1.0), duplex phase (m << 0.75), and triple phase (m approximate to 0.75). Our results reproduce the observation. Only face-centered cubic phase can be formed for FeCoNi(CumAl)(x) with either rather low or extreme high content of (CumAl) even though the segregation occurred. The Cu addition lifts the total magnetic moments by enhancing the local magnetic moment of Fe, Co and Ni. The serious Cu segregation in the duplex-phase HEAs induces the decrease of ductility of fcc and bcc phases. The increasing Cu enhances the strength of Cu-rich fcc phase and the decreasing Cu weakens that of Cu-poor bcc phase.
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| 11. |
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