| 1. |
- Adatia, Karishma K., et al.
(författare)
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Structure–property relations of amphiphilic poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) macromonomers at the air–water interface
- 2020
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Ingår i: Polymer Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1759-9954 .- 1759-9962. ; 11:35, s. 5659-5668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To deepen our knowledge of the film formation and the structure–property relations of poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PFGEp-b-PEGq) macromonomers at the air–water interface, we synthesized PFGEp-b-PEGq in six different block lengths. The molar mass of the PFGEp-b-PEGq macromonomers varied from ∼2000 g mol−1 to ∼7000 g mol−1 and included a wide range of hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values between 3.6 and 13.9. Surface pressure–area (π–A) isotherms of these amphiphilic macromonomers revealed that the block lengths and the molar mass influence the isotherm shape and onset. Smaller, more hydrophobic macromonomers (HLB < 8) showed a steeper surface pressure increase in the liquid condensed phase compared to larger, more hydrophilic macromonomers with HLB > 8. The molecular area for isotherm onsets increased almost linearly with growing molar mass of the macromonomers. Static and dynamic film stability measurements demonstrated limited stability of all macromonomer monolayers at the air–water interface. The more hydrophilic macromonomers PFGE8-b-PEG79, PFGE18-b-PEG66 and PFGE13-b-PEG111 (HLB > 8) showed higher film stability compared to the more hydrophobic macromonomers (HLB < 8). Hysteresis experiments displayed an almost linear increase of the film degradation with rising HLB values of the macromonomers. Due to partial film recovery of our macromonomers, we propose an interplay between a reversible folding and an irreversible submersion mechanism for the macromonomer monolayers at the air–water interface. The molecular structure and the film forming ability of the macromonomers at the air–water interface indicate that they are promising surface functionalization reagents for materials formed from aqueous solutions, such as hydrogels. In this regard, PFGE10-b-PEG9 is the most promising hydrogel surface functionalization reagent, because it can introduce the highest number of functional groups per surface area.
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| 2. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Unsalan, Ozan, et al.
(författare)
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The Sariçiçek howardite fall in Turkey : Source crater of HED meteorites on Vesta and impact risk of Vestoids
- 2019
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Ingår i: Meteoritics and Planetary Science. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons. - 1086-9379 .- 1945-5100. ; 54:5, s. 953-1008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sariçiçek howardite meteorite shower consisting of 343 documented stones occurred on September 2, 2015 in Turkey and is the first documented howardite fall. Cosmogenic isotopes show that Sariçiçek experienced a complex cosmic‐ray exposure history, exposed during ~12–14 Ma in a regolith near the surface of a parent asteroid, and that an ~1 m sized meteoroid was launched by an impact 22 ± 2 Ma ago to Earth (as did one‐third of all HED meteorites). SIMS dating of zircon and baddeleyite yielded 4550.4 ± 2.5 Ma and 4553 ± 8.8 Ma crystallization ages for the basaltic magma clasts. The apatite U‐Pb age of 4525 ± 17 Ma, K‐Ar age of ~3.9 Ga, and the U,Th‐He ages of 1.8 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 0.3 Ga are interpreted to represent thermal metamorphic and impact‐related resetting ages, respectively. Petrographic; geochemical; and O‐, Cr‐, and Ti‐isotopic studies confirm that Sariçiçek belongs to the normal clan of HED meteorites. Petrographic observations and analysis of organic material indicate a small portion of carbonaceous chondrite material in the Sariçiçek regolith and organic contamination of the meteorite after a few days on soil. Video observations of the fall show an atmospheric entry at 17.3 ± 0.8 km s−1 from NW; fragmentations at 37, 33, 31, and 27 km altitude; and provide a pre‐atmospheric orbit that is the first dynamical link between the normal HED meteorite clan and the inner Main Belt. Spectral data indicate the similarity of Sariçiçek with the Vesta asteroid family (V‐class) spectra, a group of asteroids stretching to delivery resonances, which includes (4) Vesta. Dynamical modeling of meteoroid delivery to Earth shows that the complete disruption of a ~1 km sized Vesta family asteroid or a ~10 km sized impact crater on Vesta is required to provide sufficient meteoroids ≤4 m in size to account for the influx of meteorites from this HED clan. The 16.7 km diameter Antionia impact crater on Vesta was formed on terrain of the same age as given by the 4He retention age of Sariçiçek. Lunar scaling for crater production to crater counts of its ejecta blanket show it was formed ~22 Ma ago.
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| 5. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479 .- 1126-6708. ; :6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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Commissioning of the ATLAS Muon Spectrometer with cosmic rays
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 70:3, s. 875-916
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider has collected several hundred million cosmic ray events during 2008 and 2009. These data were used to commission the Muon Spectrometer and to study the performance of the trigger and tracking chambers, their alignment, the detector control system, the data acquisition and the analysis programs. We present the performance in the relevant parameters that determine the quality of the muon measurement. We discuss the single element efficiency, resolution and noise rates, the calibration method of the detector response and of the alignment system, the track reconstruction efficiency and the momentum measurement. The results show that the detector is close to the design performance and that the Muon Spectrometer is ready to detect muons produced in high energy proton-proton collisions.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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Readiness of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter for LHC collisions
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 70:4, s. 1193-1236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tile hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS detector has undergone extensive testing in the experimental hall since its installation in late 2005. The readout, control and calibration systems have been fully operational since 2007 and the detector has successfully collected data from the LHC single beams in 2008 and first collisions in 2009. This paper gives an overview of the Tile Calorimeter performance as measured using random triggers, calibration data, data from cosmic ray muons and single beam data. The detector operation status, noise characteristics and performance of the calibration systems are presented, as well as the validation of the timing and energy calibration carried out with minimum ionising cosmic ray muons data. The calibration systems' precision is well below the design value of 1%. The determination of the global energy scale was performed with an uncertainty of 4%.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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Studies of the performance of the ATLAS detector using cosmic-ray muons
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 71:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Muons from cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere provide a high-statistics source of particles that can be used to study the performance and calibration of the ATLAS detector. Cosmic-ray muons can penetrate to the cavern and deposit energy in all detector subsystems. Such events have played an important role in the commissioning of the detector since the start of the installation phase in 2005 and were particularly important for understanding the detector performance in the time prior to the arrival of the first LHC beams. Global cosmic-ray runs were undertaken in both 2008 and 2009 and these data have been used through to the early phases of collision data-taking as a tool for calibration, alignment and detector monitoring. These large datasets have also been used for detector performance studies, including investigations that rely on the combined performance of different subsystems. This paper presents the results of performance studies related to combined tracking, lepton identification and the reconstruction of jets and missing transverse energy. Results are compared to expectations based on a cosmic-ray event generator and a full simulation of the detector response.
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| 25. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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The ATLAS Inner Detector commissioning and calibration
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 70:3, s. 787-821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ATLAS Inner Detector is a composite tracking system consisting of silicon pixels, silicon strips and straw tubes in a 2 T magnetic field. Its installation was completed in August 2008 and the detector took part in data-taking with single LHC beams and cosmic rays. The initial detector operation, hardware commissioning and in-situ calibrations are described. Tracking performance has been measured with 7.6 million cosmic-ray events, collected using a tracking trigger and reconstructed with modular pattern-recognition and fitting software. The intrinsic hit efficiency and tracking trigger efficiencies are close to 100%. Lorentz angle measurements for both electrons and holes, specific energy-loss calibration and transition radiation turn-on measurements have been performed. Different alignment techniques have been used to reconstruct the detector geometry. After the initial alignment, a transverse impact parameter resolution of 22.1 +/- 0.9 mu m and a relative momentum resolution sigma (p) /p=(4.83 +/- 0.16)x10(-4) GeV(-1)xp (T) have been measured for high momentum tracks.
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| 26. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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The ATLAS Simulation Infrastructure
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 70:3, s. 823-874
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The simulation software for the ATLAS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is being used for large-scale production of events on the LHC Computing Grid. This simulation requires many components, from the generators that simulate particle collisions, through packages simulating the response of the various detectors and triggers. All of these components come together under the ATLAS simulation infrastructure. In this paper, that infrastructure is discussed, including that supporting the detector description, interfacing the event generation, and combining the GEANT4 simulation of the response of the individual detectors. Also described are the tools allowing the software validation, performance testing, and the validation of the simulated output against known physics processes.
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| 27. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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State of the Climate in 2016
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 98:8, s. S1-S280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
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| 28. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 99:8, s. S1-S310
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 29. |
- Blanton, Michael R., et al.
(författare)
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Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV : Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 0004-6256 .- 1538-3881. ; 154:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and. high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median z similar to 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between z similar to 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs. and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the. Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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| 30. |
- Blokland, G. A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders
- 2022
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 91:1, s. 102-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk. Methods: We conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (G×S) interaction of risk for these disorders using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, and 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the PGC (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) and iPSYCH. Results: Across disorders, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphism–by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815, p = 3.2 × 10−8), which interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) enzymes, implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p < 1 × 10−6) for cross-disorder G×S interaction (rs7302529, p = 1.6 × 10−7; rs73033497, p = 8.8 × 10−7; rs7914279, p = 6.4 × 10−7), implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified G×S interaction across disorders (p = 8.97 × 10−7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282, p = 1.5 × 10−7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509, p = 1.1 × 10−7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant G×S interaction of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). Conclusions: In the largest genome-wide G×S analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development and immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway levels. © 2021 Society of Biological Psychiatry
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| 31. |
- Curtis, Carey, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge for policy-making in times of uncertainty : the case of autonomous vehicle model results
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transport reviews. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0144-1647 .- 1464-5327. ; :4, s. 478-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been a rapid rise in papers modelling the impacts of autonomous vehicles. Drawing on a review of this literature, we analyse and discuss the messages conveyed by these studies from a policy-making perspective. An overview of the studies is provided to highlight the different policy frames. We consider the roles that modelling knowledge should have in policy-making in the context of unstable and uncertain futures where novel transport modes bring into question the use of past knowledge and assumptions. We conclude that both limitations of, and assumptions in, models need to be made more explicit and accessible when used in policy-making.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Docherty, Iain, et al.
(författare)
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The case for ‘public’ transport in the age of automated mobility
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-2751 .- 1873-6084. ; 128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper highlights the extent to which a future mobility system dominated by Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) poses profound challenges to the ‘publicness’ of the transport and mobility systems of many cities. This is evident at different policy levels: the regulatory posture of governments, changing notions of the contributions of mobility to wider ‘public value’, and the underpinning shared experiences of urban life and citizenship or civitas. There is relatively little discussion of how widespread automation might reduce the ‘publicness’ of transport systems in terms of the range of mobility opportunities they offer, how changing patterns of mobility across neighbourhoods and social groups will contribute to urban restructuring, and the implications of this for public value and the character or civitas of cities. In particular, we note how the huge expansion in mobility choices made possible by CAVs might lead to circumstances in which the outcome of individuals exercising that choice is to change the nature of urban mobility profoundly. We identify a number of key challenges that policy makers will need to address in managing the introduction of CAVs in their cities, and how using the lens of ‘publicness’ might help them do so.
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| 34. |
- Elkinany, Sherif, et al.
(författare)
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Is Aortic Z-score an Appropriate Index of Beneficial Drug Effect in Clinical Trials in Aortic Aneurysm Disease?
- 2021
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Ingår i: American Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9149. ; 143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aortic Z-score (Z-score) is utilized in clinical trials to monitor the effect of medications on aortic dilation rate in Marfan (MFS) patients. Z-scores are reported in relation to body surface area and therefore are a function of height and weight. However, an information void exists regarding natural, non-pharmacological changes in Z-scores as children age. We had concerns that Z-score decrease attributed to “therapeutic” effects of investigational drugs for Marfan disease connective tissue diseases might simply reflect normal changes (“filling out” of body contour) as children age. This investigation studies natural changes with age in Z-score in normal and untreated MFS children, teasing out normal effects that might erroneously be attributed to drug benefit. (1) We first compared body mass index (BMI) and Z-scores (Boston Children's Hospital calculator) in 361 children with “normal” single echo exams in four age ranges (0 to 1, 5 to 7, 10 to 12, 15 to 18 years). Regression analysis revealed that aging itself decreases ascending Z-score, but not root Z-score, and that increase in BMI with aging underlies the decreased Z-scores. (2) Next, we examined Z-score findings in both “normal” and Marfan children (all pharmacologically untreated) as determined on sequential echo exams over time. Of 27 children without aortic disease with sequential echos, 19 (70%) showed a natural decrease in root Z-score and 24 (89%) showed a natural decrease in ascending Z- score, over time. Of 25 untreated MFS children with sequential echos, 12 (40%) showed a natural decrease in root Z-score and 10 (33%) showed a natural decrease in ascending Z-score. Thus, Z-score is over time affected by natural factors even in the absence of any aneurysmal pathology or medical intervention. Specifically, Z-score decreases spontaneously as a natural phenomenon as children age and with fill out their BMI. Untreated Marfan patients often showed a spontaneous decrease in Z-score. In clinical drug trials in aneurysm disease, decreasing Z-score has been interpreted as a sign of beneficial drug effect. These data put such conclusions into doubt.
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| 35. |
- Elsik, Christine G., et al.
(författare)
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The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle : A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution
- 2009
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 324:5926, s. 522-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
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| 36. |
- Falster, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Portfolio. - 2052-4463. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge.
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| 37. |
- Gentekaki, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
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Extreme genome diversity in the hyper-prevalent parasitic eukaryote Blastocystis
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLoS biology. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1544-9173 .- 1545-7885. ; 15:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blastocystis is the most prevalent eukaryotic microbe colonizing the human gut, infecting approximately 1 billion individuals worldwide. Although Blastocystis has been linked to intestinal disorders, its pathogenicity remains controversial because most carriers are asymptomatic. Here, the genome sequence of Blastocystis subtype (ST) 1 is presented and compared to previously published sequences for ST4 and ST7. Despite a conserved core of genes, there is unexpected diversity between these STs in terms of their genome sizes, guanine-cytosine (GC) content, intron numbers, and gene content. ST1 has 6,544 protein-coding genes, which is several hundred more than reported for ST4 and ST7. The percentage of proteins unique to each ST ranges from 6.2% to 20.5%, greatly exceeding the differences observed within parasite genera. Orthologous proteins also display extreme divergence in amino acid sequence identity between STs (i.e., 59%-61% median identity), on par with observations of the most distantly related species pairs of parasite genera. The STs also display substantial variation in gene family distributions and sizes, especially for protein kinase and protease gene families, which could reflect differences in virulence. It remains to be seen to what extent these inter-ST differences persist at the intra-ST level. A full 26% of genes in ST1 have stop codons that are created on the mRNA level by a novel polyadenylation mechanism found only in Blastocystis. Reconstructions of pathways and organellar systems revealed that ST1 has a relatively complete membrane-trafficking system and a near-complete meiotic toolkit, possibly indicating a sexual cycle. Unlike some intestinal protistan parasites, Blastocystis ST1 has near-complete de novo pyrimidine, purine, and thiamine biosynthesis pathways and is unique amongst studied stramenopiles in being able to metabolize alpha-glucans rather than beta-glucans. It lacks all genes encoding heme-containing cytochrome P450 proteins. Predictions of the mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) proteome reveal an expanded repertoire of functions, including lipid, cofactor, and vitamin biosynthesis, as well as proteins that may be involved in regulating mitochondrial morphology and MRO/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) interactions. In sharp contrast, genes for peroxisome-associated functions are absent, suggesting Blastocystis STs lack this organelle. Overall, this study provides an important window into the biology of Blastocystis, showcasing significant differences between STs that can guide future experimental investigations into differences in their virulence and clarifying the roles of these organisms in gut health and disease.
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| 38. |
- Hannon, Eilis, et al.
(författare)
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DNA methylation meta-analysis reveals cellular alterations in psychosis and markers of treatment-resistant schizophrenia
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We performed a systematic analysis of blood DNA methylation profiles from 4483 participants from seven independent cohorts identifying differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with psychosis, schizophrenia, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychosis cases were characterized by significant differences in measures of blood cell proportions and elevated smoking exposure derived from the DNA methylation data, with the largest differences seen in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients. We implemented a stringent pipeline to meta-analyze epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) results across datasets, identifying 95 DMPs associated with psychosis and 1048 DMPs associated with schizophrenia, with evidence of colocalization to regions nominated by genetic association studies of disease. Many schizophrenia-associated DNA methylation differences were only present in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, potentially reflecting exposure to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Our results highlight how DNA methylation data can be leveraged to identify physiological (e.g., differential cell counts) and environmental (e.g., smoking) factors associated with psychosis and molecular biomarkers of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Holm, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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General Self-Assembly Method for Deposition of Graphene Oxide into Uniform Close-Packed Monolayer Films
- 2019
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 35:13, s. 4460-4470
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Depositing a morphologically uniform monolayer film of graphene oxide (GO) single-layer sheets is an important step in the processing of many composites and devices. Conventional Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition is often considered to give the highest degree of morphology control, but film microstructures still vary widely between GO samples. The main challenge is in the sensitive self-assembly of GO samples with different sheet sizes and degrees of oxidation. To overcome this drawback, here, we identify a general method that relies on robust assembly between GO and a cationic surfactant (cationic surfactant-assisted LB). We systematically compared conventional LB and cationic surfactant-assisted LB for three common GO samples of widely different sheet sizes and degrees of oxidation. Although conventional LB may occasionally provide satisfactory film morphology, cationic surfactant-assisted LB is general and allows deposition of films with tunable and uniform morphologies-ranging from close-packed to overlapping single layers-from all three types of GO samples investigated. Because cationic surfactant-assisted LB is robust and general, we expect this method to broaden and facilitate the use of GO in many applications where precise control over film morphology is crucial.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Holm, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoscale Spatial Distribution of Supported Nanoparticles Controls Activity and Stability in Powder Catalysts for CO Oxidation and Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 142:34, s. 14481-14494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supported metal nanoparticles are essential components of high-performing catalysts, and their structures are intensely researched. In comparison, nanoparticle spatial distribution in powder catalysts is conventionally not quantified, and the influence of this collective property on catalyst performance remains poorly investigated. Here, we demonstrate a general colloidal self-assembly method to control uniformity of nanoparticle spatial distribution on common industrial powder supports. We quantify distributions on the nanoscale using image statistics and show that the type of nanospatial distribution determines not only the stability, but also the activity of heterogeneous catalysts. Widely investigated systems (Au–TiO2 for CO oxidation thermocatalysis and Pd–TiO2 for H2 evolution photocatalysis) were used to showcase the universal importance of nanoparticle spatial organization. Spatially and temporally resolved microkinetic modeling revealed that nonuniformly distributed Au nanoparticles suffer from local depletion of surface oxygen, and therefore lower CO oxidation activity, as compared to uniformly distributed nanoparticles. Nanoparticle spatial distribution also determines the stability of Pd–TiO2 photocatalysts, because nonuniformly distributed nanoparticles sinter while uniformly distributed nanoparticles do not. This work introduces new tools to evaluate and understand catalyst collective (ensemble) properties in powder catalysts, which thereby pave the way to more active and stable heterogeneous catalysts.
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| 43. |
- Holm, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Light-Induced Spatial Charge Separation in Janus Graphene Oxide
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 30:6, s. 2084-2092
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Janus graphene oxides and Janus graphenes are materials with different functionalization on opposite faces of atomically thin carbon sheets. Owing to their monolayer nature, these Janus sheets show unique properties where the functionalization on one face can modulate the properties on the opposite face. However, few general procedures to create and characterize Janus graphene oxides or Janus graphenes have been reported, and as a consequence these intriguing materials remain largely unexplored. Here we report a general synthesis of Janus graphene oxide, where particles are deposited in situ from molecular precursors on opposite faces of monolayer graphene oxide (GO). We used a silicon wafer and a polymer film to successively expose and protect alternate graphene oxide faces for asymmetric deposition of Pt and TiO2 nanocrystals, thus producing Janus graphene oxide composites (Pt vertical bar GO vertical bar TiO2). We used electron microscopy of Janus graphene oxide cross-sections to conclusively show that Pt and TiO2 particles are placed on opposite faces of monolayer sheets. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of Janus graphene oxide asymmetric chemistry by showing that photogenerated electrons and holes accumulate on opposite faces of the atomically thin sheets. The general nature of the synthesis and characterization protocols enables both production and asymmetry verification of a wide range of Janus graphene oxides and therefore provides a general approach for spatial charge separation across two-dimensional structures and other potential applications.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Kao, Kun‐Che, et al.
(författare)
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A General Approach for Monolayer Adsorption of High Weight Loadings of Uniform Nanocrystals on Oxide Supports
- 2021
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0044-8249 .- 1521-3757. ; 133:14, s. 8050-8058
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monodispersed metal and semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted great attention in fundamental and applied research due to their tunable size, morphology, and well-defined chemical composition. Utilizing these nanocrystals in a controllable way is highly desirable especially when using them as building blocks for the preparation of nanostructured materials. Their deposition onto oxide materials provide them with wide applicability in many areas, including catalysis. However, so far deposition methods are limited and do not provide control to achieve high particle loadings. This study demonstrates a general approach for the deposition of hydrophobic ligand-stabilized nanocrystals on hydrophilic oxide supports without ligand-exchange. Surface functionalization of the supports with primary amine groups either using an organosilane ((3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane) or bonding with aminoalcohols (3-amino-1,2-propanediol) were found to significantly improve the interaction between nanocrystals and supports achieving high loadings (>10 wt. %). The bonding method with aminoalcohols guarantees the opportunity to remove the binding molecules thus allowing clean metal/oxide materials to be obtained, which is of great importance in the preparation of supported nanocrystals for heterogeneous catalysis.
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| 46. |
- Kulakova, Alina, et al.
(författare)
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Chemometrics in Protein Formulation : Stability Governed by Repulsion and Protein Unfolding
- 2023
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Ingår i: Molecular Pharmaceutics. - 1543-8384. ; 20:6, s. 2951-2965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Therapeutic proteins can be challenging to develop due to their complexity and the requirement of an acceptable formulation to ensure patient safety and efficacy. To date, there is no universal formulation development strategy that can identify optimal formulation conditions for all types of proteins in a fast and reliable manner. In this work, high-throughput characterization, employing a toolbox of five techniques, was performed on 14 structurally different proteins formulated in 6 different buffer conditions and in the presence of 4 different excipients. Multivariate data analysis and chemometrics were used to analyze the data in an unbiased way. First, observed changes in stability were primarily determined by the individual protein. Second, pH and ionic strength are the two most important factors determining the physical stability of proteins, where there exists a significant statistical interaction between protein and pH/ionic strength. Additionally, we developed prediction methods by partial least-squares regression. Colloidal stability indicators are important for prediction of real-time stability, while conformational stability indicators are important for prediction of stability under accelerated stress conditions at 40 °C. In order to predict real-time storage stability, protein-protein repulsion and the initial monomer fraction are the most important properties to monitor.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Lembrechts, Jonas J., et al.
(författare)
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Global maps of soil temperature
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 28:9, s. 3110-3144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean=3.0±2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6±2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7±2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Martinez-Abarca, Rodrigo, et al.
(författare)
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Millennial hydrological variability in the continental northern Neotropics during Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 3-2 (59-15 cal ka BP) inferred from sediments of Lake Peten Itza, Guatemala
- 2023
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Ingår i: Climate of the Past. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 19:7, s. 1409-1434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lake Peten Itza (Guatemala) possesses one of the longest lacustrine sediment records in the northern Neotropics, which enabled study of paleoclimate variability in the region during the last similar to 400000 years. We used geochemical (Ti, Ca=(Ti + Fe) and Mn=Fe) and mineralogical (carbonates, gypsum, quartz, clay) data from sediment core PI-2 to infer past changes in runoff, lake evaporation, organic matter sources and redox conditions in the water column, caused by hydrological changes in the northern Neotropics during Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 3-2. From 59 to 39 cal ka BP climate conditions were relatively wet, and the lake was marked by higher primary productivity and anoxic bottom waters. This wet environment was interrupted for two periods of possible low water level at 52 and 46 cal ka BP, when our data suggest higher evaporation, high terrestrial organic matter input and persistent oxic conditions. Between 39 and 23 cal ka BP, evaporation and input of terrestrial organic matter increased considerably, lake level declined, and lake bottom waters generally became oxic. These conditions reversed during the Last Glacial Maximum (23.5-18.0 cal ka BP), when runoff and lake productivity increased, and rising lake level caused bottom waters to again become anoxic. Comparison of our hydrologic proxy data with sea surface temperature anomalies between the eastern Pacific and the Caribbean suggests that changes in the intensity of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ) may have influenced long-term changes in runoff during MISs 3-2. Higher intensity of the CLLJ during the onset of MIS 3 and the LGM might have led to greater runoff into the lake, whereas the MIS 3-2 transition experienced a weaker CLLJ and consequently less runoff. A refined, high-resolution age-depth model for the PI-2 sediment core enabled us to identify millennial-scale Greenland interstadials (GIs) 14-2, Greenland stadials (GSs) 14-2 and Heinrich stadials (HSs) 5-1. In general, HSs and GSs were characterized by drier conditions. In contrast to GSs and HSs, GIs were characterized by greater runoff and overall wetter conditions, with the most pronounced GI peaks between 40 and 30 cal ka BP. Whereas GSs 9, 8, 7 and 6 began with abrupt increases in evaporation and ended with gradual increases in humidity, GSs 11 and 10 showed reversed patterns. The Lake Peten Itza paleohydrology record, along with other regional paleoclimate records, led us to conclude that shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) altered moisture delivery to the lake on millennial timescales. During GSs and HSs, high evaporation from Peten Itza (dry climate conditions) was associated with a more southerly position of the ITCZ, whereas wetter GIs prevailed during a more northerly ITCZ position. Although abrupt millennial-scale shifts in ITCZ and hydroclimate between GSs/HSs and GIs can be linked to instabilities in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), longer-term changes were additionally influenced by changes in atmospheric convection linked to modulations of the CLLJ in response to Delta SST between the equatorial Pacific and tropical Atlantic.
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