| 1. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Decreasing energy use of industrially produced multi family dwellings in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Cold Climate HVAC, Sisimiut.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building as many houses as possible in a factory environment seems like an effective way to systematically reduce productivity costs and improve quality in the building process. Based on this idea, a Swedish company has manufactured modules consisting of one or several rooms that were transported and assembled into multi family dwellings onsite. This paper analyses different improvements regarding the energy use of the building, particularly for changes in thermal insulation, air tightness and ventilation system. The annual energy use for a normal year is calculated for a theoretical house and compared to actual houses in use from this manufacturer who is located in Malmö, Sweden. Life cycle costs were calculated for each alternative over a 50 year period. With the assumed discount interest rates, almost every proposed alteration should be beneficial both individually and in combination.
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| 2. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution and variation of indoor temperatures in apartment blocks with individual metering and billing of space heating costs—on building, apartment, and room level
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 8:5, s. 859-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A good indoor thermal climate is important. To reduce energy demands for space heating, individual metering and billing (IMB) for space heating costs is common, though not yet in Sweden. To obtain a better picture of the thermal climate conditions, the distribution of the measured indoor temperatures was investigated in each apartment in 14 apartment blocks with a total of 419 apartments. All blocks had an IMB system for space heating with a traditional feed-forward control. In the studied buildings, temperatures were measured in each living room and each bedroom, and were registered at 2.1 m over floor level, every 15 min over a period of 12 months. Seasonal mean temperatures, standard deviations, skewness, and kurtosis are presented for apartment blocks. For one, with 75 apartments, these values are monthly, and for January and April, the temperature range for each apartment is presented in boxplots. It can be concluded that there are variations in temperature between different apartments: both variations in temperature levels and in temperature ranges. The overall conclusions are that differences in indoor temperature are achievable for different apartments in an apartment block with a certain set point temperature and that the temperatures are not dependent on an apartment’s location in the building. Both the building owner’s goal to keep a certain average temperature for energy saving reasons, and the tenants’ goals, possibility to vary the indoor temperature at individual apartment level, seems to be possible to reach. The measured temperatures are close to being normally distributed, though they have a mild negative skewness and a mild kurtosis during heating periods. The results support that indoor temperatures can be modeled as normally distributed in energy simulations of buildings. Further, it can be seen that temperature variations follow the seasons. The temperatures on individual apartment level show that there is a tendency for warm apartments to be warm all the year round and vice versa. There are also daily variations, with a magnitude of 0.3–0.4 °C and with 0.1–0.3 °C difference between weekdays and weekends. Every single indoor temperature measurement for a whole year covering all seasons as a function of outdoor temperature is presented in iso-plots. Temperature levels are mainly within the limits of standards for thermal comfort, thus showing that a thermal satisfying indoor climate is met in these apartment blocks with IMB. It also seems that it was possible to achieve the desired temperatures irrespective of the apartment’s location.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a feedback control method for hydronic heating systems based on indoor temperature measurements
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 166, s. 23-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor temperatures in apartment blocks are often indirectly controlled by the outdoor temperature using a feedforward control loop, in which the radiator supply temperature is a function of the outdoor temperature. However, this control principle cannot take into account heat gains or losses caused by tenants, electrical appliances, the sun, air leakage, etc., which may result in uneven indoor temperatures, overheating, airing and increased energy use. This can be partly addressed by using thermostatic valves on each radiator. A municipal housing company in Sweden that uses individual metering and billing (IBM) of space heating costs based on measurements of indoor temperatures in all rooms of each apartment has been studied. This article presents and evaluates a project in which these measurements were used for feedback control. The aim of the study was to evaluate the principle which is based on using the actual indoor temperatures. An existing feedforward control of the heating system with thermostatic valves was enhanced by a correction of the supply temperature. The magnitude of the correction was proportional to the difference between the actual mean indoor temperature of the apartments and the set-point temperature. The enhanced control resulted in more constant indoor temperatures, i.e. they were less dependent on the outdoor temperature. The results support the conclusion that the evaluated method would be promising to apply in multi-family buildings. The introduction of the enhanced control method provided valuable experience and awareness of influencing factors if it were to be implemented on a larger scale.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Material and Energy Use for Manufacturing Components in Building Services. : A Case Study of an Old Peoples Home.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Integrated life-cycle design of materials and structures. ILCDES 2000. : Proceedings of the RILEM/CIB/ISO international symposium. Helsinki, Finland, 22 - 24 May 2000. - Proceedings of the RILEM/CIB/ISO international symposium. Helsinki, Finland, 22 - 24 May 2000.. - 9517584083 ; , s. 303-307
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental loads from the building and its services must be minimised. The study aims to determine material quantities, manufacturing energy and how material choice affect manufacturing energy. An inventory of materials in domestic water, waste water, space heating and ventilation services are made and manufacturing energy are calculated based on LCA’s. Finally energy need for alternative material choice are calculated. The services consists of more than 30 materials where 8 constitutes 80% of the weight and 10 constitutes 80% of the manufacturing energy. A bad material choice can increase the manufacturing energy need by 25% compared to a good choice.
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| 7. |
- Dahlblom, Mats
(författare)
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Material- och energiflöden i VVS-installationer : fallstudie
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna litteraturstudie utgör andra etappen i ett licentiatarbete om utbytbarhet, material- och energiflöden för installationer i byggnader (Orsaker till byte av VVS-installationer; TABK--01/1020).
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| 8. |
- Dahlblom, Mats
(författare)
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Orsaker till byte av VVS-installationer : en intervjuundersökning
- 2001
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport utgör redovisningen av tredje och sista etappen i ett arbete om utbytbarhet, material- och energiflöden i installationer för byggnader. De tre etapperna är redovisade i varsin rapport och utgör tillsammans en licentiatuppsats. Första etappen i arbetet utgjordes av litteraturstudien "Installationer ur ett livscykelperspektiv" (Rapport (TABK-99/3058) med syftet att redogöra för det aktuella kunskapsläget och utgöra en bas för det fortsatta arbetet. Andra etappen utgjordes av en fallstudie dör två byggnader i Malmö inventerades beträffande material och materialmängder, varefter tillverkningsenergi beräknades för ingående material och komponenter, liksom transportenergi från tillverkare till byggarbetsplats. Som jämförelse har en överslagsmässig beräkning av energin för femtio års drift genomförts. Slutligen har tillverkningsenergin för ett alternativt materialval beräknats för att studera materialvalets betydelse. Studien är redovisad i rapporten "Material och energiflöden i VVS-installationer: fallstudie (TABK-99/3059).
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| 9. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Reglering av värmesystem i flerbostadshus med individuell värmemätning
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Indoor temperatures in multifamily houses are indirectly controlled by the outdoor temperature. The radiator supply temperature is a function of the outdoor temperature. This control principle cannot take into account for disturbances from people, electric appliances, airing, sun, and air leakage due to wind. A control setting with a suitable margin can avoid complaints, but may result in overheating and airing. The obvious control principle with direct control of indoor temperature has been tested with good result in 1978. The exhaust air temperature was used as a measure of the indoor temperature. LKF, Lund community housing company, has installed individual metering of heating costs using the indoor temperature in each flat. The research project aim was to use these temperature measurements and to test the control principle and compare the energy saving versus normal control and no individual metering of heating costs. The normal control has been extended with a limited proportional correction of the supply temperature. The extended control gives a more constant indoor temperature, which is appreciated by the maintenance personnel. A comparison between 2009/2010 and 2011 shows that the heating cost is larger than the control group due to higher indoor temperature caused by limited extended control, low gain and improper selection of desired indoor temperature at start up. The study has been performed with financial support from CERBOF - the Centre for Energy and Resource Efficient Construction and Facilities management.
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| 10. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Småhus med installationsgrund: utvärdering av experimenthus i Halmstad
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport redovisas resultaten från mätningar utförda i ett experimenthus i Halmstad som är grundlagt med den så kallade installationsgrunden enligt EG-2000 konceptet. Insamlade mätdata används för beräkningar av energianvändningen och energibalansen. Energianvändningen i experimenthuset jämförs med energianvändningen i ett liknande hus grundlagt med platta på mark.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Temperaturmätningar i tegelskorsten vid oljeeldning med låg effekt
- 1987
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapport avseende mätningar utförda i experimentanläggning vid Institutionen för Byggnadskonstruktionslära, Lunds Tekniska Högskola. Projektet är en direkt fortsättning av projektet "Temperatur- och fuktmätningar i skorsten vid omväxlande olje- och elvärme (BKL 1986:26)
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| 13. |
- Dahlblom, Mats
(författare)
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Towards sustainability with building services systems : – by focusing on material choices, energy use and thermal indoor climates in residential buildings
- 2020. - 1
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For a development to be considered sustainable, social, economic and environmental requirements must be met. The Swedish sustainable development goals, based on Agenda 2030, contain 16 national environmental quality goals. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is responsible for achieving the goal "A good built environment". Essential factors chosen for studies are: indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and material and energy use, as these have a major impact on the opportunities for the construction and real estate sector to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The overall aim of the thesis is to provide knowledge about how building services systems in residential buildings can contribute to sustainable development in general.The work behind the thesis consists of two parts. The first part begins with a literature review (Publication I) followed by a case study (Publication II) with life-cycle inventories and energy simulations for two multi-family buildings. Material types, quantities, manufacturing, transport and operating energies as well as the influence of material choice on the manufacturing energy were analysed. The conclusions were that only a few materials accounted for 80 % of the weight and for 80 % of the manufacturing energy in building services systems, that material choice was an important factor that influenced the manufacturing energy. Furthermore, it was found that the service life of materials and components, as well as reasons for replacements, were poorly known. As this is an uncertainty factor when carrying out life-cycle analyses it led to an interview survey (Publication III) being conducted among property management companies to increase knowledge in these fields. The reasons for carrying out replacements and the ages for components in building services systems in nine estates are analysed and categorized. The study concluded that there were multiple reasons for replacements and the deciding factor was often unclear. An attempt was made to assess the service life of some components. The assessment revealed large uncertainties, either because the data material was limited or because the reality is unpredictable. These three publications formed a licentiate dissertation, approved 2001.The second part of the thesis begins with a life-cycle cost analysis based on energy simulations and cost calculations. The profitability of a number of energy efficiency measures taken in a multi-family building was compared (Publication IV). Increased investment costs are paid for by having lower energy costs. Heat recovery with ventilation heat exchangers and exhaust air heat pumps results in about the same life-cycle cost, but an exhaust air heat pump means a greater electricity demand.A residential real estate company used a system for individual metering and billing (IMB) of space heating costs, in which the tenants paid for having a specific temperature, which meant that room temperatures were measured in all living rooms and bedrooms. In some estates a feedback control system, based on indoor temperature measurements, was introduced. The purpose of the method was to achieve more even and, on average, lower indoor temperatures, which would hopefully result in lower energy needs for heating. The feedback control was evaluated by comparing the independence of the indoor temperatures on the outdoor temperature before and after implementation (Publication V). The control method clearly indicated a lower dependency. Based on a large data set with temperature measurements during two heating seasons a comprehensive study of the indoor thermal conditions was carried out (Publication VI). The buildings in question had hydronic heating systems with feedforward control. Temperatures were almost normally distributed and seemed to vary randomly and independently of location in the building. There was a tendency for cool apartments to be cool all year-round and vice versa. Systematic variations were observed both during the day and between weekdays and weekends. Temperature variations within apartments were studied according to apartment size (Publication VII). Generally, the temperatures were lower in bedrooms than in living rooms, and the more rooms the larger the differences. Using a mathematical model of a multi-storey building, it was shown that there was a heat flow up through the building via the floor slabs (Publication VIII).During the heating season, the temperature gradients were measured in ten apartments in a three-storey multi-family building, the gradients being measured for a week in each apartment. The measured gradients were generally smaller than those calculated by the IMB system, which indicated that tenants were invoiced for lower temperatures than those actually achieved (Publication IX).An additional study was conducted in which the effects of the energy efficiency measures on the energy use in one of the buildings from a previous case study were examined and it was found that increased heat recovery increased the environmental classification grade.The various studies are discussed under the section headings Material resources, Energy use, Indoor environment quality, Laws and regulations and Sustainability concept trends. Issues such as replaceability, flexibility and user interaction are also addressed.
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| 14. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Utbytbara installationer : en fallstudie
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport redovisar fortsättningen på projektet "Utbytbara installationer" som startade med en litteraturstudie och ett program redovisade i "Utbytbara installationer: program - TVPB-94/3044)
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in indoor temperature in residential apartments of different size and building category
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 : 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden. - 9789188722539 ; , s. 830-837
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a case study, comprising 1177 residential apartments with 3248 rooms, temperature registrations every 15th minute in all living-rooms and bedrooms, during one year, in the system for individual metering and billing of space heating costs, were analyzed. The apartments were divided into two categories, apartment blocks from 1960th and row houses from about 1990. Apartments mean temperatures and standard deviations as a function of apartment size and category was compared. Corresponding was done on room level divided on apartment size for the two building categories. Finally, temperatures in bedrooms were compared to those in living-rooms for two objects from each category; presented in duration charts based on all single 15th minute values. The same pattern between different apartment sizes is kept for all month, though with a seasonal variation. The livingrooms are in mean warmer than bedrooms. The larger the apartments are the larger are the differences. The results provide a more nuanced picture of the temperature conditions in homes beneficial for better input data for building energy simulations.
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| 17. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Vertical temperature gradients in apartments with hydronic radiator heating
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 575-585
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vertical temperature stratification normally exists in rooms during the heat-ing season in cold climates. An expression of the gradient in apartments heated by hydronic radiator heating systems with exhaust ventilation has ear-lier been developed assuming a dependency of the outdoor temperature. The expression was used by a public real estate owner when re-calculating meas-ured indoor temperature at 2.1 m above floor to 1.2 m above floor represent-ing the occupancy zone and used for individual metering and billing of space heating cost. To validate the suggested expression temperature measurements have been made at four heights in living rooms in apartments built in the 70’s. The heights includes 0.0, 0.1, 1.1 and 1.7 m above floor. The theoreti-cal expression has been compared to the full-scale measurements and in general the expression overestimates the vertical temperature gradient. The measured gradients are generally very low. The thermal comfort in the aspect of vertical temperature gradient is good for the studied period.
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| 18. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Vertical temperature increase in multi-storey buildings
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 : 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden. - 9789188722539 ; , s. 814-821
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor temperature is by measurements stated to rise 0.1 – 0.2°C per storey upwards in multi-storey buildings, despite occupants’ possibility to control the temperature. Due to upward air temperature gradient in rooms there will be a heat transfer through slabs upwards. The size of this depends on insulation degree of building envelope and slabs and air flow through the building. With a linear mathematical model, considering 1 m² floor area, it is shown how some parameters affect the heat transfer. Starting position for the model is a building in the thermal balance from which deviations are calculated. The model gives, for a basic case, results that agree well with the measured values. The vertical temperature increase, results in lower temperature in lower storeys and higher temperature in upper storeys. Total temperature rise for 4 – 28 storeys are in the range 0.5 – 0.7°C, which give vertical heat transfer of 0.6 – 1.1 W/m². A better insulated building envelope will increase the vertical temperature deviations. Better insulated slabs between the storeys will decrease the deviations. A building with well insulated envelope should also have well insulated slabs between storeys to limit the vertical heat transfer and temperature differences between storeys.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in transdisciplinary research : Example from a study on people as part of energy and ventilation systems in residential buildings (PEIRE)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 802-812
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. Thereis a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the ocupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges in Transdisciplinary Research—Example from a Study on People as Part of Energy and Ventilation Systems in Residential Buildings (PEIRE)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 803-812
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. There is a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the occupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 23. |
- Wierzbicka, Aneta, et al.
(författare)
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Healthy Indoor Environments : The Need for a Holistic Approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 15:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor environments have a large impact on health and well-being, so it is important to understand what makes them healthy and sustainable. There is substantial knowledge on individual factors and their effects, though understanding how factors interact and what role occupants play in these interactions (both causative and receptive) is lacking. We aimed to: (i) explore interactions between factors and potential risks if these are not considered from holistic perspective; and (ii) identify components needed to advance research on indoor environments. The paper is based on collaboration between researchers from disciplines covering technical, behavioural, and medical perspectives. Outcomes were identified through literature reviews, discussions and workshops with invited experts and representatives from various stakeholder groups. Four themes emerged and were discussed with an emphasis on occupant health: (a) the bio-psycho-social aspects of health; (b) interaction between occupants, buildings and indoor environment; (c) climate change and its impact on indoor environment quality, thermal comfort and health; and (d) energy efficiency measures and indoor environment. To advance the relevant research, the indoor environment must be considered a dynamic and complex system with multiple interactions. This calls for a transdisciplinary and holistic approach and effective collaboration with various stakeholders.
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