| 1. |
- Avelin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Use of combined physical and statistical models for online applications in the pulp and paper industry
- 2009
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Ingår i: Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1387-3954 .- 1744-5051. ; 15:5, s. 425-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the accuracy of different types of models. Statistical models are based on process data and/or observations from lab measurements. This class of models are called black box models. Physical models use physical relationships to describe a process. These are called white box models or first principle models. The third group is sometimes called grey box models, being a combination of black box and white box models. Here we discuss two examples of model types. One is a statistical model where an artificial neural network is used to predict NOx in the exhaust gases from a boiler at Mlarenergi AB in Vsters, Sweden. The second example is a grey box model of a continuous digester. The digester model includes mass balances, energy balances, chemical reactions and physical geometrical constraints to simulate the real digester. We also propose that a more sophisticated model is not required to increase the accuracy of the predicted measurements.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Lindhult, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation capabilities and challenges for energy smart development in medium sized European cities
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; :88, s. 205-211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transition towards becoming Energy smart city integrating different areas of energy production, distribution and use in a community requires a spectrum of capabilities. The paper reports on findings from the EU planning project PLEEC, involving six medium sized European cities. The purpose of the paper is to describe innovation capabilities and challenges in the complex, systemic innovation journey of cities in the transition to sustainability. A case of implementing an innovative project for electrical vehicles in Eskilstuna is presented illustrating both technological potentials and innovation challenges.
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| 7. |
- Lindmark, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the effects of electroporation pre-treatment on the biogas yield from ley crop silage.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0273-2289 .- 1559-0291. ; 174:7, s. 2616-2625
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploiting the full biogas potential of some types of biomass is challenging. The complex structures of lignocellulosic biomass are difficult to break down and thus require longer retention times for the nutrients to become biologically available. It is possible to increase the digestibility of the substrate by pre-treating the material before digestion. This paper explores a pre-treatment of ley crop silage that uses electrical fields, known as electroporation (EP). Different settings of the EP equipment were tested, and the results were analyzed using a batch digestion setup. The results show that it is possible to increase the biogas yield with 16 % by subjecting the substrates to 65 pulses at a field strength of 96 kV/cm corresponding to a total energy input of 259 Wh/kg volatile solid (VS). However, at 100 pulses, a lower field strength of 48 kV/cm and the same total energy input, no effects of the treatment were observed. The energy balance of the EP treatment suggests that the yield, in the form of methane, can be up to double the electrical energy input of the process.
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| 8. |
- Lindmark, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-treatment of Substrate for Increased Biogas Production
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The full biogas potential of most organic material cannot be exploited with today’s technology. The complex structures of the organic materials are broken down too slowly and the nutrients cannot become biologically available during the relatively short retention time of most digesters. This means that a lot of the bound energy in the organic material leaves the biogas plant with the liquid digestate. There is a possibility to increase the efficiency of the process by pre-treating the material before digestion. This paper explores a pre-treatment of ley crop silage using electrical fields, known as electroporation (EP). Different settings of the EP equipment were tested and the results were analysed using a batch digestion setup. The results from the experiments show that there is a possibility to double the biogas production at typical retention times of a CSTR. The energy balance of the EP equipment suggests that the pre-treatment yield is around 2-6 times larger than the energy input to the process, i.e. energy in the form of methane.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lönnqvist, Tomas, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The potential for waste to biogas in La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia
- 2013
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Ingår i: 1st International Water Association Conference on HolisticSludge Management, 2013, Västerås Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the cities of La Paz and El Alto, 573 tons of organic material are disposed in landfills every day. These residues can be used to produce biogas and recycle nutrients, thus alleviating environmental impacts related to waste management. Technical solutions are evaluated through a multicriteria analysis with the purpose of defining a strategy for implementing waste-to-biogas in the two cities. As a result, the development for waste-to-biogas-system is defined in three steps. Step 1 consists of an active extraction system of landfill gas in the already existing landfills. Step 2 implies the establishment of a dry-digestion biogas facility based on present waste collection practices, that is, not segregated waste. Step 3 consists of a biogas plant using dry digestion for processing source segregated bio-waste. The economic feasibility of these three steps is evaluated. Despite prevailing fossil fuels subsidies in the country, implementing waste-to-biogas turn out feasible in the country provided the digestate is commercialized as bio-fertilizer or erosion control material and additional services such as waste collection and deposition are computed in the total economy of the biogas production plant.
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| 11. |
-
Studies in Industrial Renewal : Coping with Changing Contexts
- 2011. - 200
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this book is to provide a picture of ongoing research at Mälardalen University in order to create a point of departure for future research on industrial renewal. Many aspects of industrial renewal are dealt with by the researchers who contributed to this book. Some of them focus on functional aspects such as distribution channels and management accounting and control. Others deal with broad perspectives such as strategies and entrepreneurship, and still others consider specific empirical fields such as the institutions of society, and the energy sector.Our exposition identifies a need for further research into classical problems such as how to best exploit new ideas in established firms, as well as how to infuse new approaches and attitudes into going concerns, the role of the characteristics of industrial networks, geographical distance, the labour market, and the institutions of society in such renewal processes, and the need for more in-depth process research in order to further develop theory and practice.
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| 12. |
- Thorin, Eva, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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PERFOMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF THE VÄXTKRAFT BIOGAS PRODUCTION PLANT –THE USE OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ICAE'09. ; , s. 594-602
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today we can see a large potential for biogas production from any kind of organic residue as well as from different crops, farm land residues or graze. However, the technology for biogas production is not optimized and thus not fully cost-effective. To be fully commercially competitive with other types of fuels, efficiency improvements of the process are needed. In the research project BioGasOpt, performed in cooperation between Mälardalen University and industry, performance optimization of the Växtkraft biogas production plant and surrounding systems are studied. In this paper the project will be presented and the possibility for improvements by using membrane filtration to reduce the dry matter in the recirculated water is addressed.In the Växtkraft biogas plant, in Västerås, Sweden, organic wastes from households and restaurants are mixed and fermented with crops from graze land. A lot of water is used in the process and the surplus is filtered off in decanter centrifuges. The decantate from the centrifuges is partly recirculated in the process and the problem is that the content of dry matter in the decantate is increasing and is today around 4 %. In this paper the potential to use membrane filtration to improve the performance of biogas plants is studied. The consequences concerning production capacity, energy use, and operation of the plant are discussed. The first results from tests on using ceramic membrane filters at the Växtkraft biogas plant show that it possible to decrease the content of dry matter in the process water to 2 % at operation temperatures around 100˚C.
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| 13. |
- Wallin, Fredrik, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Automatic meter reading provides opportunities for new prognosis and simulation methods
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2007 IEEE Lausanne POWERTECH, Proceedings. - 9781424421893 ; , s. 2006-2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of top-down models, for load forecasting purposes, has been the dominating method over the last decades. However, there is now a discussion regarding the performance of the top-down models, e.g. in situations with unusual weather conditions due to the lack of historical data. This paper considers an alternative bottom-up approach with a stronger relation to the laws of physics. Electricity companies in Sweden are installing automatic meter reading systems for their customers, and using the consumption data gives new possibilities when adapting the modeling parameters in a bottom-up model for each single customer. A method for analyzing individual consumption series is suggested, where different periods in time is used to divide and identify different parts of the electricity load; base load, heat load and household loads. A review of previous work is presented, and suggestions how to link the load analysis to construction parameters for an individual building is proposed.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ahlgren, Fredrik, 1980-
(författare)
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Reducing ships' fuel consumption and emissions by learning from data
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the context of reducing both greenhouse gases and hazardous emissions, the shipping sector faces a major challenge as it is currently responsible for 11% of the transport sector’s anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Even as emissions reductions are needed, the demand for the transport sector rises exponentially every year. This thesis aims to investigate the potential to use ships’ existing internal energy systems more efficiently. The thesis focusses on making existing ships in real operating conditions more efficient based logged machinery data. This dissertation presents results that can make ship more energy efficient by utilising waste heat recovery and machine learning tools. A significant part of this thesis is based on data from a cruise ship in the Baltic Sea, and an extensive analysis of the ship’s internal energy system was made from over a year’s worth of data. The analysis included an exergy analysis, which also considers the usability of each energy flow. In three studies, the feasibility of using the waste heat from the engines was investigated, and the results indicate that significant measures can be undertaken with organic Rankine cycle devices. The organic Rankine cycle was simulated with data from the ship operations and optimised for off-design conditions, both regarding system design and organic fluid selection. The analysis demonstrates that there are considerable differences between the real operation of a ship and what it was initially designed for. In addition, a large two-stroke marine diesel was integrated into a simulation with an organic Rankine cycle, resulting in an energy efficiency improvement of 5%. This thesis also presents new methods of employing machine learning to predict energy consumption. Machine learning algorithms are readily available and free to use, and by using only a small subset of data points from the engines and existing fuel flow meters, the fuel consumption could be predicted with good accuracy. These results demonstrate a potential to improve operational efficiency without installing additional fuel meters. The thesis presents results concerning how data from ships can be used to further analyse and improve their efficiency, by using both add-on technologies for waste heat recovery and machine learning applications.
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| 16. |
-
AI and Learning Systems : Industrial Applications and Future Directions
- 2021
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last few years, interest in the industrial applications of AI and learning systems has surged. This book covers the recent developments and provides a broad perspective of the key challenges that characterize the field of Industry 4.0 with a focus on applications of AI. The target audience for this book includes engineers involved in automation system design, operational planning, and decision support. Computer science practitioners and industrial automation platform developers will also benefit from the timely and accurate information provided in this work. The book is organized into two main sections comprising 12 chapters overall:•Digital Platforms and Learning Systems•Industrial Applications of AI
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Avelin, Anders, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of different renovation actions, their investment cost and future potential
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1876-6102. ; 143, s. 73-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 65% of the buildings in Västerås, situated in the region of Mälardalen, Sweden were built before 1970. It is thus time for renovation. The situation is the same in most cities in Sweden and Northern Europe. The depth of renovation can be quite different. In this paper we evaluate some examples where cost is compared to energy saving effect. How to plan renovation to make use of the available capital in the cities is discussed. As a complement to direct renovation actions also behavior change with respect to energy is discussed and exemplified. The cost for energy actions in relation to other renovation aspects is discussed especially for the passive house case in Allingsås, Sweden. The passive house center calculate an extra cost for passive house standard to be 10 000 €/apartment while an external consultant has the figure 40 000 € of the total cost of 120 000 €. With this space heating can be 18 kWh/m2.year, or a reduction by 84 % with respect to space heating and 62% for overall heat and hot water demand. If you use the latter cost figure passive house standard is not motivated from an energy savings perspective while if using the lower figure it is very interesting. For the other less deep renovations we see that adding more insulation and three glass windows is motivated if the degradation has been strong, while a simpler renovation may be ok if the outer surface coating is not too bad. For these less deep renovations we see cost figures of 65 €/m2 respectively 28 €/m2 with reduction of heating and hot water demand of 56 % respectively 34 %.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Avelin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Forest biomass for bioenergy production – comparison of different forest species
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest biomass is a renewable and sustainable source of energy that can be used for producing electricity, heat, and biofuels. The production of biomass for energy is considered to be an important step in developing sustainable communities and managing greenhouse gas emissions effectively. Biomass properties vary and are commonly associated with plant species. Hence, efficient methods to predict biofuel characteristics will greatly affect the utilization and management of feedstock production. In this paper attempt was made to correlate various chemical characteristics with NIR spectra. Wood chips from various plant species was analyzed for lignin content, heating value, ash content and NIR and the results were evaluated with correlation, PCA and PCR. Initial evaluation showed promising results where chemical components in the wood correlate to NIR spectra. A selection of results will be presented in this paper. Further analysis as well as results from PCA and PCR models will be presented in the full paper version.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Avelin, Anders, 1966-
(författare)
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Process Modeling of Combustion and Digesters for On-line Applications
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass has increased in recent years due to the efforts to reduce the high emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels. At the same time industrial processes have become more complex because of increased production rates and profitability requirements. A higher degree of automation is needed when the processes are too complex to be handled manually. There is a need to find modeling strategies that can automatically handle the challenges that the conversion of biomass in an industrial process entails, such as operational changes, decreasing component and overall system efficiency, drifting sensors, etc. The objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology for on-line applications in industrial processes. Dynamic process models have been developed for continuous digesters and boilers. Process models have been evaluated for their use in continuous industrial process. Applications that have been studied are monitoring and diagnostics, advanced control and decision support. The process models are designed for on-line simulations. The results shows that the use of mathematical simulation models can improve the use of both process data and process understanding, to achieve improved diagnostics, advanced control and process optimization. In the two examples of industrial processes covered in this thesis, we can see that similar types of models can be used for completely different types of processes, such as pulp digesters and boilers. It also demonstrates the ability to combine soft sensors and hard sensors with physical models to take the information to a higher level of utilization.
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| 25. |
- Avelin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Time based data reconciliation and decision support for a CFB boiler
- 2009
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Ingår i: IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline), 2009. - Tampere : Tampere University Press. ; , s. 338-343
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper covers a method for operator decision support, where physical simulation models are used to connect different physical variables to each other. By comparing energy and material balances for a larger process area inconsistencies in single process parts and sensor measurements can be detected, by following the development between single measurements and values predicted from the simulations. This information then can be used as input to e.g. a BN, Bayesian Network, for decision support. The application has been for a CFB boiler at Mälarenergi AB. The simulators have been made in Modelica respectively a more advanced model in APROS.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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Biomass as Energy Source : Resources, Systems and Applications
- 2013. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of energy is approximately 140 000 TWh per year globally. It is then interesting to note that biomass production is approximately 270 000 TWh/year, or roughly twice as much. This shows that biomass is not a marginal energy resource but more than enough to cover all our needs for both energy and food, if just the biomass is used efficiently. There has been a lot of discussion about using food for energy. This is quite relevant, and if we look at all resources like agricultural and forestry waste, the need to use food for energy is not needed. We can cover all our needs anyhow. The resources we have available and some other aspects like using the energy efficiently is covered in this book. One way of using energy efficiently is to use waste biomass or cellulosic materials in bio refineries, where production of fibers and products from fibers is combined with production of most chemicals we need in our daily life. This includes clothes, soap, perfume, medicines etc. Conventional pulp and paper applications are also covered. But it also includes bio-fuel for vehicles and even fuel for aviation is covered. It also includes production of heat, cool and electricity. That is, biomass can cover all our needs. The difficulty is to use the resources efficiently without harming the productivity long term. This book has the aim to give facts and inspiration to professionals like engineers and researchers, students as well as those working for different type of authorities or societal organizations.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Blanco, A., et al.
(författare)
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Use of modelling and simulation in the pulp and paper industry
- 2009
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Ingår i: Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1387-3954 .- 1744-5051. ; 15:5, s. 409-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In pulp and paper the modelling and simulation of the pulp production processes was the first major application. Since then several other applications have been realised though papermaking has never been on the lead concerning the use of computer-based modelling and simulation. The complex nature of the materials is one of the most demanding challenges and the biggest hurdle for any electronic description of the papermaking process or paper itself. So other industries took the lead and it is now for the paper industry to learn from these industries what can be done with the help of computers to control or optimise processes or to design new grades. The application of results gained with the use of modelling and simulation techniques in pulp and paper manufacturing processes has helped the industry to, for example, reduce emissions and increase the productivity and cost-efficiency of the processes. Still there are many important tasks open. A better understanding of the mechanisms of the processes and their control loops has to be achieved in order to further improve the paper quality, stabilise the wet-end chemistry, and enhance the runnability. Important features to be developed are new process designs, efficient process monitoring and systems that offer decision support during operation. In this paper a review of the state of the art on modelling and simulation in the pulp and paper industry is presented as well as further research needs.
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| 33. |
- Blomqvist, Stefan, 1988-
(författare)
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Energy Efficiency in the Residential, Service and Energy Sectors : Barriers, Drivers and System Studies
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increased energy efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving the national energy and climate goals, the goals set by the European Union, and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. Close to 40% of Sweden’s total energy use and approximately 20% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions are allocated to the residential and service sector. There is great potential for increased energy efficiency within the sector. Almost half of Swedish households are situated in multifamily buildings, where district heating is the predominant heating solution, as well as in service buildings.This thesis uses a system perspective to explore energy efficiency work and end-use measures in an energy system, focusing on district heated regions that include combined heat and power production, and the residential and service sector, focusing on multifamily buildings and non-residential buildings. The research explores energy and climate goals in relation to the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals and potential barriers between organizations’ different objectives. In addition, the research focuses on barriers and drivers for energy efficiency. How type of ownership, size of the organization, and degree of urbanization can differentiate this work is also studied. Finally, the research explores potential conflicting objectives by studying energy end-use measures based on different system boundaries.The results show that around 70% of organizations in the Swedish residential and service sector had integrated the Sustainable Development Goals. However, depending on ownership, the integration rate ranges from 60% in public organizations with predominantly rental properties to 77% in private organizations, and 84% in cooperative organizations with predominantly tenant-owned properties. Only 48% of the small organizations had integrated the goals, compared to 73% of medium-sized organizations and 90% of large organizations. 49% of organizations in rural areas had integrated the goals, compared to 63% in towns and suburbs, and 80% in cities. The results show different use of terminology and timelines, and conflicting objectives are seen as different system boundaries are applied. This may inhibit understanding and communication, and hinder integration.Despite the need for energy efficiency, cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The perception of a lack of time or other priorities is the most hindering factor, along with the experience of a slim organization. On the other hand, the major drivers are reducing costs, followed by drivers of an organizational or behavioral nature. The results illustrate a challenging situation among publicly owned organizations, small organizations, and those in rural areas, as - relative to other groups - they experience barriers to a greater degree and drivers to a lesser extent. Positive factors that emerge between 2010 and 2020 are that energy strategies are integrated, and energy efficiency is given high priority throughout the organizations’ working methods.Lastly, by using simulation and optimization models, energy end-use measures of (1) large-scale renovation of a multifamily building stock and (2) the use of a hydronic pavement system for snow and ice clearance are studied. The results of the large-scale renovation of multifamily buildings reveal a potential conflict. The measure resulting in the best energy performance of the building, which may be the most desirable measure from a building owner’s perspective, risks leading to larger greenhouse gas emissions. A hydronic pavement system - a rarely used application in present-day district heating systems - proves to be a possible sustainable solution and a suitable application for the future generation of a low-temperature district heating system. The results underline the importance of understanding system boundaries in general, but also when considering energy efficiency improvements.
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| 34. |
- Bruch, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Robust Production Equipment : A guide to strong collaboration between users and suppliers
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The result of today’s global and increasingly tough competition is narrow market windows and a demand for quick volume increases in production. This in turn means increased demands for a rapid and effective development of production equipment that ensures high performance right at the start of production. Robust production equipment with a high level of production efficiency and reduced costs for operation and maintenance therefore make up one of the most important factors for strong competitiveness and high profitability for Swedish industrial enterprises. Strong collaboration between users and suppliers is the key to success in this type of investment project. This handbook therefore presents a model that can be used by manufacturing companies who want to develop robust production equipment. The model and the other recommendations of the handbook focus on projects that are to be carried out in strong collaboration and are targeted at both users and suppliers. The model has been deve-loped through “EQUIP – User-supplier integration in production equipment design”, which has received funding from the Knowledge Foundation 2013–2016. The model consists of seven development phases based on the production equipment life cycle: Phase 1 – Preliminary study Phase 2 – Concept study Phase 3 – Procurement Phase 4 – Detailed design Phase 5 – Construction Phase 6 – Installation and commissioning Phase 7 – Production In each phase, critical activity steps and recommendations are presented for how to distribute responsibility within and between the parties involved. The model adopts a life cycle perspective for development projects in order to facilitate collaboration and to more clearly visualise the link between activities and their impact on the project success. Within the scope of an investment project, there is a great potential for developing sustainable production solutions. For this reason, this handbook also presents seven guidelines that may provide you with support in developing production equipment that remains secure, lean and sustainable throughout the equipment life cycle. The main purpose of the handbook is to facilitate collaboration through the whole investment project in a way that benefits both parties and which contributes to lasting relationships. The results of the research project show that there is a great interest in improved collaboration from both users and suppliers. For this reason, support, tools and preparedness from both parties are required to venture into investing time and resources in collaboration from the beginning, in the early phases of a new development project. This is then the potential to lay the foundation for long-term collaboration and for designing the best possible production equipment in the shortest time possible.
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| 35. |
- Bruch, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Utveckling av Robust Produktionsutrustning : En guide för god samverkan mellan beställare och leverantör
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Av dagens globala och allt hårdare konkurrens följer korta marknadsfönster och krav på snabb volym- uppgång i produktion. Det innebär i sin tur ökade krav på snabb och effektiv utveckling av produktions- utrustning som säkerställer hög prestanda direkt vid produktionsstart. Robust produktionsutrustning med hög produktionseffektivitet och minskade kostnader för drift och underhåll är därför en av de viktigaste faktorerna för stark konkurrenskraft och hög lönsamhet för svenska industriföretag. God samverkan mellan beställare och leverantör är nyckeln till framgång i denna typ av investerings- projekt. Denna handbok presenterar därför en modell som kan användas av tillverkande företag som vill utveckla robust produktionsutrustning. Modellen och övriga rekommendationer i handboken fokuserar på projekt som ska genomföras i stark samverkan och riktar sig till både beställaren och leverantören. Den har utvecklats i forskningsprojektet ”EQUIP – kund- och leverantörsintegration i utformning av produktionsutrustning” som finansierats av KK-stiftelsen under 2013-2016. Modellen består av sju utvecklingsfaser som är baser- ade på produktionsutrustnings livscykel: Fas 1 – Förstudie Fas 2 – Konceptstudie Fas 3 – Upphandling Fas 4 – Detaljerad utformning Fas 5 – Uppbyggnad Fas 6 – Installation och driftsättning Fas 7 – Produktion I varje fas presenteras kritiska aktivitetssteg och rekommendationer för hur ansvaret för dessa bör fördelas inom och emellan deltagande parter. Modellen använder ett livscykelperspektiv för utvecklingsprojekt för att underlätta samverkan samt tydligare visualisera sambandet mellan aktiviteter och deras påverkan på projektets framgång. Inom ramen för ett investeringsprojekt finns stor potential att utveckla hållbara produktionslösningar. Därför presenterar denna handbok även sju guider som kan stödja er i att ta fram produktionsutrustning som är säker, lean och hållbar under hela utrustningens livscykel. Huvudsyftet med handboken är att underlätta samverkan under hela investeringsprojektet på ett sätt som gagnar båda parter och bidrar till varaktiga relationer. Forskningsprojektets resultat visar att det finns ett stort intresse för främjad samverkan från både beställ- are och leverantör. Därför behövs stöd, verktyg och beredskap från båda parter för att våga investera tid och resurser på samverkan redan från början, i de tidiga faserna av ett nytt utvecklingsprojekt. Det är då potentialen att lägga grunden till långsiktig samverkan och utforma bästa möjliga produktionsutrustning på kortast möjliga tid är som störst.
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| 36. |
- Campillo, Javier, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Battery technologies for transportation applications
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Technologies and Applications for Smart Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319436517 - 9783319436494 ; , s. 151-206
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- More than a fifth of the greenhouse emissions produced worldwide come from the transport sector. Several initiatives have been developed over the last few decades, aiming at improving vehicles’ energy conversion efficiency and improve mileage per liter of fuel. Most recently, electric vehicles have been brought back into the market as real competitors of conventional vehicles. Electric vehicle technology offers higher conversion efficiencies, reduced greenhouse emissions, low noise, etc. There are, however, several challenges to overcome, for instance: improving batteries’ energy density to increase the driving range, fast recharging, and initial cost. These issues are addressed on this chapter by looking in depth into both conventional and non-conventional storage technologies in different transportation applications.
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| 37. |
- Campillo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the building–understanding building renovations in relation to urban energy systems
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. - 2069-3419. ; 2016:Spec. Iss. 5, s. 31-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- About 35% of Europe’s building stock is over 50 years old and consumes about 175 kWh/m2 for heating, between 3-5 times the amount required by the newly constructed buildings. Annually, between1 and 1.5% new buildings are built and only between 0.2 and 0.5% are removed, therefore the focus needs to be put on the renovation of the existing building stock. The implementation of energy conservation measures (ECMs) in the residential sector becomes a very important strategy to meet the EU´s 20% energy consumption reduction of the 20-20-20 goals. The main challenge, however, is to determine which of the ECMs strategies are the best to provide not just with the best energy consumption reduction, but also with the best environmental impact and economic benefits. This paper addresses this issue and analyses the impact of different ECMs by focusing not only on the buildings themselves, but on the energy supply network and the overall energy system as a whole. To achieve this, we review five case studies in Sweden that use different ECMs as well as other alternatives, such as: distributed generation (DG) and energy storage. Results suggest that although there is no standard protocol that would fit all renovation projects, the existing methodologies fall short to provide the best overall impact on the energy system and that a broader analysis of the local conditions should be carried out before performing large building renovation projects.
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| 38. |
- Campillo, Javier, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Impact of Dynamic Electricity Pricing Mechanisms Adoption fo rHouseholds in Sweden
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global smart metering market growth has increased significantly over the past few years and the trend is expected to continue. Smart metering technology enables energy consumption feedback and the adoption of dynamic pricing mechanisms that encourages users to shift power consumption from peak-use times to lower-use times, in order to help balance the load in the power system. In Sweden particularly, the introduction of the new legislation and adoption of remote meters in 2009, in combination with more flexible pricing schemes, offer a great opportunity for users to reduce energy consumption during peak times, increase their energy efficiency and therefore reduce their overall cost. More recently, in 2012, Swedish energy providers started offering hourly spot-based electricity price to homeowners in order give them access to pricing mechanisms that are closer to the real cost of electricity supply. Additionally to hourly pricing, other dynamic pricing contracts are available for consumers all across the country; however, conventional agreements that use fixed-rates for electricity are still the most common. This paper analyzes the economic impact for consumers, if dynamic pricing, enabled through smart metering technologies, is adopted. To achieve this, electricity costs from a large group of households were calculated, using users’ hourly consumption data with both conventional fixed rates and real time pricing, in order to understand their impact on customers’ bills. Obtained results suggest that real time pricing has great savings potential, especially for years where summer rainfall and winter conditions are within average. However, in order to increase savings and have them consistent year after year, changes in user time-of-use consumption profile are required. Moreover, this research work leads to further analysis on dynamic pricing combined with demand response in order to optimize electricity costs.
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| 39. |
- Campillo, Javier, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Electricity Demand Impact from Increased use of Ground Sourced Heat Pumps
- 2012
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Ingår i: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. - 9781467325950 ; , s. Artnr. 6465876-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of ground-sourced heat pumps as main heating systems has increased in Sweden in the last fifteen years to the point that it is the country with the highest amount of GSHP in Europe. Heat pumps are chosen by many households due to their economic savings value; In contrast, electricity prices in Sweden have almost doubled since 2006, threatening their economic benefits. It is therefore, essential to understand GSHPs impact on the user´s electricity consumption and provide suitable demand-response programs that could help develop a model capable of forecasting consumption and provide decision support information to make the best use of the technology. This paper analyses questionnaire surveys and consumption patterns were evaluated for 322 households with installed GSHPs and different pricing schemes in order to increase the understanding of mass use of this type of heating system.
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| 40. |
- Campillo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Flow batteries use potential in heavy vehicles
- 2015
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Ingår i: Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion, ESARS. - 9781479974009 ; , s. Article number 7101496-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although batteries have been used in personal vehicles for more than a hundred years, the cost of the technology, limitation in range, absence of sufficient recharging infrastructure and rapid development of internal combustion engines during the mid-twentieth century limited its use to very niche applications. More recently, a global need for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuel usage and the great developments in power systems as well as in battery technology offers electric vehicles the possibility to return to the market, not just for personal use but also for a wide variety of transportation applications. In the present paper, a feasibility study for using flow batteries in heavy vehicles, more specifically, construction equipment is presented. The authors used measured energy demand profiles for different operation conditions of a wheel loader and developed a simulation model for a vanadium redox flow battery to test the performance of this vehicle using a flow battery. Additionally, the authors did a short theoretical analysis for the potential for flow batteries in train transportation, focusing on the requirements and limitations of the technology for this application.
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| 41. |
- Campillo, Javier, 1982-
(författare)
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From Passive to Active Electric Distribution Networks
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large penetration of distributed generation from variable renewable energy sources, increased consumption flexibility on the demand side and the electrification of transportation pose great challenges to existing and future electric distribution networks. This thesis studies the roles of several actors involved in electric distribution systems through electricity consumption data analysis and simulation models. Results show that real-time electricity pricing adoption in the residential sector offers economic benefits for end consumers. This occurs even without the adoption of demand-side management strategies, while real-time pricing also brings new opportunities for increasing consumption flexibility. This flexibility will play a critical role in the electrification of transportation, where scheduled charging will be required to allow large penetration of EVs without compromising the network's reliability and to minimize upgrades on the existing grid. All these issues add significant complexity to the existing infrastructure and conventional passive components are no longer sufficient to guarantee safe and reliable network operation. Active distribution networks are therefore required, and consequently robust and flexible modelling and simulation computational tools are needed for their optimal design and control. The modelling approach presented in this thesis offers a viable solution by using an equation-based object-oriented language that allows developing open source network component models that can be shared and used unambiguously across different simulation environments.
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| 42. |
- Campillo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Is real-time electricity pricing suitable for residential users without demand-side management?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-6574 .- 1944-9089. ; 109, s. 310-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The smart metering infrastructure in Sweden allows electricity providers to offer electricity RTP (real time pricing) to homeowners, together with other dynamic pricing contracts across the country. These contracts are supposed to encourage users to shift power consumption during peak hours to help balance the load in the power system. Of all the available contracts in Sweden, monthly-average price holds the largest share, in response to the low electricity prices during the last three years. It is not clear if RTP will become a popular dynamic pricing scheme since daily price fluctuations might keep customers away from this type of contract. Literature review suggests that RTP adoption is only beneficial when combined with the use of customer demand flexibility, but it does not provide enough information about users adopting RTP without changing their electricity usage profile. This paper studies the economic impact if customers would shift to RTP contracts without adopting demand-side management. To achieve this, electricity costs from a large group of households were calculated and compared between both pricing schemes using the hourly consumption data of a 7-year period. Results suggest that the RTP electricity contract offer a considerable economic savings potential even without enabling consumer demand-side management.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Campillo, Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Technology capacity assessment tool for developing city action plans to increase efficiency in mid-sized cities in Europe
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 88, s. 16-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transition towards energy efficient cities requires an effective upgrade of all the different areas of urban energy production, distribution and use. The paper presents a method for collecting the information required for analysing the technical variation of strengths and weaknesses in infrastructure capabilities in European medium-sized cities, as well as to help identify best practices and tools for enhancing the energy performance of city energy systems.
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| 45. |
- Carlsson, My
(författare)
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Pre-treatment of substrates for anaerobic digestion : potential and development needs
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Substrate pre-treatment has been gaining interest in anaerobic digestion (AD) as a means to increase biogas yields with nowadays more diversified substrate sources. The objective of this thesis is to identify improvement potentials and development needs within applications of substrate pretreatment in anaerobic digestion (AD) based on literature and specific examples, with special focus on the impact assessment and exemplified by the case of electroporation(EP) pre-treatment.The substrate inherent limitations to conversion of organic material to methane include content of non-biodegradable organic compounds, incorporation of biodegradable matter into recalcitrant structures and large particle size. WAS and lignocellulosic material are specific substrates that express significant substrate inherent limitations, especially WAS from WWTPs with long sludge age and lignocellulosic material with high lignin content.Improved AD performance relies on increasing operational methane yield as to approximate as much as possible the actual potential methane yield of the substrate at the highest possible digestion rate. This could potentially be achieved by the application of a pre-treatment, via the mechanisms of particle size reduction/solubilisation of biodegradable/bioavailable matter and/or conversion/exposure of non-biodegradable/non-bioavailable matter as to make it available or degradable. Pre-treatment mechanisms that could potentially counteract these effects are the removal of organic matter and/or the formation of refractory compounds. Pre-treatment by electroporation has the potential to affect substrates and, in some cases improve AD process performance. However, the effect of a specific pre-treatment may differ depending on the type of substrate upon which it is applied. The assessment of pre-treatment effects may be performed on different levels, representing impacts from micro to macro scale. On a substrate level, COD solubilisation is commonly measured, but the interpretation is aggravated by the application of different measurement approaches. In addition, solubilisation of COD as a result of pre-treatment does not necessarily translate into increased operational methane yield, and vice versa, the increased operational yield is not necessarily caused by increased COD solubilisation. On an AD process performance level, BMP tests have been used to assess both increased biodegradability and increased rate of degradation. Both applications rely on appropriate set-up as well as understanding of the limitations of the test. Substrate pre-treatment affects the quality of the outputs as well as the downstream processes of an AD process. A systematic approach is therefore necessary to understand how the introduction of a pre-treatment process as well as the changes in process performance with respect to qualities and quantities of outputs affect the balances of the system with respect to assessment bases such as energy, CO2 or economics.Several areas that would gain from further development can be identified within the area of substrate pre-treatment. These include improved understanding of substrate characteristics with improved descriptors, such as improved understanding of COD composition, and of BMP applicability and limitations. In addition, improved understanding of the relationship between substrate composition and process performance would be helpful to improve the understanding of different pre-treatment effects.Improved understanding of system effects where case-specific conditions can be considered is necessary for the full-scale implementation of pre-treatments to a larger extent. The application of tools for systems analysis to systems including pre-treatment should be further evaluated and a sensitivity analysis with respect to which specific conditions may render pre-treatments beneficial or non-beneficial should be performed.The practical applicability of electroporation pre-treatment for different substrates needs further development and the energy efficiency of the pre-treatment should be evaluated considering upscaling effects.
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| 46. |
- Chen, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Profitability Analysis of Integrating Fast Pyrolysis into Existing Combined Heat and Power Plants for Biofuel Production
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Proceedings. - : Scanditale AB.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing combined heat and power plants are seeking additional heat sinks to address challenges arising from the declining district heating demand and the increasing share of renewable energy in primary energy use in the coming decades. In the meantime, the world’s demand for sustainable fuel production keeps increasing due to the need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. Fast pyrolysis, as a thermochemical conversion process based on widely available feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass, is promising to provide a long‐term supply of sustainable fuels, and could be integrated into existing combined heat and power plants due to the scalability and maturity of this method. This work focuses on techno‐economic analysis of integrating fast pyrolysis into existing combined heat and power plants for biofuel production. A process model of fast pyrolysis and bio‐oil upgrading is established in Aspen Plus to simulate the integration process. In this work, particular attention is given to the profitability analysis based on different final fuel products(crude pyrolysis oil and upgraded bio‐oil). Different hydrogen generation solutions (electrolysis, and gasification) for onsite bio‐oil upgrading are also examined. This study also performs an analysis of several economic indicators, such as payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return to provide insights for the future business model development for such systems. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out to further reveal the impacts of key variables in the economic evaluation process on the system’s profitability.
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| 47. |
- Chen, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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Retrofitting Biomass Combined Heat and Power Plant for Biofuel Production-A Detailed Techno-Economic Analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 17:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing combined heat and power plants usually operate on part-load conditions during low heating demand seasons. Similarly, there are boilers designated for winter use that remain inactive for much of the year. This brings a concern about the inefficiency of resource utilization. Retrofitting existing CHP plants (especially for those with spare boilers) for biofuel production could increase revenue and enhance resource efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach that combines biomass gasification and pyrolysis in a polygeneration process that is based on utilizing existing CHP facilities to produce biomethane, bio-oil, and hydrogen. In this work, a detailed analysis was undertaken of retrofitting an existing biomass combined heat and power plant for biofuel production. The biofuel production plant is designed to explore the polygeneration of hydrogen, biomethane, and bio-oil via the integration of gasification, pyrolysis, and renewable-powered electrolysis. An Aspen Plus model of the proposed biofuel production plant is established followed by a performance investigation of the biofuel production plant under various design conditions. An economic analysis is carried out to examine the profitability of the proposed polygeneration system. Results show that the proposed polygeneration system can achieve 40% carbon efficiency with a payback period of 9 years and an internal rate of return of 17.5%, without the integration of renewable hydrogen. When integrated with renewable-power electrolysis, the carbon efficiency could be significantly improved to approximately 90%; however, the high investment cost associated with the electrolyzer system makes this integration economically unfavorable.
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| 48. |
- Chirumalla, Koteshwar, Associate Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Circular Business Models for the Electric Vehicle Battery Second Life : Navigating Battery Ecosystem Actors Towards Circularity
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The electrification of vehicles has become a critical means to achieve climate-neutral transportation. As more electric vehicles (EV) are adopted, an increasing number of lithiumion batteries will be utilized, inevitably experiencing capacity degradation over time. Retaining the value of these retired batteries through remanufacturing, reusing, and repurposing to create a second life holds significant environmental and economic benefits. However, many companies within the battery ecosystem struggle to capitalize on this opportunity due to a lack of business insight and suitable business models tailored to their operational contexts.The ReCreate (Second Life Management of Electric Vehicle Batteries) research project was initiated to address these industrial needs through close collaboration with selected companies in the battery ecosystem. The project aims to define appropriate circular business models, methods, and processes to guide battery ecosystem actors in developing and implementing electric vehicle battery second life solutions, thereby advancing circularity around batteries and climate-neutral objectives. This handbook represents the culmination of three years of research within the ReCreate project. Its purpose is to present a simplified and practical overview of project outcomes across a series of key chapters. Comprising six chapters, the handbook will begin by discussing barriers and enablers, followed by circular business models and battery ecosystem management. It will then delve into design principles and performance monitoring guidelines, concluding with an integrated framework for second life and circular solutions for EV batteries. Each chapter briefly presents the main findings of the theme and concludes with discussion questions. The discussion questions include suggestions for relevant templates for workshops, and all templates are conveniently provided in the appendix for practical application. These templates serve as boundary objects, offering a starting point for internal and external cross-functional and cross-organizational dialogues within the electric vehicle battery ecosystem. They facilitate discussions and collaborations among various stakeholders, fostering alignment and synergy in developing circular business models for the second life of EV batteries. By facilitating reflection on current business strategies, needs, and pain points, the handbook aims to aid in the definition of future second life business strategies. We anticipate that this handbook will serve as a valuable resource for actors within the EV battery ecosystem, supporting their journey towards climate-neutral transportation.
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| 49. |
- Chirumalla, Koteshwar, Associate Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Configurations for second-life operations of electric vehicle batteries : A guiding framework for ecosystem management
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Firms need multi-stakeholder ecosystems to create successful second-life business models for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. However, there is a lack of guiding instrumentsto support the process of strategizing and managing the EV battery ecosystem for secondlife operations. The purpose of this study is to propose a guiding framework that could support firms in the EV battery ecosystem to establish and manage various configurations for second-life operations. The study developed a framework with four configuration phases—namely, firm-level initiation, ecosystem construction, firm-level optimization, and ecosystem orchestration. Based on these phases, the paper describes three configuration pathways to establish and manage second-life operations
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| 50. |
- Chirumalla, Koteshwar, Associate Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling battery circularity : Unlocking circular business model archetypes and collaboration forms in the electric vehicle battery ecosystem
- 2024
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Ingår i: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Achieving battery circularity is crucial for meeting the targets of net-zero emission vehicles by 2030 and enabling climate-neutral transportation by 2050. To facilitate this transition, firms operating in the electric vehicle (EV) battery ecosystem must reassess their value creation, capture, and delivery methods. Although EV battery second life presents a promising solution for circularity, many vehicle manufacturers and stakeholders in the battery ecosystem struggle to adapt their organizations internally and externally due to a lack of insights into suitable circular business models. The purpose of this study is to identify viable archetypes of circular business models for EV battery second life and examine their implications on company collaborations within the EV battery ecosystem. Three main archetypes of circular business models are identified (i.e., extending, sharing, and looping business models) and further divided into eight sub-archetypes. These models are elucidated in terms of key business model dimensions, including value proposition, value co-creation, value delivery, and value capture. The paper provides visual representations of the necessary interactions and collaborations among companies in the EV battery ecosystem to effectively implement the proposed business model archetypes. This research contributes to the theory of circular business models in general, with specific relevance to EV battery circularity.
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