| 1. |
- Chamoun, Mylad, et al.
(författare)
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Stannate Increases Hydrogen Evolution Overpotential on Rechargeable Alkaline Iron Electrodes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 164:6, s. A1251-A1257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alkaline iron electrodes present some challenges for use in secondary batteries that are associated with low coulombic efficiency and discharge utilization. Low coulombic efficiency is correlated to the hydrogen evolution reaction that takes place during charge. In this work, we demonstrate rechargeable alkaline iron electrodes with significant capacity retention over 150 cycles with high efficiency by suppressing the hydrogen evolution with stannate. Adding stannate to the alkaline electrolyte when cycling the iron electrode drastically changes the electrochemistry. The additive brings on two advantageous attributes for the iron electrode: increased hydrogen evolution overpotential, and a flat and prolonged discharge curve at typical battery operation. These attributes were provided by a novel intermediate phase that was detected from in situ neutron diffraction measurements. This phase was only detected in situ while it decomposed ex situ, and indicated a solid solution constituted by some of the elements present in the electrode.
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| 2. |
- Lelis, Martynas, et al.
(författare)
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A mechanically switchable metal-insulator transition in Mg2NiH4 discovers a strain sensitive, nanoscale modulated resistivity connected to a stacking fault
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 496:02-jan, s. 81-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The band gap in semiconducting Mg2NiH4 was found to be dependent on subtle structural differences. This was discovered when investigating if thin film samples of Mg2NiH4 could be used in a switchable mirror or window device by utilizing a high to low temperature transition at about 510K. In powder samples; this transition between an FCC high temperature phase, with dynamically disordered NiH4-complexes, and a monoclinic distorted low temperature phase, with ordered Mg2NiH4-complexes, has been demonstrated in a mechanical reversible conductor-insulator transition (Blomqvist and Noreus (2002) [7]). Black monoclinic Mg2NiH4 powders were found to have a band gap of 1.1 eV. Pressed tablets of black monoclinic Mg2NiH4 powders are conductive, probably from doping by impurities or non-stoichiometry. Thin film Mg2NiH4 samples were produced by reacting hydrogen with magnetron sputtered Mg2Ni films on quartz glass or CaF2 substrates. The Mg2NiH4 films on the other hand were orange, transparent with a band gap of 2.2 eV and a cubic unit cell parameter almost identical to the disorder HT phase but with lower symmetry. If black Mg2NiH4 powder is heated above the phase transition at 510K and subsequently cooled down, the conductivity is lost and the powder turns brown. After this heat treatment TEM pictures revealed a multiple stacking fault having a local pseudo-cubic arrangement separating regions of monoclinic symmetry. The loss of conductivity and colour change is attributed to a higher band gap in the strained areas. The structure on each side of the stacking fault is related by a mirror plane as a consequence of the possibility for the NiH4-complexes to order with different orientations. This leads to a mismatch in the long range ordering and strain is probably creating the stacking faults. Strain is important for forming the cubic modification. A severely strained film was revealed with optical microscopy in reflected light, indicating that strain prevents it from relaxing back into the monoclinic structure. This was supported by multiple twinned red translucent Mg2NiH4 crystals grown with cubic symmetry at elevated temperatures in a LiH flux. When cooled to ambient conditions, the ""crystals"" had the same cubic symmetry as the films, probably held together by their neighbours. When they were ground to a fine powder to prepare TEM samples, they relaxed and reverted back to the conventional monoclinic unit cell. This interesting nanoscale modulated resistance could possibly be developed into novel memory devices if properly controllable.
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| 3. |
- Lelis, Martynas, et al.
(författare)
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Substrate effects on formation and hydrogenation of Mg-Ni films
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 263, s. 202-209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Usually metallic films for metal hydrides research applications are deposited on hard and flat substrates such as silicon, magnesium oxide, fused silica or quartz glass. With the film thickness increases all films during hydrogenation deals with typical problems such as film brittleness and cracking. In this paper we demonstrate that metal Mg-Ni films for hydrogen storage can be successfully deposited on to the flexible low surface energy expanded PTFE substrates. The received results for soft substrates (expanded PTFE) are compared to films being deposited on crystalline silicon substrate with and without plasma pretreatment. It is observed that different interface zone between substrate and film has great affect on both film crystallinity and its reaction with hydrogen. It is also demonstrated that modifying surface of the substrate might have affect on film microstructure before and after hydrogenation.
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| 4. |
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