| 1. |
- Appleby, Ralph, et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary Psychometric Validation of the Teammate Burnout Questionnaire
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to provide support for the validation of the Teammate Burnout Questionnaire (TBQ). Athletes from a variety of team sports (N = 290) completed the TBQ and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed acceptable fit indexes for the three-dimensional models (i.e., physical and emotional exhaustion, sport devaluation, reduced accomplishment) of the TBQ and the ABQ. Multi-trait multi-method analysis revealed that the TBQ and ABQ showed acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The preliminary validation of the TBQ indicates the utility of the scale to reflect athletes' perceptions of their teammates' burnout and offers researchers the opportunity to quantitatively assess an important aspect of the social environment in the development of athlete burnout.
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| 2. |
- Appleby, Ralph, et al.
(författare)
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Examining Perceptions of Teammates' Burnout and Training Hours in Athlete Burnout
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 12:3, s. 316-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perceptions of teammates and training load have been shown to influence athletes' physical and psychological health; however, limited research has investigated these factors in relation to burnout. Athletes (N = 140) from a variety of competitive team sports, ranging in level from regional to professional, completed questionnaires measuring individual burnout, perceptions of teammates' burnout, and training hours perweek on two occasions separated by threemonths. After controlling for burnout at time one, training hours were associated with athletes' burnout and perceptions of teammates' burnout at time two. Multilevel modeling indicated actual team burnout (i.e., the average burnout score of the individual athletes in a team) and perceived team burnout were associated with individual's own burnout. The findings highlight that burnout is dynamic and relates to physiological stressors associated with training and psychological perceptions of teammates' burnout. Future research directions exploring potential social influences on athlete burnout are presented.
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| 3. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing the risk of athlete burnout: Psychosocial, sociocultural, and individual considerations for coaches
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-9541 .- 2048-397X. ; 14:4, s. 444-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Past research suggests that athletes' relationships with their coach can act as a risk factor in the development of burnout. Coaching practice may be enhanced through understanding the multidimensional factors that can augment the associations between coach-athlete relationship quality and athlete burnout. The present study explored both individual difference characteristics (gender, age, and sport level) and sociocultural factors (sport type) as moderators of this relationship. Our findings show statistically significant interaction effects for gender and age. Coaches and practitioners working with younger athletes and male performers in particular, are advised to work with strategies aiming to build relationships and reduce the risk of burnout.
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| 4. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of coach-athlete relationship quality in team sport athletes’ psychophysiological exhaustion : implications for physical and cognitive performance
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 17, s. 1985-1992
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study aimed to examine associations between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete exhaustion by assessing physiological and cognitive consequences. Male and female athletes (N = 82) representing seven teams across four different sports, participated in a quasi-experimental study measuring physical performance on a 5-meter multiple shuttle test, followed by a Stroop test to assess cognitive performance. Participants provided saliva samples measuring cortisol as a biomarker of acute stress response and completed questionnaires measuring exhaustion, and coach-athlete relationship quality. Structural equation modelling revealed a positive relationship between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and Stroop performance, and negative relationships between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and cortisol responses to high-intensity exercise, cognitive testing, and exhaustion. The study supports previous research on socio-cognitive correlates of athlete exhaustion by highlighting associations with the quality of the coach-athlete relationship. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
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| 5. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(författare)
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Bridging boundaries between life and sport : exploring sports coaches’ micro role transitions
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Sport Coaching Journal. - : Human Kinetics. - 2328-918X .- 2328-9198. ; , s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coach education notes the importance of effective transitions between life and sport, yet research evidence supporting coaches to make such transitions is lacking. The present study used a mixed-methods design to explore 41 highly qualified coaches’ perceptions of how responsibilities in life beyond sport spill over to coaching practice. Additionally, we examined coaches’ transitions between roles in life and sport and the implications for their health and coaching practice. Coaches completed questionnaires measuring perceived stress and emotion regulation, and a writing task about how roles outside of sport impacted their coaching practice. Linguistic analyses using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software revealed that coaches with lower levels of perceived stress expressed more positive emotions when writing about the influence of life commitments on their coaching practice. The findings also suggest that coaches’ perceptions of the coaching process can be both positively and negatively influenced by life commitments spilling over into sport. Further, coaches reported challenges with the process of undertaking micro role transitions and highlighted implications for their mental health, coaching effectiveness, and relationships in both sport and life. Integrating organizational and sport psychology research, we offer guidance to optimize coaches’ transitions between roles to promote health and optimal performance.
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| 6. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(författare)
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Emotions and emotion regulation in coaching
- 2016
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Ingår i: The psychology of effective coaching and management. - New York, NY : Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. - 9781634837873 ; , s. 285-306
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 7. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Role of Instructor-Student Relationship Quality in Yoga : Implications for Participants’ Motives, Stress, Affect, and Mindfulness
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychological Topics. - : University of Rijeka. - 1332-0742. ; 31:1, s. 77-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive research outlines a broad spectrum of physical and mental health benefits associated with participation in yoga. In particular, yoga can increase mindfulness as well as decrease anxiety, depression, and stress. However, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and conditions for promoting positive outcomes requires further study. Limited research has examined how the quality of the relationship between the yoga student and instructor may influence potential health benefits derived from participation in yoga. The present study investigated associations between levels of stress, emotional well-being, motives for yoga, relationship quality, and mindfulness during yoga. Analysis of data collected from 219 adults indicated that higher levels of stress and negative emotional well-being increased the likelihood that yoga was practised to address psychological motives rather than perceived physical health benefits. Additionally, relationship quality with the instructor was found to predict greater state mindfulness during the yoga session. The present study highlights the importance of the relationship quality between instructor and student; future research investigating the efficacy of yoga in optimizing mental health should consider how health outcomes might be influenced by motives for participation and interpersonal relationships.
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| 8. |
- Davis, Paul A., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring "Sledging" and Interpersonal Emotion-Regulation Strategies in Professional Cricket
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Sport psychologist. - : Human Kinetics Publishers. - 0888-4781 .- 1543-2793. ; 32:2, s. 136-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examines cricketers’ perceptions of emotional interactions between competitors. Semistructured interviews with 12 male professional cricketers explored experiences (i.e., emotions, cognitions, behaviors) relating to incidents during competition where they or an opponent attempted to evoke an emotional reaction (e.g., sledging). Cricketers described their use of sledging as aggressive actions and verbal interactions with the aim of disrupting concentration and altering the emotional states of opponents. They described experiencing a variety of emotions (e.g., anxiety, anger) in response to opponents’ attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation; linguistic analyses indicated that both positive than negative emotions were experienced. A range of strategies in response to competitors’ deliberate attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation were outlined. The present study extends previous research investigating interpersonal emotion regulation within teams by indicating that professional cricketers are aware of the impact of cognitions and emotions on performance and attempt to negatively influence these factors in competitors
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| 9. |
- Gustafsson, Henrik, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Fear of Failure in Athletes : Fanning the Fire of Sport Desire or Burning Out?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Routledge International Handbook of Failure. - London : Routledge. - 9780429355950 - 9780367404048 ; , s. 53-66
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In sport, athletes commonly describe fear of failure in relation to the experience of stress and anxiety. Athletes attempts to avoid failure can manifest serious behavioural consequences that impact upon both health and performance. One potential outcome is burnout. This chapter outlines how fear of failure can be linked to burnout in athletes by providing a brief background of research examining fear of failure in sport and related studies of athlete burnout. The current research and associations between fear of failure and burnout are presented in an integrated model to identify and stimulate further lines of research inquiry. The role of significant others (e.g. coaches, parents) is also discussed to outline their potential influence on athletes fear of failure. Advice on how athletes can be assisted in handling their fear of failure as well as applied implications and interventions targeting fear of failure and burnout are presented. Finally, this chapter offers guidance for future research and suggestions for practitioners in order to optimise athletes health and maximise performance.
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| 10. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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An attachment theory perspective in the examination of relational processes associated with coach-athlete dyads
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of sport and exercise psychology. - Champaign : Human Kinetics. - 0895-2779 .- 1543-2904. ; 35:2, s. 156-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the current study was to examine actor and partner effects of (a) athletes’ and coaches’ attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) on the quality of the coach-athlete relationship, and (b) athletes’ and coaches’ quality of the coach-athlete relationship on relationship satisfaction employing the actor-partner interdependence model (Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006). Coaches (N = 107) and athletes (N = 107) completed a questionnaire related to attachment styles, relationship quality, and relationship satisfaction. Structural equation model analyses revealed (a) actor effects for coaches’ and athletes’ avoidant attachment styles on their own perception of relationship quality and coaches’ and athletes’ perception of relationship quality on their own perception of relationship satisfaction, and (b) partner effects for athletes’ avoidant attachment style on coaches’ perceptions of relationship quality and for coaches’ perceptions of relationship quality on athletes’ perceptions of relationship satisfaction. The findings highlight that attachments styles can help us understand the processes involved in the formation and maintenance of quality relational bonds between coaches and athletes.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Attachment styles within the coach-athlete dyad : preliminary investigation and assessment development
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - Champaign : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 7:2, s. 120-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present preliminary study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a new sport-specific self-report instrument designed to assess athletes’ and coaches’ attachment styles. The development and initial validation comprised three main phases. In Phase 1, a pool of items was generated based on pre-existing self-report attachment instruments, modified to reflect a coach and an athlete’s style of attachment. In Phase 2, the content validity of the items was assessed by a panel of experts. A final scale was developed and administered to 405 coaches and 298 athletes (N = 703 participants). In Phase 3, confirmatory factor analysis of the obtained data was conducted to determine the final items of the Coach-Athlete Attachment Scale (CAAS). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed acceptable goodness of ft indexes for a 3-first order factor model as well as a 2-first order factor model for both the athlete and the coach data, respectively. A secure attachment style positively predicted relationship satisfaction, while an insecure attachment style was a negative predictor of relationship satisfaction. The CAAS revealed initial psychometric properties of content, factorial, and predictive validity, as well as reliability.
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| 13. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Coach-athlete attachment and the quality of the coach-athlete relationship : implications for athlete's well-being
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Routledge. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 32:15, s. 1454-1464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined whether athletes’attachment styles with the coach were linked to aspects of the coach–athlete relationship quality and, in turn, whether relationship quality was linked to athletes’well-being. One hundred and ninety- two athletes completed a questionnaire measuring their attachment styles and relationship quality with the coach as well as their feelings of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis found athletes’ avoidant and secure attachment styles to be associated with aspects of coach–athlete relationship quality such as social support, relationship depth, and interpersonal conflict. Interpersonal conflict appeared to play a key role in athletes’PA and NA. From a practical perspective, an understanding of conflict management could provide a resource that allows athletes (and coaches) to enhance the quality of their sporting relationships. Specifically, an awareness of proactive strategies (e.g., steps to clarify expectations) and reactive strategies (e.g., cooperation during the discussion of disagreements) could potentially lead both coaches and athletes to "broaden" their viewpoints and in turn "build" connections that are capable of generating positive emotions including interest, excitement, happiness, and zeal.
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| 14. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Communication Strategies : The Fuel for Quality Coach-Athlete Relationships and Athlete Satisfaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present two-study paper examined the role of communication strategies that athletes use to develop their coach-athlete relationship. Study 1 examined the mediating role of motivation, support, and conflict management strategies between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athletes' perceptions of sport satisfaction. Study 2 examined the longitudinal and mediational associations of communication strategies and relationship quality across two time points, over a 6-week period. Within both studies, data were collected through multi-section questionnaires assessing the studies' variables. For study 1, structural equation modeling highlighted significant indirect effects for motivation and support strategies between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athletes' experiences of sport satisfaction. For study 2, significant indirect effects were found for the athletes' perceptions of the quality of the coach-athlete relationship at time 2 between athletes' use of communication strategies at time point 1 and time point 2. Together these findings provide support for the practical utility of communications strategies in enhancing the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete's experiences of sport satisfaction. In addition, the findings provide evidence to highlight the potential cyclical relationship between communication and relationship quality across time.
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| 15. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the interpersonal dynamics between coaches and athletes based on fundamental principles of attachment theory
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. - : Human Kinetics. - 1932-9261 .- 1932-927X. ; 4:2, s. 112-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grounded in Bowlby’s (1969/1982, 1988) attachment theory, this study aimed to explore (a) the pervasiveness of the three main functions of attachment within the context of the coach-athlete relationship, (b) the associations of athletes’ attachment styles with such important variables as satisfaction with the relationship and satisfaction with the sport, and (c) the process by which athletes’ attachment styles and satisfaction with sport are associated. Data were collected through self-report measures of attachment functions and styles as well as relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction from 309 student athletes (males = 150, females = 159) whose age ranged from 18 to 28 years (Mage = 19.9, SD = 1.58 years). Athletes’ mean scores indicated that the coach was viewed as an attachment figure fulfilling all three functions of secure base, safe haven, and proximity maintenance. Bivariate correlations indicated that athletes’ avoidant and anxious styles of attachment with the coach were negatively correlated with both relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction. Mediational regression analysis revealed that athletes’ satisfaction with the coach-athlete relationship may be a process that links athletes’ attachment styles with levels of satisfaction with sport. The findings from this study highlight the potential theoretical and practical utility of attachment theory in studying relationships within the sport context.
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| 16. |
- Davis, Louise, Dr, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The Importance of Positive Relationships for Coaches’ Effectiveness and Well-Being
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Sport Coaching Journal. - : Human Kinetics. - 2328-918X .- 2328-9198. ; 10:2, s. 254-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated the role of quality coach–athlete relationships and coaching efficacy on coaches’ well-being and performance. We examined whether coaches’ direct and meta-perspectives of the coach–athlete relationship quality predicted dimensions of coaches’ efficacy, hedemonic and eudaimonic well-being, and coach-related performance. A total of 233 male and female Swedish coaches from various team and individual sports completed the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, the Coaching Efficacy Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale, and a one-single item developed to measure perceived coach performance. Structural equation modelling analyses revealed that quality coach–athlete relationships as defined by closeness, commitment, and complementarity associated with all four dimensions of coach efficacy. While coach–athlete relationship quality was linked with coaches’ positive affect, vitality, and satisfaction with coaching performance, only the motivational dimension of coach efficacy was associated with indicators of coach well-being and coach-related performance. Further analyses showed that the motivational dimension of coach efficacy explained the link between coach–athlete relationship quality, well-being, and coach-related performance. Overall, the findings extended the coach efficacy model by investigating the coach–athlete relationship as a predictor and coach well-being as an outcome. Our findings emphasize the importance of relationships for coaches’ efficacy and well-being.
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| 17. |
- Davis, Louise, Dr, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of quality relationships and communication strategies for the fulfilment of secure and insecure athletes' basic psychological needs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Sports Sciences. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0264-0414 .- 1466-447X. ; 40:21, s. 2424-2436
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The correlates of coach-athlete relationship quality have been the focus of research for over a decade; however, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study conducted a moderated mediation analysis to examine (a) the mediating role of communication strategies (via COMPASS) on the association between the quality of the coach-athlete relationship and athlete psychological needs satisfaction and (b) whether individual differences in athletes' attachment style (secure, anxious, avoidant) moderates the mediational relationship. 350 Swedish athletes representing a range of sports and competition levels completed a multi-section questionnaire. Mediation and moderation analysis partially found that coach-athlete relationship quality and athletes basic psychological needs were associated via the COMPASS strategies of support, motivation, assurance and openness. It was also found that athletes secure attachment with their coach significantly moderated the mediated effects of motivation and support. These findings highlight the practical utility of motivation, support, openness and assurance strategies in enhancing the quality of the coach-athlete relationship. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that the attachment orientation of athletes towards their coaches play a significant role in determining what communication strategies to use to enhance both the relationship quality and an athlete's competence, autonomy and relatedness.
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| 18. |
- Davis, Louise, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Thriving Through Relationships in Sport : The Role of the Parent-Athlete and Coach-Athlete Attachment Relationship
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this research was to examine whether attachment relationships to significant others, such as to parents and/or sports coaches, enable thriving and competition performance within sport. Two studies employing cross-sectional and prospective designs were carried out across different samples of athletes of varied skill levels and sports. In Study 1, we found athletes' attachment to their sports coach was significantly associated with athlete thriving and mediated by psychological needs satisfaction. Results of Study 2 found that athletes' secure attachment to their mother and/or father positively predicted the experience of thriving at the competition while athletes' insecure attachment did not predict thriving. Furthermore, athletes' attachment to both mother and father did not predict competition performance. Together, these two studies acknowledge the significant role that athletes' secure attachment relationships with parents and coaches play in facilitating thriving in athletes. These findings have significant implications for research and practice.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Lundkvist, Erik, Fil Dr, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of immigrant youth in Sweden : Does sport participation really have an impact?
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 0267-3843 .- 2164-4527. ; 25:1, s. 891-906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sport participation for youth with immigrant background is often argued to play an important role for migrant youth integration into their new host society. Although few well sampled longitudinal studies has been conducted. The aim of this study was to study the impact that sport participation has on two integration-related outcomes (problem behaviours and native friends) by using the Swedish version of the longitudinal CILS4EU study. The multi-group latent growth curve models showed that although youth active or starting in sport independent of immigrant background did less problem behaviours and had more native friends than their peers with the same immigrant background that was not engaged in sport. However, the trajectories were very similar and often very close to zero, which makes it difficult to claim that sport participation has any significant impact on integration in the Swedish society.
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| 22. |
- McQuade, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Positioning Mentoring as a Coach Development Tool : Recommendations for Future Practice and Research
- 2015
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Ingår i: Quest (National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education). - 0033-6297 .- 1543-2750. ; 67:3, s. 317-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current thinking in coach education advocates mentoring as a development tool to connect theory and practice. However, little empirical evidence exists to evaluate the effectiveness of mentoring as a coach development tool. Business, education, and nursing precede the coaching industry in their mentoring practice, and research findings offered in these domains could be drawn upon to position mentoring as sports coaching development tool. Given the remote basis of some of mentor-coach relationships in sports coaching, additional learning can be drawn from mentoring conducted by virtual or electronic mediums. This article concludes with a series of reflective questions arising from research findings in other domains, designed to engage the potential coaching organization with the mentoring process.
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| 23. |
- Mårs, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding parental secure base support across youth sport contexts in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Psychology of Sport And Exercise. - : Elsevier. - 1469-0292 .- 1878-5476. ; 73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of secure base explains how a child can grow and become independent through access to a significant other (i.e., parent) who is available, encouraging, and noninterfering. The purpose of the current study was to develop an understanding of parental secure base support within the context of youth sport in Sweden, with a specific focus on: (a) what parental behaviors constitute a secure base, and (b) how these behaviors differ across contexts (at home before and after sport, at practice and during competitions). An interpretive descriptive methodology (Thorne, 2016) was used. Interviews were conducted with 13 family triads (children aged 12-15 years) and 1 dyad living in Sweden. Analysis was conducted to illuminate associations, patterns, and relationships within the sample. Analysis led to the development of nine categories of parental behaviors that were perceived to underpin a secure base. Availability was seen to comprise physical presence and support provision, being responsive, and developing positive mental representations. Encouragement encompassed demonstrating that sport participation is valued, motivating to explore sporting endeavors, and reinforcing and rewarding persistence in sports. Interference was described as unrequested interference, requested interference, and intentionally constrained involvement. Additionally, influencing factors such as communication, family structure and culture, were identified. The findings provide an empirical illustration for several behaviors that have been perceived as positive in previous literature, as well as highlighting numerous further complexities, particularly as it relates to interference.
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| 24. |
- Rhind, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Questionnaires
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research methods in sports coaching. - : Taylor & Francis. - 9780415626828 - 9780415626804 - 9780203797549 ; , s. 111-122
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 25. |
- Roberts, Ross, et al.
(författare)
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Psychological skills do not always help performance : the moderating role of narcissism
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 1041-3200 .- 1533-1571. ; 25:3, s. 316-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychological skills are typically viewed as beneficial to performance in competition. Conversely, narcissists appear to thrive in competitive environments so should not need psychological skills to the same degree as less narcissistic individuals. To investigate this moderating hypothesis high-standard ice-skaters completed measures of narcissism, psychological skills, and anxiety before performing their competition routine during training. A week later, participants performed the same routine in competition. Performance was operationalized as the difference between competition and training scores. Moderated regression analyses revealed that narcissism moderated the relationship between psychological skills and performance. Psychological skill effectiveness depends on an individual's degree of narcissism.
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| 26. |
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