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| 2. |
- Aartsen, M. G., et al.
(författare)
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Development of a general analysis and unfolding scheme and its application to measure the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos with IceCube
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044 .- 1434-6052. ; 75:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the development and application of a generic analysis scheme for the measurement of neutrino spectra with the IceCube detector. This scheme is based on regularized unfolding, preceded by an event selection which uses a Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm to select the relevant variables and a random forest for the classification of events. The analysis has been developed using IceCube data from the 59-string configuration of the detector. 27,771 neutrino candidates were detected in 346 days of livetime. A rejection of 99.9999 % of the atmospheric muon background is achieved. The energy spectrum of the atmospheric neutrino flux is obtained using the TRUEE unfolding program. The unfolded spectrum of atmospheric muon neutrinos covers an energy range from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. Compared to the previous measurement using the detector in the 40-string configuration, the analysis presented here, extends the upper end of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum by more than a factor of two, reaching an energy region that has not been previously accessed by spectral measurements.
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| 3. |
- Abbasi, R., et al.
(författare)
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An absence of neutrinos associated with cosmic-ray acceleration in gamma-ray bursts
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 484:7394, s. 351-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Very energetic astrophysical events are required to accelerate cosmic rays to above 10(18) electronvolts. GRBs (c-ray bursts) have been proposed as possible candidate sources(1-3). In the GRB 'fireball' model, cosmic-ray acceleration should be accompanied by neutrinos produced in the decay of charged pions created in interactions between the high-energy cosmic-ray protons and gamma-rays(4). Previous searches for such neutrinos found none, but the constraints were weak because the sensitivity was at best approximately equal to the predicted flux(5-7). Here we report an upper limit on the flux of energetic neutrinos associated with GRBs that is at least a factor of 3.7 below the predictions(4,8-10). This implies either that GRBs are not the only sources of cosmic rays with energies exceeding 10(18) electronvolts or that the efficiency of neutrino production is much lower than has been predicted.
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- Steinacker, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity: the Hamburg Declaration
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bmj Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. ; 9:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers, are on the rise worldwide and are often associated with a lack of physical activity (PA). Globally, the levels of PA among individuals are below WHO recommendations. A lack of PA can increase morbidity and mortality, worsen the quality of life and increase the economic burden on individuals and society. In response to this trend, numerous organisations came together under one umbrella in Hamburg, Germany, in April 2021 and signed the 'Hamburg Declaration'. This represented an international commitment to take all necessary actions to increase PA and improve the health of individuals to entire communities. Individuals and organisations are working together as the 'Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity' to drive long-term individual and population-wide behaviour change by collaborating with all stakeholders in the community: active hospitals, physical activity specialists, community services and healthcare providers, all achieving sustainable health goals for their patients/clients. The 'Hamburg Declaration' calls on national and international policymakers to take concrete action to promote daily PA and exercise at a population level and in healthcare settings.
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- BALZARINI, J, et al.
(författare)
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Suppression of the breakthrough of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cell culture by thiocarboxanilide derivatives when used individually or in combination with other HIV-1-specific inhibitors (i.e., TSAO derivatives)
- 1995
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 92:12, s. 5470-5474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five structurally related thiophene and furane analogues of the oxathiin carboxanilide derivative NSC 615985 (UC84) (designated UC10, UC68, UC81, UC42, and UC16) were identified as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in cell culture and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. These compounds were markedly active against a series of mutant HIV-1 strains, containing the Leu-100-->Ile, Val-106-->Ala, Glu-138-->Lys, or Tyr-181-->Cys mutations in their reverse transcriptase. However, the thiocarboxanilide derivatives selected for mutations at amino acid positions 100 (Leu-->Ile), 101 (Lys-->Ile/Glu), 103 (Lys-->Thr/Asp) and 141 (Gly-->Glu) in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The compounds completely suppressed HIV-1 replication and prevented the emergence of resistant virus strains when used at 1.3-6.6 microM--that is, 10- to 25-fold lower than the concentration required for nevirapine and bis(heteroaryl)piperazine (BHAP) U90152 to do so. If UC42 was combined with the [2',5'-bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3'-spiro-5"-(4"-amino-1",2"- oxathiole-2",2"-dioxide)]-beta-D-pentofuranosyl (TSAO) derivative of N3-methylthymine (TSAO-m3T), virus breakthrough could be prevented for a much longer time, and at much lower concentrations, than if the compounds were used individually. Virus breakthrough could be suppressed for even longer, and at lower drug concentrations, if BHAP was added to the combination of UC42 with TSAO-m3T, which points to the feasibility of two- or three-drug combinations in preventing virus breakthrough and resistance development.
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- Balzarini, J, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism of anti-HIV action of masked alaninyl d4T-MP derivatives
- 1996
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 93:14, s. 7295-7299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- So324 is a 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine-5'-monophosphate (d4T-MP) prodrug containing at the phosphate moiety a phenyl group and the methylester of alanine linked to the phosphate through a phosphoramidate linkage. So324 has anti-HIV activity in human CEM, MT4, and monocyte/macrophage cells that is superior to that of d4T. In contrast to d4T, So324 is also able to inhibit HIV replication in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells. After uptake of So324 by intact human lymphocytes, d4T-MP is released and subsequently converted intracellularly to d4T-TP. In addition, accumulation of substantial amounts of a novel d4T derivative has been found. This d4T metabolite has been characterized as alaninyl d4T-MP. The latter metabolite accumulates at approximately 13- to 200-fold higher levels than d4T-TP depending the experimental conditions. Alaninyl d4T-MP should be considered as an intra- and/or extracellular depot form of d4T and/or d4T-MP. These findings may explain the superior anti-retroviral activity of So324 over d4T in cell culture.
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| 19. |
- BALZARINI, J, et al.
(författare)
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OXATHIIN CARBOXANILIDE DERIVATIVES - A CLASS OF NONNUCLEOSIDE HIV-1-SPECIFIC REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTIS) THAT ARE ACTIVE AGAINST MUTANT HIV-1 STRAINS RESISTANT TO OTHER NNRTIS
- 1995
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Ingår i: ANTIVIRAL CHEMISTRY & CHEMOTHERAPY. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-3202 .- 2040-2066. ; 6:3, s. 169-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The HIV-1-specific oxathiin carboxanilide derivative 1-methylethyl 2-chloro-5-[[(5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino]benzoate (NSC 615985) (designated UC84) has potent activity against HIV-1(IIIB) (50% effective concentration: 0.015 μg ml−1). UC84 was found to select for a 138-Lys mutant virus strain in HIV-1-infected CEM cell cultures. When the 138-Lys mutation was introduced solely in the p51 subunit of the p51/p66 reverse transcriptase (RT) heterodimer by site-directed mutagenesis, the enzyme proved 10-fold more resistant to UC84 than when the amino acid mutation was introduced solely in the p66 subunit of the p51/p66 RT heterodimer. These data provided clear evidence for a structural and functional role of the p51 subunit in the sensitivity/resistance of the enzyme to UC84. UC84 also proved to be virtually inactive against mutant HIV-1 strains containing the 100-lle, 106-Ala, 138-Lys or 181-Cys mutation in their RT. However, minor structural changes in the molecule, such as replacement of the oxygen of the amide moiety by sulfur, or the isopropyl ester moiety by cyclopentyl or a secondary butyl, or the methyl group of the oxathiin part by ethyl, made the compound markedly more inhibitory to one or several HIV-1 mutant strains. For example, compound 131 (1-methylethyl 2-chloro-5-[[(5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-yl)thioxomethyl]amino]benzoate was only 2-fold more active than the parent compound UC84 against wild-type HIV-1, but 30- to 100-fold more inhibitory to HIV-1 mutant strains that contained the 100-11e, 106-A1a, 138-Lys or 181-Cys in their RT. These findings should be taken into account when selecting suitable drug candidates for the treatment of HIV-1 infections, particularly those that have developed resistance to other non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs).
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| 21. |
- De Vliegher, K., et al.
(författare)
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Health Care Assistants in Home Nursing: The Holy Grail or the Emperor’s New Clothes? A Qualitative Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Home Health Care Management & Practice. - : SAGE Publications. - 1084-8223 .- 1552-6739. ; 28:1, s. 51-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What are the experiences of home health care workers with regard to the delegation of nursing activities, the supervision of health care assistants (HCAs), and the impact of these changes on the work of home nurses (HNs). In-depth interviews were performed with 12 HNs, 12 HCAs, and eight managers in home nursing. HCAs take care of a less care dependent patient population, allowing the HNs to spend more time on more complex, technical nursing care. However, the analysis revealed some barriers, such as a knowledge gap and insecurity felt by HCAs leading to unnecessary patient visits by HNs, unfamiliarity of HNs with the role of delegating activities and supervising HCAs, and poor face-to-face communication between HNs and HCAs. © 2015, The Author(s) 2015.
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| 23. |
- Fripiat, F., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of the bordering shelves on nutrient distribution in the Arctic halocline inferred from water column nitrate isotopes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Wiley. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 63:5, s. 2154-2170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The East Siberian Sea and contiguous western Arctic Ocean basin are characterized by a subsurface nutrient maximum in the halocline, generally attributed to both Pacific inflow and intensive remineralization in shelf bottom waters that are advected into the central basin. We report nitrogen and oxygen isotopic measurement of nitrate from the East Siberian Sea and western Eurasian Basin, in order to gain insight into how nitrate is processed by the microbial community and redistributed in the Arctic Ocean. A large decoupling between nitrate delta N-15 and delta O-18 is reported, increasing and decreasing upward from the Atlantic temperature maximum layer toward the surface, respectively. A correlation between water and nitrate delta O-18 indicates that most of the nitrate (> 60%) at the halocline has been regenerated within the Arctic Ocean. The increase in nitrate delta N-15 correlates with the fixed N deficit, indicating a causal link between the loss of fixed N and the delta N-15 enrichment. This suggests that a significant share of benthic denitrification is driven by nitrate supplied by remineralization and partial nitrification, allowing residual delta N-15-enriched ammonium to diffuse out of the sediments. By increasing nutrient concentrations and fixed N deficit in shelf bottom waters, this imprint is attenuated offshore following advection into the halocline by nitrate regeneration and mixing. Estimation of the sedimentary isotope effect related to benthic denitrification yields values in the range of 2.4-3.8 parts per thousand, with its magnitude driven by both the degree of coupling between remineralization and nitrification, and fixed N concentrations in shelf bottom waters.
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