| 1. |
- Dehvari, Nodi, et al.
(author)
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Amyloid precursor protein accumulates in aggresomes in response to proteasome inhibitor
- 2012
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In: Neurochemistry International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0197-0186 .- 1872-9754. ; 60:5, s. 533-542
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aggresomes are cytoplasmic inclusions which are localized at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) as a result of induced proteasome inhibition, stress or over-expression of certain proteins. Aggresomes are linked to the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Here we studied whether amyloid precursor protein (APP), a type-I transmembrane glycoprotein, is localized in aggresomes after exposure to stress condition. Using confocal microscopy we found that APP is located in aggresomes and co-localized with vimentin, gamma-tubulin, 20S and ubiquitin at the MTOC in response to proteasome dysfunction. An interaction between vimentin and APP was found after proteasome inhibition suggesting that APP is an additional protein constituent of aggresomes. Suppression of the proteasome system in APP-HEK293 cells overexpressing APP or transfected with APP Swedish mutation caused an accumulation of stable, detergent-insoluble forms of APP containing poly-ubiquitinated proteins. In addition, brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing human APP with the Arctic mutation demonstrated an interaction between APP and the aggresomal-marker vimentin. These data suggest that malfunctioning of the proteasome system caused by mutation or overexpression of pathological or non-pathological proteins may lead to the accumulation of stable aggresomes, perhaps contributing to the neurodegeneration.
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| 2. |
- Dehvari, Nodi
(author)
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Effects of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease gene mutation on cell signaling
- 2009
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the major neurodegenerative disorders affecting the elderly. The discovery of genes causing familial forms of these disorders has contributed enormously towards our understanding of underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This thesis explores mechanisms by which Phospholipase C (PLC) mediated signaling is regulated by presenilin (PS) and parkin, these being genes in which mutations cause familial AD and PD respectively. In Paper I, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking PS1, PS2 or both, were used to evaluate the dependence of PS on PLC and Protein Kinase C (PKC). Results revealed a dependence of both PS1 and PS2 on m-3M3FBS stimulated PLC activities. Also, PLC stimulated PKCalpha and PKCgamma activities were dependent on the presence of both PSs. Protein levels of PKCalpha/gamma were decreased in PS double knockout MEFs, while PKCdelta levels were elevated in the same cells. These results were also verified by transfecting back PS and by using another cell line lacking PS. Furthermore PKCalpha levels were shown to be dependent on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP intracellular domain. It is concluded that PS modulate PLC and PKC activity and differently regulates PKC protein levels by both APP dependent and independent mechanisms. Paper II explored the dependence of PS on Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activities. ERK1/2 has previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD by different mechanisms. Using MEF cells lacking PSs (same as in paper I) it was found that ERK1/2 activities were increased in PS1 or PS2 knockout MEFs. PKCalpha inhibition could reverse these elevated ERK1/2 activities. Results also revealed a lower PLC or PKC stimulation in PS double knockout cells. The total levels of ERK were only downregulated after phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PdBu) treatment in PS double knockout. These findings show that PS regulates ERK1/2 activity via a PKCalpha dependent manner. Lack of both PSs disrupts PLC/PKC signaling and this is also reflected in the lower downstream activation of ERK1/2. In Paper III, PLCgamma1 was found to interact with parkin, in cells transfected with parkin WT, mutants G328E and R42P. This interaction was also detected in cortical, striatal and nigral human brain homogenates. PLCgamma1 protein levels were found to be higher in parkin knockout mice and lower in parkin WT cells. Also, parkin mutants cells showed a disrupted ubiquitination. In summary, PLCgamma1 was identified as a novel substrate for parkin by using interaction and ubiquitination studies of PLCgamma1 and parkin. Paper IV describes functional studies that revealed an increased PLC phosphorylation and activity in parkin mutant cells. Also, intracellular calcium levels were elevated in these cells, which could be reversed by the PLC inhibitor Neomycin and ryanodine receptor inhibitor dantrolene, suggesting a deregulated PLC activity. Parkin WT was shown to be protective against 6-OH-dopamine toxicity. The toxicity seen in parkin mutants after 6-OH-dopamine, could be reversed by dantrolene treatment, suggesting that ryanodine receptor calcium deregulation contributes to toxicity. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence that PS and parkin regulate PLC mediated signaling.
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| 3. |
- Dehvari, Nodi, et al.
(author)
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Mirabegron : potential off target effects and uses beyond the bladder
- 2018
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In: British Journal of Pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1188 .- 1476-5381. ; 175:21, s. 4072-4082
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The beta(3)-adrenoceptor was initially an attractive target for several pharmaceutical companies due to its high expression in rodent adipose tissue, where its activation resulted in decreased adiposity and improved metabolic outputs (such as glucose handling) in animal models of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. However, several drugs acting at the beta(3)-adrenoceptor failed in clinical trials. This was thought to be due to their lack of efficacy at the human receptor. Recently, mirabegron, a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist with human efficacy, was approved in North America, Europe, Japan and Australia for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. There are indications that mirabegron may act at other receptors/targets, but whether they have any clinical relevance is relatively unknown. Besides overactive bladder syndrome, mirabegron may have other uses such as in the treatment of heart failure or metabolic disease. This review gives an overview of the off-target effects of mirabegron and its potential use in the treatment of other diseases.
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| 4. |
- Dehvari, Nodi, et al.
(author)
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The metabolic effects of mirabegron are mediated primarily by beta(3)-adrenoceptors
- 2020
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In: Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. - : Wiley. - 2052-1707. ; 8:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron is approved for use for overactive bladder and has been purported to be useful in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases in humans, including those involving disturbances of glucose homeostasis. We investigated the effect of mirabegron on glucose homeostasis with in vitro and in vivo models, focusing on its selectivity at beta-adrenoceptors, ability to cause browning of white adipocytes, and the role of UCP1 in glucose homeostasis. In mouse brown, white, and brite adipocytes, mirabegron-mediated effects were examined on cyclic AMP, UCP1 mRNA, [H-3]-2-deoxyglucose uptake, cellular glycolysis, and O(2)consumption. Mirabegron increased cyclic AMP levels, UCP1 mRNA content, glucose uptake, and cellular glycolysis in brown adipocytes, and these effects were either absent or reduced in white adipocytes. In brite adipocytes, mirabegron increased cyclic AMP levels and UCP1 mRNA content resulting in increased UCP1-mediated oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, and cellular glycolysis. The metabolic effects of mirabegron in both brown and brite adipocytes were primarily due to actions at beta(3)-adrenoceptors as they were largely absent in adipocytes derived from beta(3)-adrenoceptor knockout mice. In vivo, mirabegron increased whole body oxygen consumption, glucose uptake into brown and inguinal white adipose tissue, and improved glucose tolerance, all effects that required the presence of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor. Furthermore, in UCP1 knockout mice, the effects of mirabegron on glucose tolerance were attenuated. Thus, mirabegron had effects on cellular metabolism in adipocytes that improved glucose handling in vivo, and were primarily due to actions at the beta(3)-adrenoceptor.
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| 5. |
- Dehvari, Nodi, et al.
(author)
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β2‐Adrenoceptors increase translocation of GLUT4 via GPCR kinase sites in the receptor C‐terminal tail
- 2012
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In: British Journal of Pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1188 .- 1476-5381. ; 165:5, s. 1442-1456
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEbeta-Adrenoceptor stimulation induces glucose uptake in several insulin-sensitive tissues by poorly understood mechanisms.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHWe used a model system in CHO-K1 cells expressing the human beta(2)-adrenoceptor and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to investigate the signalling mechanisms involved.KEY RESULTSIn CHO-K1 cells, there was no response to b-adrenoceptor agonists. The introduction of b2-adrenoceptors and GLUT4 into these cells caused increased glucose uptake in response to beta-adrenoceptor agonists. GLUT4 translocation occurred in response to insulin and beta(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation, although the key insulin signalling intermediate PKB was not phosphorylated in response to beta(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation. Truncation of the C-terminus of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor at position 349 to remove known phosphorylation sites for GPCR kinases (GRKs) or at position 344 to remove an additional PKA site together with the GRK phosphorylation sites did not significantly affect cAMP accumulation but decreased beta(2)-adrenoceptor-stimulated glucose uptake. Furthermore, inhibition of GRK by transfection of the bARKct construct inhibited beta(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation, and overexpression of a kinase-dead GRK2 mutant (GRK2 K220R) also inhibited GLUT4 translocation. Introducing beta(2)-adrenoceptors lacking phosphorylation sites for GRK or PKA demonstrated that the GRK sites, but not the PKA sites, were necessary for GLUT4 translocation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSGlucose uptake in response to activation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors involves translocation of GLUT4 in this model system. The mechanism is dependent on the C-terminus of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor, requires GRK phosphorylation sites, and involves a signalling pathway distinct from that stimulated by insulin.
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| 6. |
- Kalinovich, Anastasia, et al.
(author)
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Treatment with a β-2-adrenoceptor agonist stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and improves glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice with diet-induced obesity
- 2020
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In: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 63:8, s. 1603-1615
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims/hypothesis Chronic stimulation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors, opposite to acute treatment, was reported to reduce blood glucose levels, as well as to improve glucose and insulin tolerance in rodent models of diabetes by essentially unknown mechanisms. We recently described a novel pathway that mediates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells via stimulation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors. In the current study we further explored the potential therapeutic relevance of beta(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation to improve glucose homeostasis and the mechanisms responsible for the effect.Methods C57Bl/6N mice with diet-induced obesity were treated both acutely and for up to 42 days with a wide range of clenbuterol dosages and treatment durations. Glucose homeostasis was assessed by glucose tolerance test. We also measured in vivo glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, insulin sensitivity by insulin tolerance test, plasma insulin levels, hepatic lipids and glycogen.Results Consistent with previous findings, acute clenbuterol administration increased blood glucose and insulin levels. However, already after 4 days of treatment, beneficial effects of clenbuterol were manifested in glucose homeostasis (32% improvement of glucose tolerance after 4 days of treatment,p < 0.01) and these effects persisted up to 42 days of treatment. These favourable metabolic effects could be achieved with doses as low as 0.025 mg kg(-1) day(-1)(40 times lower than previously studied). Mechanistically, these effects were not due to increased insulin levels, but clenbuterol enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in vivo both acutely in lean mice (by 64%,p < 0.001) as well as during chronic treatment in diet-induced obese mice (by 74%,p < 0.001). Notably, prolonged treatment with low-dose clenbuterol improved whole-body insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal rate after insulin injection increased up to 1.38 +/- 0.31%/min in comparison with 0.15 +/- 0.36%/min in control mice,p < 0.05) and drastically reduced hepatic steatosis (by 40%,p < 0.01) and glycogen (by 23%,p < 0.05).Conclusions/interpretation Clenbuterol improved glucose tolerance after 4 days of treatment and these effects were maintained for up to 42 days. Effects were achieved with doses in a clinically relevant microgram range. Mechanistically, prolonged treatment with a low dose of clenbuterol improved glucose homeostasis in insulin resistant mice, most likely by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and improving whole-body insulin sensitivity as well as by reducing hepatic lipids and glycogen. We conclude that selective beta(2)-adrenergic agonists might be an attractive potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. This remains to be confirmed in humans.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Merlin, Jon, et al.
(author)
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Could burning fat start with a brite spark? Pharmacological and nutritional ways to promote thermogenesis
- 2016
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In: Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. - : Wiley. - 1613-4125 .- 1613-4133. ; 60:1, s. 18-42
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There are two types of adipose tissue with distinct functions-white adipose tissue stores chemical energy as triglycerides, whereas brown adipose tissue consumes energy and releases heat (thermogenesis) in response to sympathetic nerve activity. In humans, treatments that promote greater brown adipose tissue deposition and/or activity would be highly beneficial in regimes aimed at reducing obesity. Adult humans have restricted populations of prototypical brown adipocytes in the neck and chest areas, but recent advances have established that adipocytes with similar properties, termed brite adipocytes, can be recruited in subcutaneous depots thought to be primarily white adipose tissue. These brite adipocytes express the protein machinery required for thermogenesis, but to assess brite adipocytes as viable therapeutic targets we need to understand how to promote conversion of white adipocytes to brite adipocytes and ways to increase optimal energy consumption and thermogenesis in these brite adipocytes. This can be accomplished by pharmacological and nutritional therapies to differing degrees, as reviewed in detail here.
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| 9. |
- Merlin, Jon, et al.
(author)
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The PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone promotes the induction of brite adipocytes, increasing beta-adrenoceptor-mediated mitochondrial function and glucose uptake
- 2018
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In: Cellular Signalling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0898-6568 .- 1873-3913. ; 42, s. 54-66
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recruitment and activation of brite (or beige) adipocytes has been advocated as a potential avenue for manipulating whole-body energy expenditure. Despite numerous studies illustrating the differences in gene and protein markers between brown, brite and white adipocytes, there is very little information on the adrenergic regulation and function of these brite adipocytes. We have compared the functional (cyclic AMP accumulation, oxygen consumption rates, mitochondrial function, glucose uptake, extracellular acidification rates, calcium influx) profiles of mouse adipocytes cultured from three contrasting depots, namely interscapular brown adipose tissue, and inguinal or epididymal white adipose tissues, following chronic treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) agonist rosiglitazone. Prototypical brown adipocytes readily express beta(3)-adrenoceptors, and beta(3)-adrenoceptor stimulation increases cyclic AMP accumulation, oxygen consumption rates, mitochondrial function, glucose uptake, and extracellular acidification rates. Treatment of brown adipocytes with rosiglitazone increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) levels, and increases beta(3)-adrenoceptor mitochondrial function but does not affect glucose uptake responses. In contrast, inguinal white adipocytes only express UCP1 and beta(3)-adrenoceptors following rosiglitazone treatment, which results in an increase in all beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated functions. The effect of rosiglitazone in epididymal white adipocytes, was much lower compared to inguinal white adipocytes. Rosiglitazone also increased alpha(1)-adrenoceptor mediated increases in calcium influx and glucose uptake (but not mitochondrial function) in inguinal and epididymal white adipocytes. In conclusion, the PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone promotes the induction and function of brite adipocytes cultured from inguinal and epididymal white adipose depots.
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| 10. |
- Mukaida, Saori, et al.
(author)
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BRL37344 stimulates GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via beta(2)-adrenoceptors without causing classical receptor desensitization
- 2019
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In: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6119 .- 1522-1490. ; 316:5, s. R666-R677
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The type 2 diabetes epidemic makes it important to find insulinin-dependent ways to improve glucose homeostasis. This study examines the mechanisms activated by a dual beta(2)-/beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344, to increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and its effects on glucose homeostasis in vivo. We measured the effect of BRL37344 on glucose uptake, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation, cAMP levels, beta(2)-adrenoceptor desensitization, beta-arrestin recruitment, Akt, AMPK, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation using L6 skeletal muscle cells as a model. We further tested the ability of BRL37344 to modulate skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in animal models (glucose tolerance tests and in vivo and ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose uptake). In L6 cells, BRL37344 increased GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake only by activation of beta(2)-adrenoceptors, with a similar potency and efficacy to that of the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, despite being a partial agonist with respect to cAMP generation. GLUT4 translocation occurred independently of Akt and AMPK phosphorylation but was dependent on mTORC2. Furthermore, in contrast to isoprenaline, BRL37344 did not promote agonist-mediated desensitization and failed to recruit beta-arrestin1/2 to the beta(2)-adrenoceptor. In conclusion, BRL37344 improved glucose tolerance and increased glucose uptake into skeletal muscle in vivo and ex vivo through a beta(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism independently of Akt. BRL37344 was a partial agonist with respect to cAMP, but a full agonist for glucose uptake, and importantly did not cause classical receptor desensitization or internalization of the receptor.
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| 11. |
- Olsen, Jessica M., et al.
(author)
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β3-Adrenergically induced glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue is independent of UCP1 presence or activity : Mediation through the mTOR pathway
- 2017
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In: Molecular Metabolism. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-8778. ; 6:6, s. 611-619
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveToday, the presence and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans is generally equated with the induced accumulation of [2-18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose([18F]FDG) in adipose tissues, as investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. In reality, PET-FDG is currently the only method available for in vivoquantification of BAT activity in adult humans. The underlying assumption is that the glucose uptake reflects the thermogenic activity of the tissue.MethodsTo examine this basic assumption, we here followed [18F]FDG uptake by PET and by tissue [3H]-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in wildtype and UCP1(−/−) mice, i.e. in mice that do or do not possess the unique thermogenic and calorie-consuming ability of BAT.ResultsUnexpectedly, we found that β3-adrenergically induced (by CL-316,243) glucose uptake was UCP1-independent. Thus, whereas PET-FDG scans adequately reflect glucose uptake, this acute glucose uptake is not secondary to thermogenesis but is governed by an independent cellular signalling, here demonstrated to be mediated via the previously described KU-0063794-sensitive mTOR pathway.ConclusionsThus, PET-FDG scans do not exclusively reveal active BAT deposits but rather any tissue possessing an adrenergically-mediated glucose uptake pathway. In contrast, we found that the marked glucose uptake-ameliorating effect of prolonged β3-adrenergictreatment was UCP1 dependent. Thus, therapeutically, UCP1 activity is required for any anti-diabetic effect of BAT activation.
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| 12. |
- Sato, Masaaki, et al.
(author)
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Improving type 2 diabetes through a distinct adrenergic signaling pathway involving mTORC2 that mediates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
- 2014
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In: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 63:12, s. 4115-4129
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is an increasing worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes that poses major health problems. We have identified a novel physiological system that increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle but not in white adipocytes. Activation of this system improves glucose tolerance in Goto-Kakizaki rats or mice fed a high-fat diet, which are established models for type 2 diabetes. The pathway involves activation of β2-adrenoceptors that increase cAMP levels and activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) at S2481. The active mTORC2 causes translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake without the involvement of Akt or AS160. Stimulation of glucose uptake into skeletal muscle after activation of the sympathetic nervous system is likely to be of high physiological relevance because mTORC2 activation was observed at the cellular, tissue, and whole-animal level in rodent and human systems. This signaling pathway provides new opportunities for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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| 13. |
- Zheng, Lin, et al.
(author)
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Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid beta-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells
- 2011
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In: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 7:12, s. 1528-1545
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing evidence suggests the toxicity of intracellular amyloid beta-protein (A beta) to neurons, as well as the involvement of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here we show that normobaric hyperoxia (exposure of cells to 400/c oxygen for five days, and consequent activation of macroautophagy and accumulation of A beta within lysosomes, induced apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cells under hyperoxia showed: (1) increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles that contained amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as A beta monomers and oligomers, (2) increased reactive oxygen species production, and (3) enhanced apoptosis. Oxidant-induced apoptosis positively correlated with cellular A beta production, being the highest in cells that were stably transfected with APP Swedish KM670/671NL double mutation. Inhibition of v-secretase, prior and/or in parallel to hyperoxia, suggested that the increase of lysosomal A beta resulted mainly from its autophagic uptake, but also from APP processing within autophagic vacuoles. The oxidative stress-mediated effects were prevented by macroautophagy inhibition using 3-methyladenine or ATG5 downregulation. Our results suggest that upregulation of macroautophagy and resulting lysosomal A beta accumulation are essential for oxidant-induced apoptosis in cultured neuroblastoma cells and provide additional support for the interactive role of oxidative stress and the lysosomal system in AD-related neurodegeneration.
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| 14. |
- Zheng, Lin, et al.
(author)
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Macroautophagy-generated increase of lysosomal amyloid β-protein mediates oxidant-induced apoptosis of cultured neuroblastoma cells
- 2011
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In: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 7:12, s. 1528-1545
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing evidence suggests the toxicity of intracellular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) to neurons, as well as the involvement of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here we show that normobaric hyperoxia (exposure of cells to 40% oxygen for five days, and consequent activation of macroautophagy and accumulation of Aβ within lysosomes, induced apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cells under hyperoxia showed: (1) increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles that contained amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as Aβ monomers and oligomers, (2) increased reactive oxygen species production, and (3) enhanced apoptosis. Oxidant-induced apoptosis positively correlated with cellular Aβ production, being the highest in cells that were stably transfected with APP Swedish KM670/671NL double mutation. Inhibition of γ-secretase, prior and/or in parallel to hyperoxia, suggested that the increase of lysosomal Aβ resulted mainly from its autophagic uptake, but also from APP processing within autophagic vacuoles. The oxidative stress-mediated effects were prevented by macroautophagy inhibition using 3-methyladenine or ATG5 downregulation. Our results suggest that upregulation of macroautophagy and resulting lysosomal Aβ accumulation are essential for oxidant-induced apoptosis in cultured neuroblastoma cells and provide aditional support for the interactive role of oxidative stress and the lysosomal system in AD-related neurodegeneration.
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| 15. |
- Zheng, Lin, et al.
(author)
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Oxidative stress induces macroautophagy of amyloid beta-protein and ensuing apoptosis
- 2009
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In: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 46:3, s. 422-429
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is increasing evidence for the toxicity of intracellular amyloid beta-protein (A beta) to neurons and the involvement of lysosomes in this process in Alzheimer disease (AD). We have recently shown that oxidative stress, a recognized determinant of AD. enhances macroautophagy and leads to intralysosomal accumulation of A beta in Cultured neuroblastoma cells. We hypothesized that oxidative stress promotes AD by stimulating macroautophagy of A that further may induce cell death by destabilizing lysosomal membranes. To investigate such possibility, we compared the effects of hyperoxia (40% ambient oxygen) in cultured HEK293 cells that were transfected with an empty vector (Vector), wild-type APP (APPwt), or Swedish mutant APP (APPswe). Exposure to hyperoxia for 5 days increased the number of cells with A beta-containing lysosomes, as well as the number of apoptotic cells, compared to normoxic conditions. The rate of apoptosis in all three cell lines demonstrated dependence on intralysosomal A beta content (Vector
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| 16. |
- Öberg, Anette I., et al.
(author)
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beta-Adrenergic Inhibition of Contractility in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells
- 2011
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:7, s. e22304-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) control many cellular processes. Here, we show that beta-ARs inhibit calcium depletion-induced cell contractility and subsequent cell detachment of L6 skeletal muscle cells. The mechanism underlying the cell detachment inhibition was studied by using a quantitative cell detachment assay. We demonstrate that cell detachment induced by depletion of extracellular calcium is due to myosin-and ROCK-dependent contractility. The beta-AR inhibition of L6 skeletal muscle cell detachment was shown to be mediated by the beta(2)-AR and increased cAMP but was surprisingly not dependent on the classical downstream effectors PKA or Epac, nor was it dependent on PKG, PI3K or PKC. However, inhibition of potassium channels blocks the beta(2)-AR mediated effects. Furthermore, activation of potassium channels fully mimicked the results of beta(2)-AR activation. In conclusion, we present a novel finding that beta(2)-AR signaling inhibits contractility and thus cell detachment in L6 skeletal muscle cells by a cAMP and potassium channel dependent mechanism.
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| 17. |
- Öberg, Anette I., et al.
(author)
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Shikonin Increases Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Cells and Improves Plasma Glucose Levels in Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats
- 2011
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:7, s. e22510-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: There is considerable interest in identifying compounds that can improve glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle, due to its large mass, is the principal organ for glucose disposal in the body and we have investigated here if shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from the Chinese plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: Shikonin increases glucose uptake in L6 skeletal muscle myotubes, but does not phosphorylate Akt, indicating that in skeletal muscle cells its effect is medaited via a pathway distinct from that used for insulin-stimulated uptake. Furthermore we find no evidence for the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in shikonin induced glucose uptake. Shikonin increases the intracellular levels of calcium in these cells and this increase is necessary for shikonin-mediated glucose uptake. Furthermore, we found that shikonin stimulated the translocation of GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the cell surface in L6 myoblasts. The beneficial effect of shikonin on glucose uptake was investigated in vivo by measuring plasma glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Treatment with shikonin (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) once daily for 4 days significantly decreased plasma glucose levels. In an insulin sensitivity test (s.c. injection of 0.5 U/kg insulin), plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in the shikonin-treated rats. In conclusion, shikonin increases glucose uptake in muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. Conclusions/Significance: Shikonin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells via an insulin-independent pathway dependent on calcium. The beneficial effects of shikonin on glucose metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, show that the compound possesses properties that make it of considerable interest for developing novel treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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