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1.
  • Shackleton, N., et al. (författare)
  • Improving rates of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity in New Zealand 4-year-old children in 2010-2016
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Obesity. - : WILEY. - 2047-6302 .- 2047-6310. ; 13:12, s. 766-777
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Prevalence of childhood obesity is high in developed countries, and there is a growing concern regarding increasing socio-economic disparities. Objectives To assess trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among New Zealand 4-year olds, and whether these differ by socio-economic and ethnic groupings. Methods A national screening programme, the B4 School Check, collected height and weight data for 75-92% of New Zealand 4-year-old children (n = 317 298) between July 2010 and June 2016. Children at, or above, the 85th, 95th and 99.7th percentile for age and sex adjusted body mass index (according to World Health Organization standards) were classified as overweight, obese and extremely obese, respectively. Prevalence rates across 6 years (2010/11 to 2015/16) were examined by sex, across quintiles of socio-economic deprivation, and by ethnicity. Results The prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity decreased by 2.2 [95% CI, 1.8-2.5], 2.0 [1.8-2.2] and 0.6 [0.4-0.6] percentage points, respectively, between 2010/2011 and 2015/2016. The downward trends in overweight, obesity and extreme obesity in the population persisted after adjustment for sex, ethnicity, deprivation and urban/rural residence. Downward trends were also observed across sex, ethnicity and deprivation groups. Conclusions The prevalence of obesity appears to be declining in 4-year-old children in New Zealand across all socio-economic and ethnic groups.
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2.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • A prediction model for childhood obesity in New Zealand
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Several early childhood obesity prediction models have been developed, but none for New Zealand's diverse population. We aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting obesity in 4-5-year-old New Zealand children, using parental and infant data from the Growing Up in New Zealand (GUiNZ) cohort. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) for age and sex >= 95th percentile. Data on GUiNZ children were used for derivation (n=1731) and internal validation (n=713). External validation was performed using data from the Prevention of Overweight in Infancy Study (POI, n=383) and Pacific Islands Families Study (PIF, n=135) cohorts. The final model included: birth weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, paternal BMI, and infant weight gain. Discrimination accuracy was adequate [AUROC=0.74 (0.71-0.77)], remained so when validated internally [AUROC=0.73 (0.68-0.78)] and externally on PIF [AUROC=0.74 [0.66-0.82)] and POI [AUROC=0.80 (0.71-0.90)]. Positive predictive values were variable but low across the risk threshold range (GUiNZ derivation 19-54%; GUiNZ validation 19-48%; and POI 8-24%), although more consistent in the PIF cohort (52-61%), all indicating high rates of false positives. Although this early childhood obesity prediction model could inform early obesity prevention, high rates of false positives might create unwarranted anxiety for families.
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3.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Paternal contributions to large-for-gestational-age term babies : findings from a multicenter prospective cohort study
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. - 2040-1744 .- 2040-1752. ; 10:5, s. 529-535
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We assessed whether paternal demographic, anthropometric and clinical factors influence the risk of an infant being born large-for-gestational-age (LGA). We examined the data on 3659 fathers of term offspring (including 662 LGA infants) born to primiparous women from Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE). LGA was defined as birth weight >90th centile as per INTERGROWTH 21st standards, with reference group being infants <= 90th centile. Associations between paternal factors and likelihood of an LGA infant were examined using univariable and multivariable models. Men who fathered LGA babies were 180 g heavier at birth (P<0.001) and were more likely to have been born macrosomic (P<0.001) than those whose infants were not LGA. Fathers of LGA infants were 2.1 cm taller (P<0.001), 2.8 kg heavier (P<0.001) and had similar body mass index (BMI). In multivariable models, increasing paternal birth weight and height were independently associated with greater odds of having an LGA infant, irrespective of maternal factors. One unit increase in paternal BMI was associated with 2.9% greater odds of having an LGA boy but not girl; however, this association disappeared after adjustment for maternal BMI. There were no associations between paternal demographic factors or clinical history and infant LGA. In conclusion, fathers who were heavier at birth and were taller were more likely to have an LGA infant, but maternal BMI had a dominant influence on LGA.
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4.
  • Lyons-Reid, Jaz, et al. (författare)
  • Prediction of fat-free mass in a multi-ethnic cohort of infants using bioelectrical impedance : Validation against the PEA POD
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Nutrition. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-861X. ; 9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used to measure body composition but has not been adequately evaluated in infancy. Prior studies have largely been of poor quality, and few included healthy term-born offspring, so it is unclear if BIA can accurately predict body composition at this age.Aim: This study evaluated impedance technology to predict fat-free mass (FFM) among a large multi-ethnic cohort of infants from the United Kingdom, Singapore, and New Zealand at ages 6 weeks and 6 months (n = 292 and 212, respectively).Materials and methods: Using air displacement plethysmography (PEA POD) as the reference, two impedance approaches were evaluated: (1) empirical prediction equations; (2) Cole modeling and mixture theory prediction. Sex-specific equations were developed among similar to 70% of the cohort. Equations were validated in the remaining similar to 30% and in an independent University of Queensland cohort. Mixture theory estimates of FFM were validated using the entire cohort at both ages.Results: Sex-specific equations based on weight and length explained 75-81% of FFM variance at 6 weeks but only 48-57% at 6 months. At both ages, the margin of error for these equations was 5-6% of mean FFM, as assessed by the root mean squared errors (RMSE). The stepwise addition of clinically-relevant covariates (i.e., gestational age, birthweight SDS, subscapular skinfold thickness, abdominal circumference) improved model accuracy (i.e., lowered RMSE). However, improvements in model accuracy were not consistently observed when impedance parameters (as the impedance index) were incorporated instead of length. The bioimpedance equations had mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) < 5% when validated. Limits of agreement analyses showed that biases were low (< 100 g) and limits of agreement were narrower for bioimpedance-based than anthropometry-based equations, with no clear benefit following the addition of clinically-relevant variables. Estimates of FFM from BIS mixture theory prediction were inaccurate (MAPE 11-12%).Conclusion: The addition of the impedance index improved the accuracy of empirical FFM predictions. However, improvements were modest, so the benefits of using bioimpedance in the field remain unclear and require further investigation. Mixture theory prediction of FFM from BIS is inaccurate in infancy and cannot be recommended.
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5.
  • Mathews, Divya M. M., et al. (författare)
  • The impact of prolonged, maternal iodine exposure in early gestation on neonatal thyroid function
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Endocrinology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-2392. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Context: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) using oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) improves pregnancy rates but results in severe and persistent iodine excess, potentially impacting the fetus and neonate.Objective: To determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in newborns conceived within six months of OSCM HSG.Design: Offspring study of a prospective cohort of women who underwent OSCM HSG.Setting: Auckland region, New Zealand (2020-2022)Participants: Offspring from the SELFI (Safety and Efficacy of Lipiodol in Fertility Investigations) study cohort (n=57).Measurements: All newborns had a dried blood spot card for TSH measurement 48 hours after birth as part of New Zealand's Newborn Metabolic Screening Programme. Forty-one neonates also had a heel prick serum sample at one week to measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Maternal urine iodine concentration (UIC) and TSH in the six months after OSCM HSG were retrieved from the SELFI study for analyses.Primary outcome: Incidence of hypothyroidism in the neonatal period.Results: There was no evidence of primary hypothyroidism on newborn screening (TSH 2-10 mIU/L). All neonates tested at one week had normal serum TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels. However, increasing maternal peak UIC levels during pregnancy were associated with lower TSH levels (p= 0.006), although also associated with lower FT4 levels (p=0.032).Conclusions: While pre-conceptional OSCM HSG in women did not result in neonatal hypothyroidism, gestational iodine excess was associated with a paradoxical lowering of neonatal TSH levels despite lower FT4 levels. These changes likely reflect alterations in deiodinase activity in the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary axis from iodine excess.
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6.
  • Albert, Benjamin B., et al. (författare)
  • Supplementation with milk enriched with complex lipids during pregnancy : A double-blind randomized controlled trial
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Gangliosides are a class of sphingolipids that are present in the cell membranes of vertebrates. Gangliosides influence a broad range of cellular processes through effects on signal transduction, being found abundantly in the brain, and having a role in neurodevelopment.Objective We aimed to assess the effects of maternal daily consumption of ganglioside-enriched milk vs non-enriched milk and a non-supplemented group of pregnant women on maternal ganglioside levels and pregnancy outcomes.Design Double-blind parallel randomized controlled trial. Methods 1,500 women aged 20-40 years were recruited in Chongqing (China) between 11 and 14 weeks of a singleton pregnancy, and randomized into three groups: Control-received standard powdered milk formulation (>= 4 mg gangliosides/day); Complex milk lipid-enhanced (CML-E) group-same formulation enriched with complex milk lipids (>= 8 mg gangliosides/day) from milk fat globule membrane; Reference-received no milk. Serum ganglioside levels were measured in a randomly selected subsample of 250 women per group.Results CML-E milk was associated with marginally greater total gangliosides levels in maternal serum compared to Control (13.02 vs 12.69 mu g/ml; p = 0.034) but not to Reference group. CML-E milk did not affect cord blood ganglioside levels. Among the 1500 women, CML-E milk consumption was associated with a lower rate of gestational diabetes mellitus than control milk [relative risk 0.80 (95% CI 0.64, 0.99)], but which was not different to the Reference group. CML-E milk supplementation had no other effects on maternal or newborn health.Conclusions Maternal supplementation with milk fat globule membrane, as a source of gangliosides, was not associated with any adverse health outcomes, and did not increase serum gangliosides compared with the non-supplemented reference group.
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7.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Acceptability of early childhood obesity prediction models to New Zealand families
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 14:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: While prediction models can estimate an infant's risk of developing obesity at a later point in early childhood, caregiver receptiveness to such information is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the acceptability of these models to New Zealand caregivers.Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed online. The questionnaire consisted of multiple choice and Likert scale questions. Respondents were parents, caregivers, and grandparents of children aged.5 years.Results: 1,934 questionnaires were analysed. Responses were received from caregivers of various ethnicities and levels of education. Nearly two-thirds (62.1%) of respondents would "definitely" or "probably" want to hear if their infant was at risk of early childhood obesity, although "worried" (77.0%) and "upset" (53.0%) were the most frequently anticipated responses to such information. With lower mean scores reflecting higher levels of acceptance, grandparents (mean score = 1.67) were more receptive than parents (2.10; p = 0.0002) and other caregivers (2.13; p = 0.021); males (1.83) were more receptive than females (2.11; p = 0.005); and Asian respondents (1.68) were more receptive than those of European (2.05; p = 0.003), Maori (2.11; p = 0.002), or Pacific (2.03; p = 0.042) ethnicities. There were no differences in acceptance according to socioeconomic status, levels of education, or other ethnicities.Conclusions: Almost two-thirds of respondents were receptive to communication regarding their infant's risk of childhood obesity. While our results must be interpreted with some caution due to their hypothetical nature, findings suggest that if delivered in a sensitive manner to minimise caregiver distress, early childhood obesity risk prediction could be a useful tool to inform interventions to reduce childhood obesity in New Zealand.
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8.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • Exercise in pregnancy : 1-year and 7-year follow-ups of mothers and offspring after a randomized controlled trial
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There are limited data on long-term outcomes of mothers or their offspring following exercise interventions during pregnancy. We assessed long-term effects of an exercise intervention (home-based stationary cycling) between 20-36 weeks of gestation on anthropometry and body composition in mothers and offspring after 1 and 7 years. 84 women were randomised to intervention or usual activity, with follow-up data available for 61 mother-child pairs (38 exercisers) at 1 year and 57 (33 exercisers) at 7 years. At 1 year, there were no observed differences in measured outcomes between mothers and offspring in the two groups. At the 7-year follow-up, mothers were mostly similar, except that exercisers had lower systolic blood pressure (-6.2 mmHg; p = 0.049). However, offspring of mothers who exercised during pregnancy had increased total body fat (+3.2%; p = 0.034) and greater abdominal (+4.1% android fat; p = 0.040) and gynoid (+3.5% gynoid fat; p = 0.042) adiposity compared with controls. Exercise interventions beginning during pregnancy may be beneficial to long-term maternal health. However, the initiation of exercise during pregnancy amongst sedentary mothers may be associated with adverse effects in the offspring during childhood. Larger follow-up studies are required to investigate long-term effects of exercise in pregnancy.
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9.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • Lower insulin sensitivity remains a feature of children born very preterm
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 22:2, s. 161-167
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The first report of children born very preterm (<32 weeks of gestation) having insulin resistance was made 16 years ago. However, neonatal care has improved since. Thus, we aimed to assess whether children born very preterm still have lower insulin sensitivity than term controls.Methods: Participants were prepubertal children aged 5 to 11 years born very preterm (<32 weeks of gestation; n = 51; 61% boys) or at term (37-41 weeks; n = 50; 62% boys). Frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed, and insulin sensitivity was calculated using Bergman's minimal model. Additional clinical assessments included anthropometry, body composition using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, clinic blood pressure, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.Results: Children born very preterm were 0.69 standard deviation score (SDS) lighter (P < .001), 0.53 SDS shorter (P = .003), and had body mass index 0.57 SDS lower (P = .003) than children born at term. Notably, children born very preterm had insulin sensitivity that was 25% lower than term controls (9.4 vs 12.6 x 10(-4) minutes(-1)center dot[mU/L]; P = .001). Other parameters of glucose metabolism, including fasting insulin levels, were similar in the two groups. The awake systolic blood pressure (from 24-hour monitoring) tended to be 3.1 mm Hg higher on average in children born very preterm (P = .054), while the clinic systolic blood pressure was 5.4 mm Hg higher (P = .002).Conclusions: Lower insulin sensitivity remains a feature of children born very preterm, despite improvements in neonatal intensive care. As reported in our original study, our findings suggest the defect in insulin action in prepubertal children born very pretermis primarily peripheral and not hepatic.
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10.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • Partial remission in type 1 diabetes and associated factors : Analysis based on the insulin dose-adjusted hemoglobin A1c in children and adolescents from a regional diabetes center, Auckland, New Zealand
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 20:7, s. 892-900
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Partial remission (PREM) by the insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c) method has not been evaluated for the combined associations of ethnicity and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Objective To investigate prevalence and predictors of PREM defined by IDAA1c. Methods Six hundred fourteen of 678 children (aged <15 years) with new-onset T1D (2000-2013) from a regional pediatric diabetes service (Auckland, New Zealand). Results Overall rate of PREM at 3 months was 42.4%, and lower in Maori/Pacific children (28.6%; P = .006) and those of other ethnicities (28.8%; P = .030) compared with New Zealand Europeans (50.4%). Comparing the most and least deprived socioeconomic quintiles, the odds of PREM were lower among the most deprived (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.44; P = .019). Lower rates of PREM were seen in children aged 0 to 4.9 years (23.8%) and 10 to 14 years (40.9%) than in children aged 5 to 9.9 years (57.4%; P < .05). Further predictors of lower rates of PREM were ketoacidosis at diagnosis (aOR 0.54 with DKA; P = .002) and diabetes duration (aOR 0.84 per month; P < .0001). Patient's sex, body mass index standard deviation score, or autoantibodies were not associated with PREM. PREM at 3 months was associated with lower HbA1c over 18 months compared with children not in PREM (65.0 vs 71.3 mmol/mol; P < .0001), independent of ketoacidosis. Conclusions This study on a regional cohort of youth with T1D showed social and ethnic disparities in rates of PREM defined by IDAA1c. Further research into reducing ketoacidosis rates at diagnosis and addressing factors associated with lower rates of PREM in non-European children are important health priorities.
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11.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • The associations between maternal BMI and gestational weight gain and health outcomes in offspring at age 1 and 7 years
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In secondary analyses of a randomised controlled trial of exercise during pregnancy, we examined associations between mid-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring health. Follow-up data were available on 57 mother-child pairs at 1-year and 52 pairs at 7-year follow-ups. Clinical assessments included body composition and fasting blood tests. At age 1 year, increased maternal BMI in mid-gestation was associated with greater weight standard deviation scores (SDS) in the offspring (p = 0.035), with no observed associations for excessive GWG. At age 7 years, greater maternal BMI was associated with increased weight SDS (p < 0.001), BMI SDS (p = 0.005), and total body fat percentage (p = 0.037) in their children. Irrespective of maternal BMI, children born to mothers with excessive GWG had greater abdominal adiposity (p = 0.043) and less favourable lipid profile (lower HDL-C and higher triglycerides). At 7 years, maternal BMI and excessive GWG had compounded adverse associations with offspring adiposity. Compared to offspring of mothers with overweight/obesity plus excessive GWG, children of normal-weight mothers with adequate and excessive GWG were 0.97 and 0.64 SDS lighter (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014, respectively), and 0.98 and 0.63 SDS leaner (p = 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). Both greater maternal BMI in mid-pregnancy and excessive GWG were independently associated with increased adiposity in offspring at 7 years.
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12.
  • Derraik, José G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Fundamentals of Data Collection in Clinical Studies : Simple Steps to Avoid "Garbage In, Garbage Out"
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds. - : Sage Publications. - 1534-7346 .- 1552-6941. ; 20:3, s. 183-187
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many fundamental steps underpin the delivery of high-quality clinical research. In this article, we provide a brief commentary on some important aspects associated with the collection and management of data during clinical studies, which, if overlooked, will lead to poor-quality research. In particular, we discuss the key aspects that should help early career researchers maximize the relevance and impact of their clinical research.
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14.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Socioeconomic status is not associated with health-related quality of life in a group of overweight middle-aged men
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PEERJ INC. - 2167-8359. ; 6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Socioeconomic status is a known determinant of health. In secondary data analyses, we assessed whether socioeconomic status affected health-related quality of life in a group of overweight (body mass index 25-30 kg/m(2)) middle-aged (45.9 +/- 5.4 years) men, recruited in Auckland (New Zealand). Health-related quality of life was assessed with SF-36v2 three times: at baseline, and 12 and 30 weeks later. Socioeconomic status was determined by geo-coded deprivation scores derived from current address using the New Zealand Index of Deprivation 2006 (NZDep2006), as well as capital value of residence. Univariable and multivariable analyses showed no associations between measures of socioeconomic status and any mental or physical health domains. Our findings may reflect the fact that these men are not currently experiencing comorbidities associated with overweight.
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15.
  • Glover, Marewa, et al. (författare)
  • Ranked Importance of Childhood Obesity Determinants : Parents' Views across Ethnicities in New Zealand
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 11:9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Maori, Pacific, Indian, and New Zealand European pre-school children's caregivers' views on determinants of childhood obesity are needed to inform strategies that will reduce disparities in prevalence. Nineteen focus groups were conducted to explore the relative influence of factors contributing to body weight in children. Predetermined and participant-suggested factors were ranked. Discussion data were inductively analysed. The cost of healthy foods was the highest ranked factor across all groups. Ranked similarly were ease of access to takeaways and lack of time for food preparation. Cultural factors followed by screen time induced sedentariness in children and lack of time to ensure children exercised was next. Participant-raised factors included lack of familial, social, and health promotion support, and others' behaviour and attitudes negatively impacting what children ate. All groups rejected stereotyping that blamed culture for higher obesity rates. Compared to the Maori and NZ European groups, the Pacific Island and Indian participants spoke of losing culture, missing extended family support, and not having access to culturally appropriate nutrition education or social support and services. Public health policies need to mitigate the negative effects of economic deprivation on food insecurity. Complementary interventions that increase access to healthier meal choices more often are needed.
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16.
  • Gusso, Silmara, et al. (författare)
  • The Effects of 20 Weeks of Side-Alternating Vibration Therapy on Physical Function, Bone and Muscle Health in Adolescents with Down Syndrome
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0194-2638 .- 1541-3144. ; 41:1, s. 44-55
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: To evaluate the effects of side-alternating vibration therapy on physical function and body composition in adolescents with Down syndrome.Methods: Fourteen adolescents (8 males) with Down syndrome (mean +/- SD age: 15.5 +/- 2.3 years) performed vibration treatment nine minutes daily, four times per week, for 20 weeks on a Galileo vibration platform. Data were collected at baseline and after 20 weeks of intervention. Assessments included six-minute walk test, muscle function (force plate), whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the non-dominant tibia.Results: After 20 weeks, participants increased their distance walked in the six-minute walk test (p = 0.009), 2-leg single jump efficiency (p = 0.024) and jump velocity (p = 0.046). Participants also increased their power (p = 0.034) and reduced the time taken during the chair rise test (p < 0.001). At the total body level, increases were seen in bone mineral density (p = 0.004), bone mineral content (p = 0.043), fat free mass (p = 0.013) and lean mass (p = 0.021).Conclusion: Side-alternating vibration therapy was associated with increases in physical function and muscle mass with no effects on bone health in adolescents with Down syndrome.
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17.
  • Leong, Karen S. W., et al. (författare)
  • Effects of Fecal Microbiome Transfer in Adolescents With Obesity The Gut Bugs Randomized Controlled Trial
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: JAMA Network Open. - : AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. - 2574-3805. ; 3:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Importance Treatment of pediatric obesity is challenging. Preclinical studies in mice indicated that weight and metabolism can be altered by gut microbiome manipulation. Objective To assess efficacy of fecal microbiome transfer (FMT) to treat adolescent obesity and improve metabolism. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial (October 2017-March 2019) with a 26-week follow-up was conducted among adolescents aged 14 to 18 years with a body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 30 or more in Auckland, New Zealand. A total of 87 individuals took part-565 individuals responded to advertisements, 328 were ineligible, and 150 declined participation. Clinical data were analyzed from September 2019 to May 2020. Interventions Single course of oral encapsulated fecal microbiome from 4 healthy lean donors of the same sex or saline placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was BMI standard deviation score at 6 weeks using intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary outcomes included body composition, cardiometabolic parameters, well-being, and gut microbiome composition. Results Eighty-seven participants (59% female adolescents, mean [SD] age 17.2 [1.4] years) were randomized 1:1, in groups stratified by sex, to FMT (42 participants) or placebo (45 participants). There was no effect of FMT on BMI standard deviation score at 6 weeks (adjusted mean difference [aMD] -0.026; 95% CI -0.074, 0.022). Reductions in android-to-gynoid-fat ratio in the FMT vs placebo group were observed at 6, 12, and 26 weeks, with aMDs of -0.021 (95% CI, -0.041 to -0.001), -0.023 (95% CI, -0.043 to -0.003), and -0.029 (95% CI, -0.049 to -0.008), respectively. There were no observed effects on insulin sensitivity, liver function, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, total body fat percentage, gut health, and health-related quality of life. Gut microbiome profiling revealed a shift in community composition among the FMT group, maintained up to 12 weeks. In post-hoc exploratory analyses among participants with metabolic syndrome at baseline, FMT led to greater resolution of this condition (18 to 4) compared with placebo (13 to 10) by 26 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.45; P = .007). There were no serious adverse events recorded throughout the trial. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of adolescents with obesite, there was no effect of FMT on weight loss in adolescents with obesity, although a reduction in abdominal adiposity was observed. Post-hoc analyses indicated a resolution of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome with FMT among those with this condition. Further trials are needed to confirm these results and identify organisms and mechanisms responsible for mediating the observed benefits.
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18.
  • Leong, Karen S. W., et al. (författare)
  • High prevalence of undiagnosed comorbidities among adolescents with obesity
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Metabolic diseases are increasing among adolescents with obesity. Although the reported prevalence of metabolic syndrome is approximately 30% worldwide, its prevalence is largely unknown among New Zealand adolescents. Therefore, we assessed the health of adolescents with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) enrolled in a randomised clinical trial (Gut Bugs Trial), to identify the prevalence of undiagnosed comorbidities. Assessments included anthropometry, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and insulin sensitivity. We report on baseline data (pre-randomisation) on 87 participants (14–18 years; 59% females), with mean BMI 36.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2 (BMI SDS 3.33 ± 0.79). Approximately 40% of participants had undiagnosed metabolic syndrome, which was twice as common among males. Half (53%) had pre-diabetes and 92% a reduction in insulin sensitivity. Moreover, 31% had pre-hypertension/hypertension, 69% dyslipidaemia, and 25% abnormal liver function. Participants with class III obesity had a greater risk of metabolic syndrome than those with classes I/II [relative risk 1.99 (95% CI 1.19, 3.34)]. Risks for pre-hypertension/hypertension and inflammation were also greater among those with class III obesity. We identified a high prevalence of undiagnosed comorbidities among adolescents with obesity in New Zealand. As adolescent obesity tracks into adulthood, early interventions are needed to prevent progression to overt cardiometabolic diseases.
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19.
  • Lyons-Reid, Jaz, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of preconception and antenatal supplementation with myo-inositol, probiotics, and micronutrients on offspring BMI and weight gain over the first 2 years
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1741-7015. ; 22:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Nutritional intervention preconception and throughout pregnancy has been proposed as an approach to promoting healthy postnatal weight gain in the offspring but few randomised trials have examined this.Methods: Measurements of weight and length were obtained at multiple time points from birth to 2 years among 576 offspring of women randomised to receive preconception and antenatally either a supplement containing myo-inositol, probiotics, and additional micronutrients (intervention) or a standard micronutrient supplement (control). We examined the influence on age- and sex-standardised BMI at 2 years (WHO standards, adjusting for study site, sex, maternal parity, smoking and pre-pregnancy BMI, and gestational age), together with the change in weight, length, BMI from birth, and weight gain trajectories using latent class growth analysis.Results: At 2 years, there was a trend towards lower mean BMI among intervention offspring (adjusted mean difference [aMD] - 0.14 SD [95% CI 0.30, 0.02], p = 0.09), and fewer had a BMI > 95th percentile (i.e. > 1.65 SD, 9.2% vs 18.0%, adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.51 [95% CI 0.31, 0.82], p = 0.006). Longitudinal data revealed that intervention offspring had a 24% reduced risk of experiencing rapid weight gain > 0.67 SD in the first year of life (21.9% vs 31.1%, aRR 0.76 [95% CI 0.58, 1.00], p = 0.047). The risk was likewise decreased for sustained weight gain > 1.34 SD in the first 2 years of life (7.7% vs 17.1%, aRR 0.55 [95% CI 0.34, 0.88], p = 0.014). From five weight gain trajectories identified, there were more intervention offspring in the "normal" weight gain trajectory characterised by stable weight SDS around 0 SD from birth to 2 years (38.8% vs 30.1%, RR 1.29 [95% CI 1.03, 1.62], p = 0.029).Conclusions: Supplementation with myo-inositol, probiotics, and additional micronutrients preconception and in pregnancy reduced the incidence of rapid weight gain and obesity at 2 years among offspring. Previous reports suggest these effects will likely translate to health benefits, but longer-term follow-up is needed to evaluate this.
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20.
  • Mathews, Divya M., et al. (författare)
  • Iodine and other factors associated with fertility outcome following oil-soluble contrast medium hysterosalpingography : a prospective cohort study
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Endocrinology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-2392. ; 15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: To examine factors associated with fertility following hysterosalpingography (HSG) using an oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM).Design: In a prospective cohort study on 196 women undergoing OSCM HSG, we showed that iodine excess was almost universal (98%) and mild subclinical hypothyroidism was frequent (38%). Here, we report the analyses of secondary outcomes examining factors associated with the likelihood of pregnancy following the HSG.Setting: Auckland, New Zealand (2019-2021).Sample: 196 women with primary or secondary infertility who underwent OSCM HSG.Methods: Baseline and serial urine iodine concentrations (UIC) and thyroid function tests were measured over six months following the HSG. Pregnancy and treatment with levothyroxine during the study period were documented.Results: Following OSCM HSG, pregnancy rates were 49% in women aged <40 years (77/158) but considerably lower (16%) among those >= 40 years (6/38). Similarly, live birth rates were markedly lower in women >= 40 years (17%; 1/6) versus <40 years (73%; 56/77). 29% of participants were iodine deficient at baseline despite advice recommending iodine fortification. Following HSG, the likelihood of pregnancy in women with moderate iodine deficiency was 64% higher than in women with normal iodine levels (p=0.048). Among women aged <40 years who had subclinical hypothyroidism (n=75), levothyroxine treatment was associated with higher pregnancy rates compared to untreated women [63% (26/48) vs 37% (10/27), respectively; p=0.047].Conclusion: OSCM HSG was associated with higher pregnancy rates in women <= 40 than in those aged >40 years. Iodine deficiency was relatively common in this cohort, and increased iodine levels from OSCM exposure may contribute to the improved fertility observed with this procedure.
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21.
  • Satokar, Vidit V., et al. (författare)
  • Double-blind RCT of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation to improve the metabolic health in children of mothers with overweight or obesity during pregnancy : study protocol
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2044-6055. ; 10:12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with adverse changes in body composition and metabolism in the offspring. We hypothesise that supplementation during pregnancy of overweight and obese women may help prevent the development of greater adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in children. Previous clinical trials investigating fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on metabolic outcomes and body composition of the children have not focused on the pregnancies of overweight or obese women.Methods and analysis: A double-blind randomised controlled trial of fish oil (providing 3 g/day of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) versus an equal volume of olive oil (control) taken daily from recruitment until birth, and in breastfeeding mothers, further continued for 3 months post partum. Eligible women will have a singleton pregnancy at 12-20 weeks' gestation and be aged 18-40 years with body mass index >= 25 kg/m(2) at baseline. We aim to recruit a minimum of 128 participants to be randomised 1:1. Clinical assessments will be performed at baseline and 30 weeks of pregnancy, including anthropometric measurements, fasting metabolic markers, measures of anxiety, physical activity, quality of life and dietary intake. Subsequent assessments will be performed when the infant is 2 weeks, 3 months and 12 months of age for anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) and blood sampling. The primary outcome of the study is a between-group difference in infant percentage body fatness, assessed by DXA, at 2 weeks of age. Secondary outcomes will include differences in anthropometric measures at each time point, percentage body fat at 3 and 12 months and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance at 3 months. Statistical analysis will be carried out on the principle of intention to treat.Ethics and dissemination This trial was approved by the Northern A Health and Disabilities Ethics Committee, New Zealand Ministry of Health (17/NTA/154). Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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22.
  • Seneviratne, Sumudu N., et al. (författare)
  • Nulliparity is associated with subtle adverse metabolic outcomes in overweight/obese mothers and their offspring
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Clinical Endocrinology. - : Wiley. - 0300-0664 .- 1365-2265. ; 87:5, s. 545-551
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: We aimed to evaluate metabolic outcomes in overweight/obese nulliparous and multiparous women and their offspring.Study design: Seventy-two overweight and obese women who participated in a randomized controlled trial of exercise in pregnancy were included in the study, comparing 18 nulliparous and 54 multiparous women and their singleton offspring. Women were assessed at 19 and 36 weeks of gestation. Fetal growth was measured using standard obstetric ultrasound techniques. Cord blood was collected at birth. Maternal and offspring body composition was assessed using DXA similar to 2 weeks after delivery.Results: Nulliparous women had higher HbA1c in the third trimester of pregnancy than multiparous women (5.48% vs 5.29%; P=.002) and were more insulin-resistant based on the surrogate marker sex hormone-binding globulin (354 vs 408 nmol/L; P=.047). Nulliparous women also had higher levels of the inflammatory marker tumour necrosis factor-alpha (4.74 vs 3.62 pg/mL; P=.025). At birth, the offspring of nulliparous women were on average 340 g (P=.013) and 0.69 standard deviation scores (P=.026) lighter than those born of multiparous women. Cord blood data showed lower insulin-like growth factor-II (P=.026) and higher IGF binding protein-1 (P=.002) levels in the offspring of nulliparous women. In addition, a less favourable metabolic profile was observed in the offspring of nulliparous women, as indicated by higher triglyceride (P<.001) and interleukin-6 (P=.039) concentrations.Conclusions: Infants born of nulliparous overweight and obese women appear to be exposed to a less favourable metabolic environment in utero, with evidence of subtle adverse metabolic outcomes at birth compared to infants of overweight/obese multiparous women.
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23.
  • Shackleton, Nichola, et al. (författare)
  • Decomposing ethnic differences in body mass index and obesity rates among New Zealand pre-schoolers
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 43:10, s. 1951-1960
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective To determine the extent to which ethnic differences in BMI Z-scores and obesity rates could be explained by the differential distribution of demographic (e.g. age), familial (e.g. family income), area (e.g. area deprivation), parental (e.g. immigration status), and birth (e.g. gestational age) characteristics across ethnic groups. Methods We used data on 4-year-old children born in New Zealand who attended the B4 School Check between the fiscal years of 2010/2011 to 2015/2016, who were resident in the country when the 2013 census was completed (n = 253,260). We implemented an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to explain differences in BMI Z-score and obesity between Maori (n = 63,061) and European (n = 139,546) children, and Pacific (n = 21,527) and European children. Results Overall, 15.2% of the children were obese and mean BMI Z-score was 0.66 (SD = 1.04). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition demonstrated that the difference in obesity rates between Maori and European children would halve if Maori children experienced the same familial and area level conditions as Europeans. If Pacific children had the same characteristics as European children, differences in obesity rates would reduce by approximately one third, but differences in mean BMI Z-scores would only reduce by 16.1%. Conclusion The differential distribution of familial, parental, area, and birth characteristics across ethnic groups explain a substantial percentage of the ethnic differences in obesity, especially for Maori compared to European children. However, marked disparities remain.
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24.
  • V. Satokar, Vidit, et al. (författare)
  • Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and postpartum in mothers with overweight and obesity to improve body composition and metabolic health during infancy : A double-blind randomized controlled trial
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 117:5, s. 883-895
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disease in the offspring. Supplementation with fish oil (FO), which is insulin sensitizing, during pregnancy in mothers with overweight or obesity may prevent the development of greater adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in their children.Objectives: To determine the effects of FO supplementation throughout the second half of pregnancy and lactation in mothers with overweight or obesity on infant body composition and metabolism.Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial of 6 g FO (3.55 g/d of n-3 PUFAs) compared with olive oil (control) from mid-pregnancy until 3 mo postpartum. Eligible women had singleton pregnancies at 12-20 wk of gestation, and BMI >= 25 kg/m2. The primary outcome was the infant body fat percentage (DXA scans) at 2 wk of age. Secondary outcomes included maternal metabolic markers during pregnancy, infant anthropometry at 2 wk and 3 mo of age, and metabolic markers at 3 mo.Results: A total of 129 mothers were randomized, and 98 infants had a DXA scan at 2 wk. Primary outcome: Imputed and nonimputed analyses showed no effects of FO supplementation on infant body fat percentage at age 2 wk. Secondary outcomes: There were no treatment effects on infant outcomes at 2 wk, but FO infants had a higher BMI z-score (P = 0.025) and ponderal index (P = 0.017) at age 3 mo. FO supplementation lowered maternal tri-glycerides by 17% at 30 wk of pregnancy (P = 0.0002) and infant triglycerides by 21% at 3 mo of age (P = 0.016) but did not affect maternal or infant insulin resistance. The rate of emergency cesarean section was lower with FO supplementation [aRR = 0.38 (95%CI 0.16, 0.90); P = 0.027].Conclusions: FO supplementation of mothers with overweight or obesity during pregnancy did not impact infant body composition. There is a need to follow up the offspring to determine whether the observed metabolic effects persist. Clinical trial registry number: This study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617001078347p). In addition, the Universal Trial Number, WHO, was obtained (U1111-1199-5860).
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25.
  • Vesey, Renuka M., et al. (författare)
  • Safety, feasibility and efficacy of side-alternating vibration therapy on bone and muscle health in children and adolescents with musculoskeletal disorders : A pilot trial
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. - : WILEY. - 1034-4810 .- 1440-1754. ; 56:8, s. 1257-1262
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims A pilot study was performed to establish the safety, feasibility and efficacy of vibration therapy (VT) on bone and muscle health in children and adolescents with a range of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods Seventeen participants (15.7 years +/- 2.9 years), with conditions that impacted on their musculoskeletal health, completed 20 weeks of side-alternating VT for 9 min/session, 4 times/week at 20 Hz. Data were collected at baseline and after 20 weeks of intervention. Assessments included whole-body dual-energyX-ray absorptiometry, muscle function (force plate) and 6-min walk test. Results Compliance with the prescribed VT training protocol was relatively high overall at 78% and there were no adverse events reported. After 20 weeks intervention, functional assessments showed time taken to perform the chair test was reduced by 15% (P = 0.018), leg balance improved with standard ellipse area decreasing by 88% (P = 0.006) and distance walked in the 6-min walk test improved by 9% (P = 0.002). Participants displayed increased total body mass (1.94 kg; P = 0.018) with increased lean mass (1.20 kg; P = 0.019) but not fat mass (P = 0.19). There was no change in total body bone mineral density (P = 0.44) or bone mineral content (P = 0.07). Conclusions Twenty weeks of side-alternating VT was a feasible protocol that was associated with improvements in physical function and no detrimental effects on lean mass, bone mass or density in children and adolescents with musculoskeletal disorders.
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26.
  • Adaikina, Alena, et al. (författare)
  • Feasibility study on a longer side-alternating vibration therapy protocol (15 min per session) in children and adolescents with mild cerebral palsy
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Pediatrics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2360. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Previous studies on side-alternating vibration therapy (sVT) have usually used a 9 min intervention protocol. We performed a feasibility study aimed at assessing the safety, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of a longer sVT protocol (15 min per session) in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods: Fifteen participants aged 5.2-17.4 years (median = 12.4 years) with CP GMFCS level II underwent 20 weeks of sVT consisting of 15 min sessions 4 days/week. Participants were assessed at baseline and after the intervention period, including mobility (six-minute walk-test; 6MWT), body composition (whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans), and muscle function (force plate).Results: Adherence level to the 15 min VT protocol was 83% on average. There were no adverse events reported. After 20 weeks, there was some evidence for an increase in the walking distance covered in 6MWT (+43 m; p = 0.0018) and spine bone mineral density (+0.032 g/cm(2); p = 0.012) compared to baseline.Conclusions: The 15 min sVT protocol is feasible and well tolerated. The results also suggest potential benefits of this protocol to mobility and bone health. Randomized controlled trials are needed to reliably ascertain the potential effectiveness of a longer sVT protocol on physical function and body composition in young people with CP.
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27.
  • Adaikina, Alena, et al. (författare)
  • Vibration Therapy as an Early Intervention for Children Aged 2-4 Years with Cerebral Palsy : A Feasibility Study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0194-2638 .- 1541-3144. ; 43:5, s. 564-581
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of vibration therapy (VT) in preschool children with cerebral palsy (CP) and obtain preliminary data on its potential effectiveness.Methods: Nine children aged 2.5-4.8 years (4 boys) with CP GMFCS levels I-III participated in a single-group feasibility study, undergoing a 12-week control period without intervention, followed by 12 weeks of home-based VT (four times/week, 9 min/day, frequency 20 Hz). We assessed adherence to VT protocol, adverse events, and family acceptability of VT. Clinical assessments included motor function (GMFM-66), body composition (DXA), mobility (10-meter walk/run test), and health-related quality of life (PedsQL).Results: VT was well tolerated and acceptable to families, with high adherence levels reported (mean = 93%). There were no observed between-period differences (Delta Control vs Delta VT) except for an improvement in the PedsQL "Movement & Balance" dimension with VT (p = 0.044). Nonetheless, changes after the VT but not the Control period were suggestive of potential treatment benefits for mobility, gross motor function, and body composition (lean mass and legs bone mineral density).Conclusion: Home-based VT is feasible and acceptable for preschool children with CP. Our preliminary data suggest potential health benefits from VT for these children, supporting larger randomized trials to assess its effectiveness properly.
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28.
  • Adaikina, Alena, et al. (författare)
  • Vibration therapy in young children with mild to moderate cerebral palsy : does frequency and treatment duration matter? A randomised-controlled study
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: BMC Pediatrics. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2431. ; 23
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Vibration therapy (VT) has been increasingly studied in children with cerebral palsy (CP) over the last years, however, optimal therapeutic VT protocols are yet to be determined. The present study compared the effects of side-alternating VT protocols varying in frequency and treatment duration on the health of young children with mild-to-moderate CP.Methods: Thirty-four participants aged 6.0 to 12.6 years with CP acted as their own controls and underwent two consecutive study periods: a 12-week lead-in (control) period prior to the intervention period of 20-week side-alternating VT (9 min/session, 4 days/week), with the frequency either 20 Hz or 25 Hz, determined by randomisation. Participants had 4 assessment visits: baseline, after the control period, after 12-week VT (12VT), and after further 8 weeks of VT (20VT). Assessments included 6-minute walk test (6MWT); dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; gross motor function; muscle function testing on the Leonardo mechanography plate and by hand-held dynamometry, and a quality-of-life questionnaire (CP QOL). Analysis was carried out using linear mixed models based on repeated measures.Results: Side-alternating VT was well-tolerated, with occasional mild itchiness reported. The median compliance level was 99%. VT led to improvements in 6MWT (+ 23 m; p = 0.007 after 20VT), gross motor function in standing skills (+ 0.8 points; p = 0.008 after 12VT; and + 1.3 points; p = 0.001 after 20VT) and in walking, running and jumping skills (+ 2.5 points; p < 0.0001 after 12VT; and + 3.7 points; p < 0.0001 after 20VT), spine bone mineral density z-score (+ 0.14; p = 0.015 after 20VT), velocity rise maximum of the chair rising test (+ 0.14 m/s; p = 0.021 after 20VT), force maximum of the single two-leg jump test (+ 0.30 N/kg; p = 0.0005 after 12VT; and + 0.46 N/kg; p = 0.022 after 20VT) and in the health module of CP QOL (+ 7 points; p = 0.0095 after 20VT). There were no observed differences between the two VT frequencies (i.e., 20 Hz vs 25 Hz) on study outcomes.Conclusions: The study confirms that side-alternating VT has positive effects on mobility, gross motor function, body composition, muscle function, and quality of life, independent of VT frequencies tested. Long-term, 20VT appears to be a more efficient treatment duration than a short-term, 12VT.
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29.
  • Aurpibul, Linda, et al. (författare)
  • Birth order is associated with an increased risk of obesity in young adults in Thailand
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 75:3, s. 305-308
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background There is a growing body of evidence showing that early life events are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in adult life. However, there is a paucity of data in this field from Asian populations. In this study, we examined the association of birth order with obesity risk and cardiometabolic outcomes in young adults in Thailand. Methods Participants were the offspring from a birth cohort study in Chiang Mai (northern Thailand), who were followed up at similar to 20.5 years of age. Clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure, fasting blood samples and carotid intima-media thickness. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Participants were stratified into two groups: first-borns and later-borns. Health outcomes between groups were compared using multivariable models adjusting for important confounders, in particular maternal body mass index (BMI). Results A total of 559 participants were studied: 316 first-borns (46% males) and 243 later-borns (47% males). Adjusted models showed anthropometric differences, with first-borns being 2.3 kg heavier (p=0.023) with a BMI 0.86 kg/m(2) greater (p=0.019) than later-borns. Thus, rates of obesity were higher in first-borns than in later-borns (6.6% vs 2.9%), so that first-borns had an adjusted relative risk of obesity 3.3 times greater than later-borns [95% CI 1.42 to 7.88; p=0.006]. There were no observed differences in cardiovascular or metabolic parameters assessed, including HOMA-IR. Conclusion As observed in other populations, first-borns in Thailand had greater BMI and an increased risk of obesity in young adulthood. However, we observed no other cardiometabolic differences between first- and later-borns.
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30.
  • Beltrand, Jacques, et al. (författare)
  • Post-Term Birth is Associated with Greater Risk of Obesity in Adolescent Males.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: The Journal of pediatrics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6833 .- 0022-3476. ; 160:5, s. 769-773
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesise that post-term birth (>42 weeks gestation) adversely affects longitudinal growth and weight gain throughout childhood. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 525 children (including 17 boys and 20 girls born post-term) were followed from birth to age 16 years. Weight and height were recorded prospectively throughout childhood, and respective velocities from birth to end of puberty were calculated using a mathematical model. RESULTS: At birth, post-term girls were slimmer than term girls (ponderal index, 27.7±2.6 kg/m(3) vs 26.3±2.8 kg/m(3); P<.05). At age 16 years, post-term boys were 11.8 kg heavier than term subjects (body mass index [BMI], 25.4±5.5 kg/m(2) vs 21.7±3.1 kg/m(2); P<.01). The rate of obesity was 29% in post-term boys and 7% in term boys (P<.01), and the combined rate of overweight and obesity was 47% in post-term boys and 13% in term boys (P<.01). Weight velocity, but not height velocity, was higher in post-term boys at age 1.5-7 years (P<.05) and again at age 11.5-16 years (P<.05). BMI was higher in post-term boys at age 3 years, with the difference increasing thereafter. BMI and growth were similar in post-term and term girls. CONCLUSION: In this post-term birth cohort, boys, but not girls, demonstrated accelerated weight gain during childhood, leading to greater risk of obesity in adolescence.
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31.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Caregiver Perception of Weight Status in 5-Year-Old Children From a Community of High Socioeconomic Deprivation in New Zealand
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundEarly childhood obesity is highly prevalent in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Little is known about caregiver perception of children's weight status among those living in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, particularly Maori and Pacific children. AimsTo explore caregiver perception of weight status among children starting school in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation and examine potential associations between the child's body mass index (BMI) z-score and their caregiver's perception of their child's body size or health. MethodsParticipants were 5-year-old children living in a community of high socioeconomic deprivation and their caregivers. Children had their weight and height measured. BMI z-scores were calculated according to World Health Organization standards. Caregivers were asked to assess their child's BMI and health status, and choose a silhouette that best represented their child's body size. ResultsOne hundred and six children (>75% Maori or Pacific) were included. Over half (58%) had overweight or obesity, with only 16% correctly perceived by their caregiver as overweight. These children tended to have higher BMI z-scores than those not correctly perceived as overweight. Caregivers chose larger silhouettes to represent children's body sizes as children's BMI z-scores increased. There was no discernible association between children's BMI z-scores and caregiver perception of children's health. ConclusionsCaregivers appeared to judge their child's body size in comparison to other children. The normalization of childhood obesity and infrequent caregiver recognition of this condition in children in communities with a high prevalence may impact the uptake and efficacy of intervention initiatives.
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32.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Childhood obesity : how long should we wait to predict weight?
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism (JPEM). - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0334-018X .- 2191-0251. ; 31:5, s. 497-501
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Obesity is highly prevalent in children under the age of 5 years, although its identification in infants under 2 years remains difficult. Several clinical prediction models have been developed for obesity risk in early childhood, using a number of different predictors. The predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of these models varies greatly, and there is no agreed risk threshold for the prediction of early childhood obesity. Of the existing models, only two have been practically utilized, but neither have been particularly successful. This commentary suggests how future research may successfully utilize existing early childhood obesity prediction models for intervention. We also consider the need for such models, and how targeted obesity intervention may be more effective than population-based intervention.
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33.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Maternal bacteria to correct abnormal gut microbiota in babies born by C-section
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Medicine. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0025-7974 .- 1536-5964. ; 99:30
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: There is evidence that caesarean section (CS) is associated with increased risk of childhood obesity, asthma, and coeliac disease. The gut microbiota of CS-born babies differs to those born vaginally, possibly due to reduced exposure to maternal vaginal bacteria during birth. Vaginal seeding is a currently unproven practice intended to reduce such differences, so that the gut microbiota of CS-born babies is similar to that of babies born vaginally. Our pilot study, which uses oral administration as a novel form of vaginal seeding, will assess the degree of maternal strain transfer and overall efficacy of the procedure for establishing normal gut microbiota development. Methods and analysis: Protocol for a single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of a previously untested method of vaginal seeding (oral administration) in 30 CS-born babies. A sample of maternal vaginal bacteria is obtained prior to CS, and mixed with 5 ml sterile water to obtain a supernatant. Healthy babies are randomized at 1:1 to receive active treatment (3 ml supernatant) or placebo (3 ml sterile water). A reference group of 15 non-randomized vaginal-born babies are also being recruited. Babies' stool samples will undergo whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing to identify potential differences in community structure between CS babies receiving active treatment compared to those receiving placebo at age 1 month (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes include differences in overall gut community between CS groups (24 hours, 3 months); similarity of CS-seeded and placebo gut profiles to vaginally-born babies (24 hours, 1 and 3 months); degree of maternal vaginal strain transfer in CS-born babies (24 hours, 1 and 3 months); anthropometry (1 and 3 months) and body composition (3 months). Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval by the Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee (18/NTA/49). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000339257).
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34.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Parental Perceptions of Obesity in School Children and Subsequent Action
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: CHILDHOOD OBESITY. - : MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. - 2153-2168 .- 2153-2176. ; 15:7, s. 459-467
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Despite perceiving their child as being above a healthy weight, many parents do not intervene. Little is known about the factors influencing parental action. We assessed parental perception of child's weight status, the prevalence of mitigating parental action, and the underlying factors.Methods: We studied 20,242 children and adolescents from 6 centers across China. Anthropometry was measured by research nurses. Parents answered questionnaires, including their perception of their child's weight status, and any subsequent weight treatment.Results: A total of 3254 children had obesity (16.1%), with 63.0% correctly perceived as overweight by their parents. These children were more likely to be older (>= 8 years; p < 0.0001), have severe obesity [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.41; p < 0.0001], and have mothers with overweight/obesity (aRR 1.15; p < 0.0001). In particular, parents of children aged <8 years were over five times more likely to perceive their child with overweight/obesity as "thin" than parents of teenagers. Conversely, girls, older children/adolescents, and urban youth were more likely to be wrongly perceived by parents as having an overweight issue. Only one in four children (27.8%) with available information received treatment for their perceived weight problem. Children with severe obesity were more likely to be treated (aRR 1.34; p < 0.0001), as were children of mothers with overweight/obesity (aRR 1.18; p = 0.002).Conclusions: Only one in four Chinese children perceived as overweight by their parents received treatment for their weight problem. Given that overweight/obesity in childhood tracks into adulthood and many parents did not intervene despite perceiving an overweight problem in their child, interventions for childhood obesity need to extend beyond parental perception of children's weight status.
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35.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • Prediction Models for Early Childhood Obesity : Applicability and Existing Issues
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Hormone Research in Paediatrics. - : KARGER. - 1663-2818 .- 1663-2826. ; 90:6, s. 358-367
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Statistical models have been developed for the prediction or diagnosis of a wide range of outcomes. However, to our knowledge, only 7 published studies have reported models to specifically predict overweight and/or obesity in early childhood. These models were developed using known risk factors and vary greatly in terms of their discrimination and predictive capacities. There are currently no established guidelines on what constitutes an acceptable level of risk (i.e., risk threshold) for childhood obesity prediction models, but these should be set following consideration of the consequences of false-positive and false-negative predictions, as well as any relevant clinical guidelines. To date, no studies have examined the impact of using early childhood obesity prediction models as intervention tools. While these are potentially valuable to inform targeted interventions, the heterogeneity of the existing models and the lack of consensus on adequate thresholds limit their usefulness in practice. 
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36.
  • Butler, Eadaoin M., et al. (författare)
  • The views of pregnant women in New Zealand on vaginal seeding : a mixed-methods study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2393 .- 1471-2393. ; 21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Vaginal seeding is the administration of maternal vaginal bacteria to babies following birth by caesarean section (CS), intended to mimic the microbial exposure that occurs during vaginal birth. Appropriate development of the infant gut microbiome assists early immune development and might help reduce the risk of certain health conditions later in life, such as obesity and asthma. We aimed to explore the views of pregnant women on this practice.Methods: We conducted a sequential mixed-methods study on the views of pregnant women in New Zealand (NZ) on vaginal seeding. Phase one: brief semi-structured interviews with pregnant women participating in a clinical trial of vaginal seeding (n=15); and phase two: online questionnaire of pregnant women throughout NZ (not in the trial) (n=264). Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to interview and open-ended questionnaire data. Closed-ended questionnaire responses were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Six themes were produced through analysis of the open-ended data: "seeding replicates a natural process", "microbiome is in the media", "seeding may have potential benefits", "seeking validation by a maternity caregiver", "seeding could help reduce CS guilt", and "the unknowns of seeding". The idea that vaginal seeding replicates a natural process was suggested by some as an explanation to help overcome any initial negative perceptions of it. Many considered vaginal seeding to have potential benefit for the gut microbiome, while comparatively fewer considered it to be potentially beneficial for specific conditions such as obesity. Just under 30% of questionnaire respondents (n=78; 29.5%) had prior knowledge of vaginal seeding, while most (n=133; 82.6%) had an initially positive or neutral reaction to it. Few respondents changed their initial views on the practice after reading provided evidence-based information (n=60; 22.7%), but of those who did, most became more positive (n=51; 86.4%).Conclusions: Given its apparent acceptability, and if shown to be safe and effective for the prevention of early childhood obesity, vaginal seeding could be a non-stigmatising approach to prevention of this condition among children born by CS. Our findings also highlight the importance of lead maternity carers in NZ remaining current in their knowledge of vaginal seeding research.
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37.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • Childhood obesity in New Zealand
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: World Journal of Pediatrics. - : ZHEJIANG UNIV SCH MEDICINE. - 1708-8569 .- 1867-0687. ; 15:4, s. 322-331
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Paediatric obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, resulting in significant adverse effects on health and wellbeing. Early life events, including those that happen before, during, and after pregnancy can predispose children to later obesity. The purpose of this review is to examine the magnitude of obesity among New Zealand children and adolescents, and to determine their underlying risk factors and associated comorbidities.Data sources: PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar searches were performed using the key terms "obesity", "overweight", "children", "adolescents", and "New Zealand".Results: Obesity is a major public health concern in New Zealand, with more than 33% of children and adolescents aged 2-14 years being overweight or obese. Obesity disproportionately affects Maori (New Zealand's indigenous population) and Pacific children and adolescents, as well as those of lower socioeconomic status. New Zealand's obesity epidemic is associated with numerous health issues, including cardiometabolic, gastrointestinal, and psychological problems, which also disproportionately affect Maori and Pacific children and adolescents. Notably, a number of factors may be useful to identify those at increased risk (such as demographic and anthropometric characteristics) and inform possible interventions.Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents in New Zealand is markedly high, with a greater impact on particular ethnicities and those of lower socioeconomic status. Alleviating the current burden of pediatric obesity should be a key priority for New Zealand, for the benefit of both current and subsequent generations. Future strategies should focus on obesity prevention, particularly starting at a young age and targeting those at greatest risk.
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38.
  • Chiavaroli, Valentina, et al. (författare)
  • Infants born large-for-gestational-age display slower growth in early infancy, but no epigenetic changes at birth
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We evaluated the growth patterns of infants born large-for-gestational-age (LGA) from birth to age 1 year compared to those born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA). In addition, we investigated possible epigenetic changes associated with being born LGA. Seventy-one newborns were classified by birth weight as AGA (10(th)-90(th) percentile; n = 42) or LGA (>90(th) percentile; n = 29). Post-natal follow-up until age 1 year was performed with clinical assessments at 3, 6, and 12 months. Genome-wide DNA methylation was analysed on umbilical tissue in 19 AGA and 27 LGA infants. At birth, LGA infants had greater weight (p < 0.0001), length (p < 0.0001), ponderal index (p = 0.020), as well as greater head (p < 0.0001), chest (p = 0.044), and abdominal (p = 0.007) circumferences than AGA newborns. LGA infants were still larger at the age of 3 months, but by age 6 months there were no more differences between groups, due to higher length and weight increments in AGA infants between 0 and 6 months (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Genome-wide analysis showed no epigenetic differences between LGA and AGA infants. Overall, LGA infants had slower growth in early infancy, being anthropometrically similar to AGA infants by 6 months of age. In addition, differences between AGA and LGA newborns were not associated with epigenetic changes.
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39.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • A brief campaign to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis in children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus : The NO-DKA Study
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : WILEY. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 19:7, s. 1257-1262
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective New-onset diabetic ketoacidosis (NO-DKA) is entirely preventable with early recognition of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). In this study, we aimed to assess whether a simple and easily delivered educational campaign could reduce the risk of DKA. Methods A poster highlighting key features of new-onset T1D was delivered once a year over 2 years to mailboxes of over 460000 individual residential households in the Auckland region (New Zealand). In the first year, the campaign poster was also delivered to all general practices in the region. Families of all newly diagnosed cases of T1D in children answered a brief questionnaire to ascertain whether the campaign reached them. Results Over the 24-month period covered by this study, 132 new cases of T1D were diagnosed in children and adolescents in Auckland. There were 38 cases (28.8%) of DKA, which is similar to the average over the previous 5-year period (27.0%). The caregivers of three children reported both seeing the campaign poster and seeking medical attention as a result. None of these three children were in DKA at diagnosis; they were aged 6.3 to 9.7 years, and of New Zealand European ethnicity. Conclusions A non-targeted campaign to raise awareness of diabetes symptoms in youth led only a few caregivers to seek timely medical attention. Overall, this once-yearly untargeted campaign to raise awareness of diabetes symptoms in youth had limited impact. More effective strategies are required, possibly involving sustained targeted education of medical practitioners.
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40.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Association Between Preterm Birth and Lower Adult Height in Women
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 185:1, s. 48-53
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We examined whether being born preterm was associated with changes in adult anthropometry in women. We assessed data on 201,382 women (born in 1973-1988) from the Swedish Birth Register. The mean age was 26.0 years. Of the women in our cohort, 663 were born very preterm (< 32 weeks of gestation), 8,247 were born moderately preterm (at least 32 weeks but < 37 weeks), and 192,472 were born at term (37-41 weeks). Subgroup analyses were carried out among siblings and also after adjustment for maternal anthropometric data. Statistical tests were 2-sided. Decreasing gestational age was associated with lower height (-1.1 mm per week of gestation; P < 0.0001), so that women who were born very preterm were on average 12 mm shorter than women who were born moderately preterm (P < 0.0001) and 17 mm shorter than women born at term (P < 0.0001). Compared with women who were born at term, those who were born very preterm had 2.9 times higher odds of short stature (< 155.4 cm), and those born moderately preterm had 1.43 times higher odds. Subgroup analyses showed no differences between women born moderately preterm and those born at term but accentuated differences from women born very preterm. Among siblings (n = 2,388), very preterm women were 23 mm shorter than those born at term (P = 0.003), with a 20-mm difference observed in subgroup analyses (n = 27,395) that were adjusted for maternal stature (P < 0.001). A shorter final height was associated with decreasing gestational age, and this association was particularly marked in women born very preterm.
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41.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Body Mass Index, Overweight, and Obesity in Swedish Women Born Post-term
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. - : Wiley. - 0269-5022 .- 1365-3016. ; 30:4, s. 320-324
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that post-term birth (42 weeks of gestation) is associated with adverse long-term outcomes. We assessed whether women born post-term displayed increased risk of overweight and obesity in adulthood. MethodsData were collected at first antenatal visit (similar to 10-12 weeks of gestation) on singleton Swedish women aged 18 years in 1991-2009 (mean age 26.1 years), who were born post-term (n = 27 153) or at term (37-41 weeks of gestation; n = 184 245). Study outcomes were evaluated for continuous associations with gestational age. Stratified analyses were carried out comparing women born post-term or at term. Analyses were also run with a 2-week buffer between groups to account for possible errors in gestational age estimation, comparing women born very post-term (43 weeks of gestation; n = 5761) to those born within a narrower term window (38-40 weeks of gestation; n = 130 110). ResultsIncreasing gestational age was associated with greater adult weight and body mass index (BMI). Stratified analyses showed that women born post-term were 0.5 kg heavier and had BMI 0.2 kg/m(2) greater than those born at term. Differences were more marked between women born very post-term (43 weeks) vs. a narrower term group (38-40 weeks): 1.0 kg and 0.3 kg/m(2). The adjusted relative risks of overweight/obesity and obesity in women born very post-term were 1.13 and 1.12 times higher, respectively, than in those born at term. ConclusionsPost-term birth is associated with greater BMI and increased risk of overweight and obesity in adulthood, particularly among women born 43 weeks of gestation.
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42.
  • Derraik, José G B, et al. (författare)
  • First-borns have greater BMI and are more likely to be overweight or obese : a study of sibling pairs among 26 812 Swedish women
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 70:1, s. 78-81
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: A number of large studies have shown phenotypic differences between first-borns and later-borns among adult men. In this study, we aimed to assess whether birth order was associated with height and BMI in a large cohort of Swedish women.METHODS: Information was obtained from antenatal clinic records from the Swedish National Birth Register over 20 years (1991-2009). Maternal anthropometric data early in pregnancy (at approximately 10-12 weeks of gestation) were analysed on 13 406 pairs of sisters who were either first-born or second-born (n=26 812).RESULTS: Early in pregnancy, first-born women were of BMI that was 0.57 kg/m(2) (2.4%) greater than their second-born sisters (p<0.0001). In addition, first-borns had greater odds of being overweight (OR 1.29; p<0.0001) or obese (OR 1.40; p<0.0001) than second-borns. First-borns were also negligibly taller (+1.2 mm) than their second-born sisters. Of note, there was a considerable increase in BMI over the 18-year period covered by this study, with an increment of 0.11 kg/m(2) per year (p<0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: Our study corroborates other large studies on men, and the steady reduction in family size may contribute to the observed increase in adult BMI worldwide.
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43.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Idiopathic short stature and growth hormone sensitivity in prepubertal children
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Clinical Endocrinology. - : Wiley. - 0300-0664 .- 1365-2265. ; 91:1, s. 110-117
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: We compared growth hormone sensitivity to an insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) generation test in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and of normal stature (NS) across the birthweight range.Methods: Forty-six prepubertal children (~7.1 years) born at term were studied: ISS (n = 23; 74% boys) and NS (n = 23; 57% boys). Children underwent a modified IGF-I generation test with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH; 0.05 mg/kg/d) over four consecutive days. Hormonal concentrations were measured at baseline and day 5.Results: Children with idiopathic short stature were 1.90 SDS lighter (P < 0.0001) but had 4.5% more body fat (P = 0.0007) than NS children. Overall, decreasing birthweight SDS across the normal range (-1.9 to +1.5 SDS) was associated with lower percentage IGF-I response to rhGH stimulation in univariable (r = 0.45; P = 0.002) and multivariable models (β = 24.6; P = 0.006). Plasma IGF-I concentrations rose in both groups with rhGH stimulation (P < 0.0001). GHBP levels (P = 0.002) were suppressed in ISS children (-19%; P = 0.029) but increased among NS children (+18%; P = 0.028), with contrasting responses also observed for leptin and IGFBP-1. Further, the increase in insulin concentrations in response to rhGH stimulation was ~3-fold greater in NS children (142% vs 50%; P = 0.006).Conclusions: A progressive decrease in birthweight SDS was associated with a reduction in GH sensitivity in both NS and ISS children. Thus, the lower IGF-I response to rhGH stimulation in association with decreasing birthweight indicates that the ISS children at the lower end of the birthweight spectrum may have partial GH resistance, which may contribute to their poorer growth.
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44.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Large-for-gestational-age phenotypes and obesity risk in adulthood : a study of 195,936 women
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While there is evidence that being born large-for-gestational-age (LGA) is associated with an increased risk of obesity later in life, the data are conflicting. Thus, we aimed to examine the associations between proportionality at birth and later obesity risk in adulthood. This was a retrospective study using data recorded in the Swedish Birth Register. Anthropometry in adulthood was assessed in 195,936 pregnant women at 10-12 weeks of gestation. All women were born at term (37-41 weeks of gestation). LGA was defined as birth weight and/or length >= 2.0 SDS. Women were separated into four groups: appropriate-for-gestational-age according to both weight and length (AGA - reference group; n = 183,662), LGA by weight only (n = 4,026), LGA by length only (n = 5,465), and LGA by both weight and length (n = 2,783). Women born LGA based on length, weight, or both had BMI 0.12, 1.16, and 1.08 kg/m(2) greater than women born AGA, respectively. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of obesity was 1.50 times higher for those born LGA by weight and 1.51 times for LGA by both weight and height. Length at birth was not associated with obesity risk. Similarly, women born LGA by ponderal index had BMI 1.0 kg/m(2) greater and an aRR of obesity 1.39 times higher than those born AGA. Swedish women born LGA by weight or ponderal index had an increased risk of obesity in adulthood, irrespective of their birth length. Thus, increased risk of adult obesity seems to be identifiable from birth weight and ignoring proportionality.
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45.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Maternal Height and Preterm Birth : A Study on 192,432 Swedish Women
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background There is increasing evidence that lower maternal stature is associated with shorter gestational length in the offspring. We examined the association between maternal height and the likelihood of delivering preterm babies in a large and homogeneous cohort of Swedish women. Methods This study covers antenatal data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register on 192,432 women (aged 26.0 years on average) born at term, from singleton pregnancies, and of Nordic ethnicity. Continuous associations between women's heights and the likelihood of preterm birth in the offspring were evaluated. Stratified analyses were also carried out, separating women into different height categories. Results Every cm decrease in maternal stature was associated with 0.2 days shortening of gestational age in the offspring (p<0.0001) and increasing odds of having a child born preterm (OR 1.03), very preterm (OR 1.03), or extremely preterm (OR 1.04). Besides, odds of all categories of preterm birth were highest among the shortest women but lowest among the tallest mothers. Specifically, women of short stature (<= 155 cm or <=-2.0 SDS below the population mean) had greater odds of having preterm (OR 1.65) or very preterm (OR 1.47) infants than women of average stature (-0.5 to 0.5 SDS). When compared to women of tall stature (>= 19 cm), mothers of short stature had even greater odds of giving birth to preterm (OR 2.07) or very preterm (OR 2.16) infants. Conclusions Among Swedish women, decreasing height was associated with a progressive increase in the odds of having an infant born preterm. Maternal short stature is a likely contributing factor to idiopathic preterm births worldwide, possibly due to maternal anatomical constraints.
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46.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Obesity rates in two generations of Swedish women entering pregnancy, and associated obesity risk among adult daughters
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We examined changes in obesity rates in two generations of Swedish women entering pregnancy, and assessed the effects of maternal body mass index (BMI) on the risk of overweight or obesity among adult daughters. This study covered an intergenerational retrospective cohort of 26,561 Swedish mothers and their 26,561 first-born daughters. There was a 4-fold increase in obesity rates, which rose from 3.1% among women entering pregnancy in 1982-1988 to 12.3% among their daughters in 2000-2008 (p < 0.0001) when entering pregnancy. The greater the maternal BMI, the greater the odds of overweight and/or obesity among daughters. Underweight mothers had half the odds of having an overweight or obese daughter in comparison to mothers of normal BMI (p < 0.0001). In contrast, the odds ratio of obese mothers having obese daughters was 3.94 (p < 0.0001). This study showed a strong association between maternal obesity and the risk of obesity among their first-born daughters. In addition, we observed a considerable increase in obesity rates across generations in mother-daughter pairs of Swedish women entering pregnancy. Thus, it is important to have preventative strategies in place to halt the worsening intergenerational cycle of obesity.
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47.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Publishing Without Perishing : A Guide to the Successful Reporting of Clinical Data
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds. - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1534-7346 .- 1552-6941. ; 18:3, s. 219-227
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many researchers find writing a scientific manuscript a highly discouraging task. This problem may be partly responsible for the fact that approximately half of completed clinical studies worldwide remain unreported or unpublished. Therefore, we aimed to create a user-friendly guide with helpful recommendations, which are complementary to the many existing reporting guidelines for quantitative clinical data. This article has been prepared with clearly defined subheadings, to facilitate quick identification of any specific sections/topics. We encourage the use of the IMRaD model (ie, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), providing guidance on the key information required, as well as the dos and don'ts. We also comment briefly on feedback and rejection, proposing the I AM approach (Ignore, Address, and Move on).
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48.
  • Derraik, Jose G. B., et al. (författare)
  • Rapid Review of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Viability, Susceptibility to Treatment, and the Disinfection and Reuse of PPE, Particularly Filtering Facepiece Respirators
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:17
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, hospitals are often stretched beyond capacity. There are widespread reports of dwindling supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE), particularly N95-type filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), which are paramount to protect frontline medical/nursing staff, and to minimize further spread of the virus. We carried out a rapid review to summarize the existing literature on the viability of SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of key potential disinfection procedures against the virus (specifically ultraviolet light and heat), and the impact of these procedures on FFR performance, material integrity, and/or fit. In light of the recent discovery of SARS-CoV-2 and limited associated research, our review also focused on the closely related SARS-CoV-1. We propose a possible whole-of-PPE disinfection solution for potential reuse that could be rapidly instituted in many health care settings, without significant investments in equipment.
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49.
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50.
  • Glover, Marewa, et al. (författare)
  • The Complexity of Food Provisioning Decisions by Mori Caregivers to Ensure the Happiness and Health of Their Children
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 11:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Obesity in children is a global health concern. In New Zealand, one in three school entrant children are overweight or obese. Mori, the indigenous people, are disproportionately represented among the lowest economic group and have a disproportionately high incidence of obesity. This study explored Mori parents' and caregivers' views of the relative importance of weight to health, and the facilitators and barriers to a healthy weight in children aged 6 months to 5 years. Using a grounded qualitative method, in-depth information was collected in focus groups with mostly urban parents and other caregivers. A general inductive thematic analysis (content driven) was used. Insufficient money was an overriding food provisioning factor, but cost interacted with the lack of time, the number of people to feed, their appetites, and allergies. Other factors included ideologies about healthy food, cultural values relating to food selection, serving, and eating, nutrition literacy, availability of food, cooking skills, and lack of help. Childhood obesity was not a priority concern for participants, though they supported interventions providing education on how to grow vegetables, how to plan and cook cheaper meals. Holistic interventions to reduce the negative effects of the economic and social determinants on child health more broadly were recommended.
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