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- Fabian, ID, et al.
(författare)
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Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: The British journal of ophthalmology. - : BMJ. - 1468-2079 .- 0007-1161. ; 105:10, s. 1435-1443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 40 European countries and 1024 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 43 African countries.ResultsCapture rate was 42.2% of expected patients from Africa and 108.8% from Europe. African patients were older (95% CI −12.4 to −5.4, p<0.001), had fewer cases of familial retinoblastoma (95% CI 2.0 to 5.3, p<0.001) and presented with more advanced disease (95% CI 6.0 to 9.8, p<0.001); 43.4% and 15.4% of Africans had extraocular retinoblastoma and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 1.0% of the Europeans. To reach a retinoblastoma centre, European patients travelled 421.8 km compared to Africans who travelled 185.7 km (p<0.001). On regression analysis, lower-national income level, African residence and older age (p<0.001), but not travel distance (p=0.19), were risk factors for advanced disease.ConclusionsFewer than half the expected number of patients with retinoblastoma presented to African referral centres in 2017, suggesting poor awareness or other barriers to access. Despite the relatively shorter distance travelled by African patients, they presented with later-stage disease. Health education about retinoblastoma is needed for carers and health workers in Africa in order to increase capture rate and promote early referral.
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- Werren, John H, et al.
(författare)
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Functional and evolutionary insights from the genomes of three parasitoid Nasonia species.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 327:5963, s. 343-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report here genome sequences and comparative analyses of three closely related parasitoid wasps: Nasonia vitripennis, N. giraulti, and N. longicornis. Parasitoids are important regulators of arthropod populations, including major agricultural pests and disease vectors, and Nasonia is an emerging genetic model, particularly for evolutionary and developmental genetics. Key findings include the identification of a functional DNA methylation tool kit; hymenopteran-specific genes including diverse venoms; lateral gene transfers among Pox viruses, Wolbachia, and Nasonia; and the rapid evolution of genes involved in nuclear-mitochondrial interactions that are implicated in speciation. Newly developed genome resources advance Nasonia for genetic research, accelerate mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci, and will ultimately provide tools and knowledge for further increasing the utility of parasitoids as pest insect-control agents.
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| 5. |
- Keighley, Xénia, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Atlantic Walrus : Multidisciplinary Insights into Human-Animal Interactions - Multidisciplinary Insights into Human-Animal Interactions. - 9780128174319 - 9780128174302 ; , s. 1-6
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Chun, JS, et al.
(författare)
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Synchrotron x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies of interfacial reaction paths and kinetics during annealing of fully-002-textured Al/TiN bilayers
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 19:1, s. 182-191
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dense fully-002-textured polycrystalline TiN layers, 110 nm thick with a N/TI ratio of 1.02+/-0.03, were grown on SiO2 by ultrahigh vacuum magnetically unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition at T-s = 450 degreesC in pure N-2 utilizing high N-2(+)/Ti Aux ratios and low energy (E-N2(+) = 20 eV) ion irradiation of the growing film. Al overlayers, 160 nm thick and possessing a strong 002 texture inherited from the underlying TiN, were then deposited at T-s = 100 degreesC without breaking vacuum. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction was used to follow interfacial reaction paths and kinetics during postdeposition annealing as a function of time (t(a) = 200 - 1200 s) and temperature (T-a = 500 - 580 degreesC). Changes in bilayer microstructure and microchemistry were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM to obtain compositional maps of cross-sectional and plan-view specimens by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The initial bilayer reaction step during annealing involves the formation of a continuous AIN interfacial layer which, due to local epitaxy with the TIN underlayer, grows with the metastable zinc-blende structure up to a thickness x similar or equal to3-5 nm, and with the wurtzite structure thereafter. Ti atoms released during AIN formation diffuse into the Al layer leading to supersaturation followed by the nucleation of dispersed regions of tetragonal Al3Ti with inherited 002 preferred orientation. The aluminide domains grow rapidly until they reach the free surface, thereafter growth is two dimensional as Al3Ti grains spread radially. The overall activation energy for Al3Ti formation and growth is 1.8+/-0.1 eV. In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction analyses during thermal ramping show that the onset temperature for interfacial reactions was increased by more than 100 degreesC for fully dense completely 002-textured bilayers compared to Ill-textured bilayers deposited by conventional reactive sputter deposition. (C) 2001 American Vacuum Society.
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- Desjardins, Sean P.A., et al.
(författare)
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Afterword : Storytelling Animals: Human-Nonhuman Relationships in the Arctic
- 2023
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Ingår i: Reimagining Human-Animal Relations in the Circumpolar North. - 9781138482784 - 9781003810995 ; , s. 191-194
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A common misperception among non-arctic residents is that northern environments are less productive and more hostile to human life than other biomes; after all, it is true that in most arctic regions, traditional agriculture is generally not possible, and species richness is relatively low. Combatting such misperceptions is important because while the past century has foisted many traumatic changes on traditional Inuit lifeways, two of the most pressing relate to the availability of nonhuman-animal resources: climate change, which affects animal habitats and hunters’ ability to travel safely across increasingly volatile ice-and seascapes; and top-down, government regulation of subsistence hunting. Paleoclimatological and zooarchaeological research shows that arctic peoples have long found innovative ways to adapt to past episodes of climate change. Importantly, both cosmological and economic interests of arctic peoples have been addressed and better integrated within new interpretive frameworks that help align past-, present-and future-focused perspectives on vital human-nonhuman trajectories.
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| 15. |
- Gall, D, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic structure of ScN determined using optical spectroscopy, photoemission, and ab initio calculations
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 63:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental and ab initio computational methods are employed to conclusively show that ScN is a semiconductor rather than a semimetal, i.e., there is a gap between the N 2p and the Sc 3d bands. Previous experimental investigators reported, in agreement with band structure calculations showing a band overlap of 0.2 eV, that ScN is a semimetal while others concluded that it is a semiconductor with a band gap larger than 2 eV. We have grown high quality, single crystalline ScN layers on MgO(001) and on TiN(001) buffer layers on MgO(001) by ultrahigh vacuum reactive magnetron sputter deposition. ScN optical properties were determined by transmission, reflection, and spectroscopic ellipsometry while in-situ x-ray and ultraviolet valence band photoelectron spectroscopy were used to determine the density of stares (DOS) below the Fermi level. The measured DOS exhibits peaks at 3.8 and 5.2 eV stemming from the N 2p bands and at 15.3 eV due to the N 2s bands. The imaginary part of the measured dielectric function epsilon (2) consists of two primary features due to direct X- and Gamma -point transitions at photon energies of 2.7 and 3.8 eV, respectively. For comparison, the ScN band structure was calculated using an nb initio Kohn-Sham approach which treats the exchange interactions exactly within density-functional theory. Calculated DOS and the complex dielectric function are in good agreement with our ScN valence-band photoelectron spectra and measured optical properties. respectively. We conclude, combining experimental and computational results, that ScN is a semiconductor with an indirect Gamma -X bandgap of 1.3 +/- 0.3 eV and a direct X-point gap of 2.4 +/- 0.3 eV.
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- Ruiz-Puerta, Emily J., et al.
(författare)
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Holocene deglaciation drove rapid genetic diversification of Atlantic walrus
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. - 1471-2954. ; 290:2007, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid global warming is severely impacting Arctic ecosystems and is predicted to transform the abundance, distribution and genetic diversity of Arctic species, though these linkages are poorly understood. We address this gap in knowledge using palaeogenomics to examine how earlier periods of global warming influenced the genetic diversity of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus), a species closely associated with sea ice and shallow-water habitats. We analysed 82 ancient and historical Atlantic walrus mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), including now-extinct populations in Iceland and the Canadian Maritimes, to reconstruct the Atlantic walrus’ response to Arctic deglaciation. Our results demonstrate that the phylogeography and genetic diversity of Atlantic walrus populations was initially shaped by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), surviving in distinct glacial refugia, and subsequently expanding rapidly in multiple migration waves during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The timing of diversification and establishment of distinct populations corresponds closely with the chronology of the glacial retreat, pointing to a strong link between walrus phylogeography and sea ice. Our results indicate that accelerated ice loss in the modern Arctic may trigger further dispersal events, likely increasing the connectivity of northern stocks while isolating more southerly stocks putatively caught in small pockets of suitable habitat.
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| 19. |
- Shin, C.-S., et al.
(författare)
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Epitaxial NaCl structure d-TaNx(001) : Electronic transport properties, elastic modulus, and hardness versus N/Ta ratio
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 90:6, s. 2879-2885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While metastable Bl-NaCl-structure d-TaNx. is presently used in a variety of hard coating, wear-resistant, and diffusion barrier applications, it is a complex material exhibiting a wide single-phase field, x?0.94-1.37, and little is known about its fundamental properties. Here, we report physical properties of epitaxial d-TaNx. layers grown as a function of x on MgO(00) by ultrahigh vacuum reactive magnetron sputter deposition. The room-temperature resistivity (? = 225 µO cm), hardness (H = 30.9 GPa), and elastic modulus (E = 455 GPa) of d-TaNx(001) are independent of x over the range 0.94-1.22. However, changes in the electronic structure associated with increasing x>1.22 lead to an increase in ? with a decrease in H and E. All d-TaNx(001) layers exhibit negative temperature coefficients of resistivity between 20 and 400 K due to weak carrier localization. d-TaNx is superconducting with the highest critical temperature, 8.45 K, obtained for layers with the lowest N/Ta ratio, x=0.94. Based upon the above results, combined with the fact that the relaxed lattice constant a0 shows only a very weak dependence on x, we propose that the wide phase field in d-TaNx is due primarily to antisite substitutions of Ta on N (and N on Ta) sites, rather than to cation and anion vacancies. To first order, antisite substitutions in TaNx are isoelectronic and hence have little effect on charge carrier density. At sufficiently high N/Ta ratios, however, simple electron-counting arguments are no longer valid since large deviations from stoichiometry alter the character of the band structure itself. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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