| 1. |
- Fisher, Rebecca E., et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of the C-13 isotopic signature of methane emissions from northern European wetlands
- 2017
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Ingår i: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - 0886-6236 .- 1944-9224. ; 31:3, s. 605-623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Isotopic data provide powerful constraints on regional and global methane emissions and their source profiles. However, inverse modeling of spatially resolved methane flux is currently constrained by a lack of information on the variability of source isotopic signatures. In this study, isotopic signatures of emissions in the Fennoscandian Arctic have been determined in chambers over wetland, in the air 0.3 to 3m above the wetland surface and by aircraft sampling from 100m above wetlands up to the stratosphere. Overall, the methane flux to atmosphere has a coherent delta C-13 isotopic signature of -71 +/- 1%, measured in situ on the ground in wetlands. This is in close agreement with delta C-13 isotopic signatures of local and regional methane increments measured by aircraft campaigns flying through air masses containing elevated methane mole fractions. In contrast, results from wetlands in Canadian boreal forest farther south gave isotopic signatures of -67 +/- 1%. Wetland emissions dominate the local methane source measured over the European Arctic in summer. Chamber measurements demonstrate a highly variable methane flux and isotopic signature, but the results from air sampling within wetland areas show that emissions mix rapidly immediately above the wetland surface and methane emissions reaching the wider atmosphere do indeed have strongly coherent C isotope signatures. The study suggests that for boreal wetlands (>60 degrees N) global and regional modeling can use an isotopic signature of -71 parts per thousand to apportion sources more accurately, but there is much need for further measurements over other wetlands regions to verify this.
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| 2. |
- Johnson, Mark S., et al.
(författare)
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Direct and continuous measurements of dissolved carbon dioxide in freshwater aquatic systems : method and applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecohydrology. - : Wiley. - 1936-0584 .- 1936-0592. ; 3:1, s. 68-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding of the processes that control CO2 concentrations in the aquatic environment has been hampered by the absence of a direct method to make continuous measurements over both short- and long-term time intervals. We describe an in situ method in which a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor is enclosed in a water impermeable, gas permeable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane and deployed in a freshwater environment. This allows measurements of CO2 concentration to be made directly at a specific depth in the water column without the need for pumps or reagents. We demonstrate the potential of the method using examples from different aquatic environments characterized by a range of CO2 concentrations (0·5–8·0 mg CO2-C l−1, equivalent to ca 40–650 µmol CO2 l−1). These comprise streams and ponds from tropical, temperate and boreal regions. Data derived from the sensor was compared with direct measurements of CO2 concentrations using headspace analysis. Sensor performance following long-term (>6 months) field deployment conformed to manufacturers' specifications, with no drift detected. We conclude that the sensor-based method is a robust, accurate and responsive method, with a wide range of potential applications, particularly when combined with other in situ sensor-based measurements of related variables.
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