| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Hyde, K. D., et al.
(författare)
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Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa
- 2023
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Ingår i: MYCOSPHERE. - : Mushroom Research Foundation. - 2077-7000 .- 2077-7019. ; 14:1, s. 1960-2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, 'to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation', or 'are there too many genera in the Boletales?' and even more importantly, 'what should be done with the tremendously diverse 'dark fungal taxa?' There are undeniable differences in mycologists' perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms of others' work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines.
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| 3. |
- Ariyawansa, Hiran A., et al.
(författare)
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Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal diversity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1560-2745 .- 1878-9129. ; 75, s. 27-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa, including five new families, 20 new genera, and 100 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new families, Ascocylindricaceae, Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae (Ascomycota) are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology. The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria (Amniculicolaceae), Heracleicola, Neodidymella and P s e u d o m i c ros p h a e r i o p s i s ( D id y m e l l a c e a e ) , P s e u d o p i t h o m y c e s ( D i d y m o s p h a e r i a c e a e ) , Brunneoclavispora, Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium (Halotthiaceae), Lophiohelichrysum (Lophiostomataceae), G a l l i i c o l a , Popul o c re s c e n t i a a nd Va g i c o l a (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Ascocylindrica (Ascocylindricaceae), E l o n g a t o p e d i c e l l a t a ( R o u s s o e l l a c e a e ) , Pseudoasteromassaria (Latoruaceae) and Pseudomonodictys (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae) are introduced. The newly described species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola (Amniculicolaceae), Flammeascoma lignicola (Anteagloniaceae), Ascocylindrica marina (Ascocylindricaceae) , Lembosia xyliae (Asterinaceae), Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola ( B o t r yosphae r i a cea e ) , Caryospor a aquat i c a (Caryosporaceae), Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodi dymell a thai landi cum (Didymellaceae) , Pseudopithomyces palmicola (Didymosphaeriaceae), Floricola viticola (Floricolaceae), Brunneoclavispora bambusae, Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica (Halotthiaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria fagi (Latoruaceae), Keissleriella dactylidicola (Lentitheciaceae), Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi (Lophiostomataceae), Aquasubmersa japonica (Lophiotremataceae) , Pseudomonodictys tectonae (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae), Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae (Microthyriaceae), Alloleptosphaeria clematidis, Allophaeosphaer i a c y t i s i , Allophaeosphae r i a subcylindrospora, Dematiopleospora luzulae, Entodesmium artemisiae, Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria, Loratospora(Basidiomycota) are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella (Neoantrodiellaceae), here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data. In the class Agaricomycetes, Agaricus pseudolangei, Agaricus haematinus, Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus (Agaricaceae) , Amanita m e l l e i a l b a , Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina (Amanitaceae), Entoloma calabrum, Cora barbulata, Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa (Inocybaceae), Xerocomellus sarnarii (Boletaceae), Cantharellus eucalyptorum, Cantharellus nigrescens, Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor (Cantharellaceae), Cortinarius alboamarescens, Cortinarius brunneoalbus, Cortinarius ochroamarus, Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii (Cortinariaceae), Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides (Hymenochaetaceae), Xylodon ramicida (Schizoporaceae), Colospora andalasii (Polyporaceae), Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae (Russulaceae), Tremella dirinariae, Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae (Tremellaceae) are introduced. Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea, Neoantrodiella thujae (Neoantrodiellaceae), Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida, Punctulariopsis efibulata (Punctulariaceae) are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota. Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis, Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana (Cunninghamellaceae), Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana (Mortierellaceae) are newly introduced in the Zygomycota, while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis (Neocallimastigaceae) ar e i n t roduced i n the Neocallimastigomycota. Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia, Cucurbitaria ephedricola, Austropleospora, Austropleospora archidendri, Byssosphaeria rhodomphala, Lophiostoma caulium, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Massariosphaeria, Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.
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| 4. |
- Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., et al.
(författare)
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High-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with electrospun PVdF-HFP polymer nanofibre-based gel electrolytes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Materials Science. - 0973-7669 .- 0250-4707. ; 46:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) electrospun polymer nanofibre-based quasi-solid or gel electrolytes were successfully fabricated by incorporating a liquid electrolyte within the nanofibre membrane. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with gel and with liquid electrolyte were characterized by photocurrent–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The maximum efficiency (η) of 6.79% was observed for the DSSC fabricated with optimized nanofibre membrane thickness, corresponding to 4 min of electrospinning time. The optimized PVdF-HFP nanofibre gel electrolyte shows an ionic conductivity of 7.16 × 10−3 S cm–1 at 25°C, while the corresponding liquid electrolyte exhibits an ionic conductivity of 11.69 × 10–3 S cm–1 at the same temperature. The open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor were recorded as 801.40 mV, 12.70 mA cm–2, and 66.67%, respectively, at an incident light intensity of 100 mW cm–2 with a 1.5 AM filter. The nanofibre gel electrolyte-based cell showed an efficiency of 6.79%, whereas the efficiency of the conventional liquid electrolyte-based cell was 7.28% under the same conditions. Furthermore, nanofibre gel electrolyte-based cells exhibited better stability, maintaining 85.40% of initial efficiency after 120 h. These results show that the optimized, polymer nanofibre-based gel electrolyte can be used successfully to replace the liquid electrolyte in DSSCs without much loss of efficiency but improving the stability while minimizing most of the drawbacks associated with liquid electrolytes.
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| 5. |
- Jayasiri, Subashini C., et al.
(författare)
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The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal diversity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1560-2745 .- 1878-9129. ; 74:1, s. 3-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms. Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases (notably Index Fungorum, Species Fungorum and MycoBank) can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi, while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Although the sequence data may be linked to a name, the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images, descriptions or herbarium material. There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases, other than whether the submission is from a reputable source. To tackle this problem, a new database (FacesofFungi), accessible at www.facesoffungi.org (FoF) has been established. This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data, phenotypic details and other useful data, which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system. In addition, the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens. This database is user-friendly, providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks, with the classification system based primarily on molecular data (from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees), and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable. In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives, but also relevant data is provided, wherever available, on various applied aspects, such as ecological, industrial, quarantine and chemical uses. The data include the three main fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Basal fungi) and fungus-like organisms. The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise. The webpage has 76 curators, and with the help of these specialists, FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi, with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data. The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups. The structure and use of the database is then explained. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.
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| 6. |
- Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., et al.
(författare)
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A novel multilayered photoelectrode with nitrogen doped TiO2 for efficiency enhancement in dye sensitized solar cells
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1010-6030. ; 349, s. 63-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen doped TiO2 powder samples were synthesized by a modified wet chemical method using aqueous ammonia and nitrogen gas purged on titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP). Photolectrodes with different combinations of layers of nitrogen − doped TiO2, undoped TiO2 and Degussa P25 TiO2 powders were used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The highest conversion efficiency of 8.00% was achieved by the cells fabricated with compact layer/P25/N-doped TiO2 multilayer photoelectrode. This is an impressive enhancement in efficiency close to 89% with respect to a similar multilayer electrode made with undoped TiO2 which showed a conversion efficiency of 4.22%. The enhancement in the efficiency appears to be due to the increased photocurrent density of the DSSCs resulting mainly from energy band gap narrowing due to N-doping with some contribution from increased dye uptake by the novel multilayer electrode. These results have been substantiated by the reduced charge transfer resistance obtained from Electrochemical Impedance Spectra and the enhanced IPCE spectra of the DSSCs with N-doped TiO2 based multilayer electrode. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
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| 7. |
- Dissanayake, M. A. K. L., et al.
(författare)
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Highly efficient, PbS:Hg quantum dot-sensitized, plasmonic solar cells with TiO2 triple-layer photoanode
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-0768 .- 1432-8488. ; 23:6, s. 1787-1794
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly efficient, PbS:Hg quantum dot-sensitized, plasmonic solar cells with TiO2 triple-layer photoanode were fabricated by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. These nanostructured photoanodes were characterized by optical and morphological techniques and the solar cells were characterized by optical and electrical techniques. The light absorption by the photoanode was enhanced by effective light scattering process using a triple-layer TiO2 nanostructure, fabricated with a TiO2 nanofiber layer sandwiched between two TiO2 nanoparticle layers. The best plasmon-enhanced quantum dot-sensitized solar cell showed an efficiency of 5.41% with short circuit current density of 18.02mAcm(-2) and open-circuit voltage of 679.83mV. The overall efficiency and photocurrent density of the Q-dot-sensitized solar cell are enhanced by 15.84% and 38.83% respectively due to the plasmonic effect. The enhanced efficiency appears to be due to the improved short circuit current density by increased light absorption by the triple-layered photoanode nanostructure as well as by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of the plasmonic gold nanoparticles. This is the first report on plasmon-enhanced, triple-layered TiO2 photoanode sensitized with PbS:Hg Q-dots.
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| 8. |
- Amaraweera, T. H. N. G., et al.
(författare)
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Surface modification of natural vein graphite for the anode application in Li-ion rechargeable batteries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ionics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0947-7047 .- 1862-0760. ; 24:11, s. 3423-3429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural vein graphite with high purity and crystallinity is seldom used as anode material in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIB) due to impurities and inherent surface structure. This study focuses on improving the surface properties of purified natural vein graphite surface by employing mild chemical oxidation. Needle-platy graphite sample with initial average carbon percentage of 99.83% was improved to 99.98% after treatment with 5 vol.% HCl. Surface modification of purified graphite was done by chemical oxidation with (NH4)(2)S2O8 and HNO3. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of graphite after chemical indicating surface oxidation of graphite surface. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies show the improvement of graphite structure without modification of crystalline structure. Electrochemical performance of lithium-ion cell assembled with developed anode material shows noticeable improvement of the reversible capacity and coulombic efficiency in the first cycle and cycling behavior after surface modification.
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| 9. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Conductivity behaviour in novel quasi-solid-state electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile and tetrahexylammonium iodide intended for dye sensitized solar cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka. - : Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL). - 1391-4588 .- 2362-0161. ; 41:3, s. 175-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conduction of iodide ions in gel polymer electrolytes and the performance of dye sensitized solar cells containing such an electrolyte can be enhanced by incorporating a salt having a bulky cation. In this work, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Hex(4)N(+)I(-) based gel electrolytes with ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as plasticizers have been studied. The variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with salt concentration has been discussed in order to understand the mechanism of iodide ion conductivity in this system. Out of the various compositions studied, the electrolyte containing 120 % salt with respect to weight of PAN showed the highest conductivity, 2.0 X 10(-3) Scm(-1) at 25 degrees C and a glass transition at - 102.3 degrees C. The electrolytes exhibit predominantly ionic behaviour and because of the bulky cation a negligible cationic transport is shown. A quasi-solid-state dye sensitized solar cell was fabricated employing the optimized gel electrolyte. This cell showed an energy conversion efficiency of 3.1 % and a short circuit current density of 8.1 mAcm(-2) under irradiation of 1000 Wm(-2).
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| 10. |
- Dissanayake, M.A.K.L., et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency enhancement by mixed cation effect in dye-sensitized solar cells with PAN based gel polymer electrolyte
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1010-6030. ; 246, s. 29-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dye-sensitized solar cells based on nano-porous TiO2 photo-anode and quasi-solid polymer (or gel) electrolytes are emerging as low cost alternatives to conventional inorganic photovoltaic devices. Although many attempts have been made in order to improve the relatively low power conversion efficiencies of these solar cells, to our knowledge there are very few reports aimed at using a binary system of two different iodide salts toward efficiency enhancement in these cells. In this paper we report for the first time in detail, the effect of using a binary iodide salt mixture with different size cations on the efficiency enhancement in dye sensitized solar cells with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based gel polymer electrolyte and suggest a possible mechanism for this enhancement, based on short circuit photocurrent which is directly related to the iodide ion concentration [I-]. The gel electrolyte was made of PAN, ethelene carbonate (EC), Propylene carbonate (PC), salt mixture and I-2. The binary iodide salt mixture consists of potassium iodide (KI) and Tetra propyl ammonium iodide (Pr4NI). Although the gel electrolyte with 100% (w/w) KI exhibited the highest overall ionic conductivity at room temperature, it showed the lowest iodide ion (I-) contribution to conductivity. On the other hand, the electrolyte with 100% (w/w) Pr4NI exhibited the lowest overall ionic conductivity but had the highest iodide ion(I-) contribution. The dye-sensitized solar cells of configuration Glass/FTO/TiO2/N-719 Dye/electrolyte/Pt/FTO/glass were fabricated using the gel electrolytes of different salt ratios and with nanoporous TiO2 electrode sensitized with Ruthenium dye (N719). With identical electrolyte compositions, the solar cell with 100% (w/w) KI showed an efficiency of 4.98% and the cell with 100% (w/w) Pr4NI showed an efficiency of 4.47%. However, the cell with the mixed iodide system, 16.6% (w/w) KI + 83.4%(w/w) Pr4NI showed the highest efficiency of 5.36% with maximum short circuit current density (J(SC)) of 13.79 mA cm(-2), open circuit voltage (V-OC) of 679.10 mV and a fill factor of 57.25%. The variation of efficiency (eta) with iodide ion concentration [I-] follows the same trend as the J(SC) which appears to be governed by the iodide ion conductivity of the gel electrolyte. The dependence of the short circuit photocurrent and the open circuit photovoltage on the cation type generally agrees with reported data for related systems. However, the occurrence of a maximum in the solar cell efficiency and short circuit photocurrent at 16.6% (w/w)10 + 83.4% (w/w) Pr4NI salt composition is an important finding. The efficiency enhancement of about 8% achieved by employing the binary iodide mixture in the gel electrolyte instead of a single iodide salt, could be utilized for achieving efficiency enhancement in many dye sensitized solar cell systems based on polymeric, gel or solvent electrolytes.
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| 11. |
- Karunaratne, B. A., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of alumina filler on spherulite growth and ionic conductivity of PEO9(LiClO4) solid polymer electrolyte
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Science. - : Current Science Association. - 0011-3891. ; 120:5, s. 900-906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of incorporation of alumina on conductivity and in situ growth of spherulites in (PEO)(9)LiClO4 solid polymer electrolyte was studied using polarized microscopy, impedance and infrared spectroscopy. Fourfold enhancement in ionic conductivity correlated with increase in the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte was observed with the addition of 15 wt% of alumina having 5.5 nm pore size. The addition of 5 wt% of alumina with pore size <10 mu m, increased the ionic conductivity by nearly 3%. Filler particles may act as nuclei for the spherulites, while preventing the recrystallization tendency of the polymer and hence increase its conductivity.
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| 12. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Binary counter ion effects and dielectric behavior of iodide ion conducting gel-polymer electrolytes for high-efficiency quasi-solid-state solar cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 22:22, s. 12532-12543
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of highly efficient quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is prepared by harnessing the binary cation effect and positive effects of the selected performance enhancers of gel-polymer electrolytes. The new electrolyte is composed of polyacrylonitrile polymer, tetra-hexylammonium iodide (Hex(4)NI) and KI binary salts as well as 4-tertbutylpyridine and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide performance enhancers. The charge transport in the series of electrolytes is thermally activated and, accordingly, the temperature dependence of conductivity follows the VTF behavior. The enhancement of conductivity is observed with an increasing mass fraction of KI and decreasing mass fraction of Hex(4)NI, while the total mass fraction of salts in the electrolyte is kept unchanged. The highest conductivity of 3.74 mS cm(-1)at ambient temperature is shown by the sample containing KI only (without Hex(4)NI) at all the temperatures. The effects of dielectric polarization of the electrolytes are studied by analyzing the frequency dependence of the real and the imaginary parts of the AC conductivity in detail. Appropriate and reproducible cell construction are assured by efficiencies of above 5% exhibited by all the quasi-solid-state DSCs assembled using double-layered TiO(2)photo-electrodes and the new electrolyte series. Besides, highlighting the mixed cation effect, the cells with mixed salts exhibited efficiencies greater than 6%. An impressively high efficiency of 7.36% was shown by the DSC prepared with electrolyte containing 75 wt% KI and 25 wt% Hex(4)NI. This study reveals that the salt combination of KI and Hex(4)NI, which has not been reported before, is a suitable binary iodide salt mixture to prepare highly efficient DSCs. The replacement of tetra-hexylammonium ions by K(+)ions improves the charge transport in the electrolyte; however, the best solar cell performance is shown by the mixed salt system with 75 wt% KI and 25 wt% Hex(4)NI, which is not the highest conductivity composition. Therefore, the exhibited high efficiency of 7.36% is evidently due to the binary cation effect.
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| 13. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of cation size on the performance of dye sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells based on quasi-solid state PAN electrolytes containing quaternary ammonium iodides
- 2013
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686. ; 109, s. 609-616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of dye sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells based on quasi-solid state PAN electrolytes containing a series of six quaternary ammonium iodide salts NH4I, Eth(4)NI, Prop(4)NI, But(4)NI, Pent(4)NI, Hex(4)NI with different cation sizes has been evaluated. Even though the total ionic conductivity decreases with increasing cation size from NH4I to Hex(4)NI, the iodide ion conductivity in the electrolytes increases with cation size. The open circuit photovoltage (V-oc) of the dye sensitized solar cells also increases with cation radius. The efficiency of the DSSCs varies with cation size and exhibits a maximum for Prop(4)NI salt. The short circuit photo current density (J(sc)) follows a similar variation with cation size, suggesting a strong correlation between the cation size dependence of efficiency and J(sc). The DSSC fabricated with tetrapropylammonium iodide exhibited the maximum efficiency of 4.30% with maximum J(sc) of 10.78 mA cm(-2) and a V-oc of 0.746 V. The results have been interpreted on the basis of "the electrolyte effects" where J(sc) is determined essentially by the iodide ion conductivity and "the electrode effects" where the J(sc) and V-oc are determined by the cation adsorption in the dyed TiO2 electrode and resulting electron dynamics at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. For DSSCs with small cations, electrolyte effects appear to be dominating and rate determining while for DSSCs with larger cations, electrode effects appear to be dominating and rate determining. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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N719 and N3 dyes for quasi-solid state dye sensitized solar cells - A comparative study using polyacrylonitrile and CsI based electrolytes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ceylon Journal of Science. - : Sri Lanka Journals Online (JOL). - 2513-230X .- 2513-2814. ; 45:2, s. 61-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dye sensitized solar cells offer a low cost alternative technology for solar energy harvesting. However, there are long term stability issues connected with these cells due to the liquid electrolytes normally used. Gel or solid polymer electrolytes which do not contain volatile solvents have been used in this investigation in order to alleviate these problems. Two types of solar cells were assembled using a double layered TiO2 film sensitized with two types of dye sensitizers, namely N719 (Ruthenizer 535-bisTBA) and N3 (Ruthenizer 535) in order to compare their performance. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes based on PAN (polyacrylonitrile) as the host polymer and CsI as the iodide salt were prepared by incorporating ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticizers. The conductivity of the electrolyte was further improved by adding tetrapropylammonium iodide (Pr4NI), 1-methyl 3-propyl imidazolium iodide (MPII) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (4TBP). The incorporation of these additives resulted in 17% enhancement in ionic conductivity. This improved electrolyte was used to fabricate the solar cells with N3 and N719 dyes. The efficiency of the N3 dye based solar cell was 3.85% whereas the efficiency of the N719 dye based solar cell was 4.14% representing a significant efficiency enhancement by 7.53% by the N719 dye. In addition, due to additives the solar cell efficiency has enhanced by 19% compared to the solar cell without any additive.
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| 15. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Tetrahexylammonium iodide containing solid and gel polymer electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 14, s. 1607-1612
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance evaluation plays a more and more important role in the modern enterprise management, and the method of evaluation system on enterprise performance is always an important question in the theory and practice. So this paper set up a scientific, reasonable performance evaluation index system which was especially suitable for the small and medium third party logistics enterprise from the four levels of financial, customers, business and innovation. Meanwhile, according to the index system, it gave a performance evaluation with the Chinese access logistics corporation. The results showed that the construction of the index system was reasonable, and the evaluation results also were reliable.
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| 16. |
- Dissanayake, M.A.K.L., et al.
(författare)
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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based quasi-solid electrolyte with binary iodide salt for efficiency enhancement in TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cells
- 2014
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 264, s. 85-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enhancement of efficiency by using iodide mixture (Pr4NI and I(1), instead of a single iodide salt, in N719 dye-sensitized solar cells with a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based gel electrolyte is investigated. The salt ratio is varied to optimize efficiency. With 100 wt.% KI and 100 wt.% (Pr4NI) efficiencies under AM 1.5 illumination are 3.39% and 3.21%, while 22.2:77.8 wt.% ratio KI:Pr4NI shows the highest efficiency of 3.99%. This is an efficiency enhancement of 18%. Variation of efficiency with salt composition appears to correspond to the change in short circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) and the iodide ion conductivity.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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A polymer electrolyte containing ionic liquid for possible applications in photoelectrochemical solar cells
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-8488 .- 1433-0768. ; 14:7, s. 1221-1226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various iodide ion conducting polymer electrolytes have been studied as candidate materials for fabricating photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cells and energy storage devices. In this study, enhanced ionic conductivity values were obtained for the ionic liquid tetrahexylammonium iodide containing polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based plasticized electrolytes. The analysis of thermal properties revealed the existence of two phases in the electrolyte, and the conductivity measurements showed a marked conductivity enhancement during the melting of the plasticizer-rich phase of the electrolyte. Annealed electrolyte samples showed better conductivity than nonannealed samples, revealing the existence of hysteresis. The optimum conductivity was shown for the electrolytes with PEO:salt= 100:15 mass ratio, and this sample exhibited the minimum glass transition temperature of 72.2 °C. For this optimum PEO to salt ratio, the conductivity of nonannealed electrolyte was 4.4×10−4 S cm−1 and that of the annealed sample was 4.6×10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C. An all solid PEC solar cell was fabricated using this annealed electrolyte. The short circuit current density (ISC), the open circuit voltage (VOC), and the power conversion efficiency of the cell are 0.63 mA cm−2, 0.76 V, and 0.47% under the irradiation of 600 W m−2 light.
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| 19. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Dye-sensitized, nano-porous TiO2 solar cell with poly(acrylonitrile): MgI2 plasticized electrolyte
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753. ; 195:11, s. 3730-3734
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dye-sensitized solar cells are promising candidates as supplementary power sources; the dominance in the photovoltaic field of inorganic solid-state junction devices is in fact now being challenged by the third generation of solar cells based on dye-sensitized, nano-porous photo-electrodes and polymer electrolytes. Polymer electrolytes are actually very favorable for photo-electrochemical solar cells and in this study poly(acrylonitrile)–MgI2 based complexes are used. As ambient temperature conductivity of poly(acrylonitrile)–salt complexes are in general low, a conductivity enhancement is attained by blending with the plasticizers ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. At 20 °C the optimum ionic conductivity of 1.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 is obtained for the (PAN)10(MgI2)n(I2)n/10(EC)20(PC)20 electrolyte where n = 1.5. The predominantly ionic nature of the electrolyte is seen from the DC polarization data. Differential scanning calorimetric thermograms of electrolyte samples with different MgI2 concentrations were studied and glass transition temperatures were determined. Further, in this study, a dye-sensitized solar cell structure was fabricated with the configuration Glass/FTO/TiO2/Dye/Electrolyte/Pt/FTO/Glass and an overall energy conversion efficiency of 2.5% was achieved under solar irradiation of 600 W m−2. The I–V characteristics curves revealed that the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the cell are 3.87 mA, 659 mV and 59.0%, respectively.
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| 20. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of thermal history and characterization of plasticized, composite polymer electrolyte based on PEO and tetrapropylammonium iodide salt (Pr4N+I-).
- 2009
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 180:4-5, s. 362-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The search for anionic conductors based on solid polymer electrolytes is important for the development of photo-electrochemical (PEC) solar cells due to their many favourable chemical and physical properties. Although solid polymer electrolytes have been extensively studied as cation, mainly lithium ion, conductors for applications in secondary batteries, their use as anionic conductors have not been studied in greater detail. In a previous paper we reported the application of a PEO based iodide ion conducting electrolyte in a PEC solar cell. This electrolyte had the composition PEO: Pr4N+I- = 9:1 with 50 wt.% ethylene carbonate (EC). In this work we have studied the effect of incorporating alumina filler on the properties of this electrolyte. The investigation was extended to electrical and dielectric measurements including high frequency impedance spectroscopy and thermal analysis.In the DSC themograms two endothermic peaks have been observed on heating, one of these peaks is attributed with the melting of the PEO crystallites, while the other peak with a melting temperature similar to 30 degrees C is attributed to the melting of the EC rich phase. The melting temperature of both these peaks shows a marked variation with alumina content in the electrolyte. The temperature dependence of the conductivity shows that there is an abrupt conductivity increase in the first heating run evidently due to the melting of the EC rich phase. High conductivity values are retained at lower temperatures in the second heating. Conductivity isotherms show the existence of two maxima, one at -5% Al2O3 content and the other at similar to 15%. The occurrence of these two maxima has been explained in terms of the interactions caused by alumina grains, the crystallinity and melting of the PEO rich phase. As seen from latent heat of melting, the crystallinity of the electrolyte has reduced considerably during the first heating run. In contrast to the conductivity enhancement caused by ceramic fillers in PEO-based cation containing electrolytes, no conductivity enhancement has been observed in the present PEO based anionic conducting materials by adding alumina except at low temperatures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Performance enhancers for gel polymer electrolytes based on LiI and RbI for quasi-solid-state dye sensitized solar cells
- 2016
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 6:105, s. 103683-103691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the effect of additives (enhancers) on efficiency enhancement in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) containing two series of gel polymer electrolytes, one based on LiI and the other based on RbI have been systematically studied. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as the host polymer while the performance enhancers used in each case were tetrapropylammoniumiodide (Pr4NI), the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide (MPII) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (4TBP) respectively. Appropriate amounts of the selected enhancers were incorporated one by one, in LiI based and RbI based gel electrolytes. The incorporation of Pr4NI and MPII led to an increase in conductivity of the electrolyte, while 4TBP showed a decrease in conductivity. The maximum conductivity of 3.85 mS cm(-1) at room temperature was shown by the RbI based-series while for the LiI based series the maximum conductivity was 2.95 mS cm(-1). Each of these electrolytes with respective additives was used to fabricate quasi-solid state DSSCs. For the DSSCs based on the LiI containing series, a significant short circuit current density (J(sc)) enhancement (161%) from 3.65 to 9.54 mA cm(-2) was observed due to the addition of Pr4NI. This J(sc) value further increased to 9.7 mA cm(-2) due to the addition of MPII and 4TBP. For the DSSCs with corresponding Rb based electrolytes with all three additives, the highest J(sc) value obtained was 11.5 mA cm(-2). The incorporation of the three additives Pr4NI, MPII and 4TBP collectively enhanced the open circuit voltages and the efficiencies of both LiI and RbI containing quasi-solid state DSSCs. Another important finding from this work is that rarely used RbI containing electrolytes exhibit superior DSSC performance compared to more frequently used LiI based electrolytes. Hence, RbI appears to be a better candidate compared to LiI to fabricate gel polymer electrolytes for DSSCs in general. The three additives have contributed to a remarkable efficiency enchantment in DSSCs by 449.3% for the LiI based electrolyte and by 35.7% for the RbI based electrolyte.
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| 22. |
- Bandara, T M W J, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal and dielectric properties of PEO/EC/Pr4N+I- polymer electrolytes for possible applications in photo-electro chemical solar cells.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-8488 .- 1433-0768. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anion-conducting polymer electrolyte polyethylene oxide (PEO)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/Pr4N+I-/I-2 is a candidate material for fabricating photo-electrochemical (PEC) solar cells. Relatively high ionic conductivity values are obtained for the plasticized electrolytes; at room temperature, the conductivity increases from 7.6 x 10(-9) to 9.5 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) when the amount of EC plasticizer increases from 0% to 50% by weight. An abrupt conductivity enhancement occurs at the melting of the polymer; above the melting temperature, the conductivity can reach values of the order of 10(-3) S cm(-1). The melting temperature decreases from 66.1 to 45.1 A degrees C when the EC mass fraction is increased from 0% to 50%, and there is a corresponding reduction in the glass transition temperature from -57.6 to -70.9 A degrees C with the incorporation of the plasticizer. The static dielectric constant values, epsilon(s), increase with the mass fraction of plasticizer, from 3.3 for the unplasticized sample to 17.5 for the 50% EC sample. The dielectric results show only small traces of ion-pair relaxations, indicating that the amount of ion association is low. Thus, the iodide ion is well dissociated, and despite its large size and relatively low concentration in these samples, the iodide ion to ether oxygen ratio is 1:68, a relatively efficient charge carrier. A further enhancement of the ionic conductivity, especially at lower temperatures, is however desired for these applications.
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| 23. |
- Dissanayake, M. A K L, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of concentration and grain size of alumina filler on the ionic conductivity enhancement of the (PEO)9LiCF3SO3:Al2O3 composite polymer electrolyte
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - 0378-7753.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nano-composite polymer electrolytes are receiving attention as potential candidates to be used as electrolyte membranes in lithium polymer batteries and other devices. However, a survey of literature reveals that a systematic study of the effect of concentration and surface area of ceramic fillers on the conductivity enhancement of micro- and nano-composite polymer electrolytes is lacking. In this work, we have studied the thermal and electrical properties of the composite polymer electrolyte (PEO)9LiCF3SO3 + Al2O3 incorporating alumina filler grains of four different sizes with different specific surface areas. The results show that the PEO crystallite melting temperature decreased by a few degrees in samples with fillers exhibiting a minimum for samples with high conductivity. The presence of the filler enhanced the ionic conductivity substantially above as well as below 60 °C, and the nano-porous alumina grains with 5.8 nm pore size and 150 m2/g specific area and 15 wt.% filler concentration exhibited the maximum enhancement. The observed conductivity enhancement has been attributed to Lewis acid-base type surface interactions of ionic species with O/OH groups on the filler surface, with an additional contribution below 60 °C coming from the retention of an increased fraction of the amorphous phase due to the presence of the filler. The conductivity versus filler concentration curves exhibit two conductivity maxima which has been explained in terms of the surface interactions, blocking effect and grain consolidation. The conductivity enhancement appears to saturate beyond 100 m2/g grain surface area. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Jayathilaka, P. A R D, et al.
(författare)
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Dielectric relaxation, ionic conductivity and thermal studies of the gel polymer electrolyte system PAN/EC/PC/LiTFSI
- 2003
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - 0167-2738. ; 156, s. 179-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dielectric relaxation, ionic conductivity and thermal properties have been measured for the gel polymer electrolyte system poly(acrylonitrile)/ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide (PAN/EC/PC/LiTFSI) and for its components in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1.8 GHz and over a temperature range from -20 to 50 °C. DSC results suggest that EC/PC exists in two different environments within the gel network; as regions in which the EC/PC molecules subjected to pairing interactions by the CN group in PAN and also as regions consisting of "free" EC/PC molecules. Addition of PAN to the EC/PC/LiTFSI liquid electrolyte has increased the ionic conductivity. Out of the various PAN/LiTFSI composition ratios studied for the gel polymer electrolyte, the 6:1 composition ratio by weight gives the highest ionic conductivity. The room temperature (23 °C) conductivity of the gel electrolyte with this composition, PAN(15.4%)/EC(41.0%)/PC(41.0%)/LiTFSI(2.6%) (by weight) is 2.5 × 10-3 S cm-1. DSC results show that this composition has the most amorphous nature, above -105 °C. The ε″ spectra of gel electrolytes with various compositions show the presence of a high-frequency peak in the 0.5-GHz region attributed to the α relaxation process and a peak/shoulder in the 10-MHz region attributed to the ion-pair relaxation. Li+ ion transport probably takes place in the vicinity of the PAN chains and the ion-pair relaxation frequency appears to reflect the dynamic environment in which the cations migrate. However, the coupling between the conductivity and the α relaxations, attributed to EC/PC molecules, appears to be weak. A model has been presented according to which the Li+ ions in the gel electrolyte appears to be solvated by both PAN (through CN) and EC/PC. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Jayathilaka, P. A R D, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of nano-porous Al2O3 on thermal, dielectric and transport properties of the (PEO)9LiTFSI polymer electrolyte system
- 2002
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - 0013-4686. ; 47:20, s. 3257-3268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal, electrical conductivity and dielectric relaxation measurements have been performed on (PEO)9LiTFSI + 10 wt.% Al2O3 nano-porous polymer electrolyte system. It is observed that the conductivity enhances substantially due to the presence of the filler particles with different surface groups. The highest enhancement is found for the filler particles with acidic groups followed by basic, neutral, and weakly acidic. The results reveal that the filler particles do not interact directly with poly(ethelene) oxide (PEO) chains indicating that the main chain dynamics governing the ionic transport has not significantly affected due to the filler. The results are consistent with the idea that the conductivity enhancement is due to the creation of additional sites and favourable conduction pathways for ionic transport through Lewis acid-base type interactions between the filler surface groups and the ionic species. This is reflected as an increase in the mobility rather than an increase in the number of charge carriers. A qualitative model has been proposed to explain the results. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 26. |
- Salve, Maruti V., et al.
(författare)
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Highly Crystalline and Stoichiometric Growth of CdTe by Cost-Effective Hydrothermal Technique
- 2024
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS. - 0361-5235 .- 1543-186X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CdTe powder samples have been synthesized using a hydrothermal approach, employing cadmium acetate and tellurium dioxides as sources of Cd and Te, respectively. NaBH4 was utilized as the reducing agent, and double-distilled water was used as the solvent in the synthesis process. The effect of annealing on the synthesized samples was investigated. The samples have been characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrical properties (current-voltage and capacitance-voltage) of the as-prepared and annealed CdTe pellets were investigated. These findings indicate that annealing can lead to improvements in crystallinity, crystallite size, and electrical conductance. This paper presents a simple, cost-effective, and versatile method for producing significant amounts of CdTe nanostructure powders with properties suitable for use in the fabrication of CdS/CdTe solar cells.
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| 27. |
- Ukarande, Aparna, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of electrodeposited CdTe thin films for solar cell development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. - 1573-482X .- 0957-4522. ; 34:27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the growth of CdTe thin films using a wet-chemical electrochemical technique in an aqueous bath. The effect of bath temperature is investigated in detail on the various properties of the sample and the optoelectronic performance of the solar cell devices. A three-electrode technique was employed to deposit the samples at − 0.7 V concerning the Ag/AgCl reference electrode optimized by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The sample annealed at 450 °C for 20 min exhibited a polycrystalline cubic crystal structure of CdTe with an optical energy bandgap of ~ 1.45 eV. The Raman analysis reveals the growth of highly polycrystalline CdTe. All samples were highly compact and well-adherent to the substrate without pinholes. The annealed sample grown at a bath temperature of 50 °C exhibited a large globular grain size of ~ 1 μm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric (50:50) growth of Cd and Te was confirmed using EDAX for the sample grown at a bath temperature of 50 °C. A typical solar cell device, glass/FTO/CdS/CdTe/Au, was measured under dark and illuminated conditions with an input intensity of 100 mW/cm2 and showed a fill factor of ~ 50% and an efficiency of 2.65%. The solar cell parameters can be further improved by optimizing the surface treatment conditions using appropriate oxidizing and reducing reagents.
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| 28. |
- Vignarooban, K., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of TiO2 nano-filler and EC plasticizer on electrical and thermal properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based solid polymer electrolytes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 266, s. 25-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionic conductivity of poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3 or LiTf) based polymer electrolyte has been increased by incorporating TiO2 nano-filler. Incorporation of 10 wt.% TiO2 exhibited the highest conductivity enhancement with a value of 4.9 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C. A further enhancement in conductivity to a value of 1.6 x 10(-4)S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C has been obtained by the incorporation of 50 wt.% ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer. Both additives cause a reduction of the PEO crystalline phase content and an increased segmental flexibility leading to conductivity enhancement.
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| 29. |
- Vignarooban, K., et al.
(författare)
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Ionic conductivity enhancement in PEO:CuSCN solid polymer electrolyte by the incorporation of nickel-chloride
- 2015
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 278, s. 177-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Copper-ion based solid polymer electrolytes exhibit interesting electrochemical properties, environmental stability and lower fabrication cost compared to lithium ion based systems. Although, poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes have been extensively studied, those incorporating copper salts have not been explored much. One major drawback in these electrolytes is the low ionic conductivity at room temperature. In this work, we attempted to enhance the ionic conductivity of PEO9CuSCN polymer electrolyte by the incorporation of NiCl2. Incorporation of 10 wt% NiCl2 showed the highest conductivity enhancement with almost two orders of magnitude increase. The ionic conductivity value at 30 °C increased from 3.1 × 10- 9 S cm- 1 for the NiCl2-free electrolyte to 1.8 × 10- 7 S cm- 1 for the 10 wt% NiCl2 incorporated electrolyte. This was associated with a significant reduction in Tg by about 30 °C from - 53 °C for PEO9 CuSCN to - 83 °C for PEO9 CuSCN + 10 wt% NiCl2, indicating an increased segmental flexibility of the polymer chains for NiCl2 added electrolyte.
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| 30. |
- Bokalawela, R., 0, et al.
(författare)
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H-2/Pt/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95/Pt/O-2 fuel cell operated in the intermediate temperature range 500-700 degrees C
- 2004
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Ingår i: IONICS. - 0947-7047 .- 1862-0760. ; 10:1-2, s. 84-87
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GCO), is one of the potential candidate electrolytes for intermediate temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFC). GCO has high oxide ion conductivity in the intermediate temperature range (500 - 700 degrees C) compared to other C1-yGdyO2-2/y compositions and the Gd3+ ion is the most appropriate dopant material compared to other rare earth materials such as Sm3+, Y3+, Zr3+, etc. Our results show that the fuel cell H-2/Pt/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95/O-2 operated in the temperature range 500 - 700 degrees C gives the maximum power densities 0.0049 W/cm(2) at 500 degrees C and 0.0126 W/cm(2) at 650 degrees C for cell voltages 0.6275 V and 0.6278 V, respectively, where the electrolyte was kept in 5% H-2(+ Argon) for 12 hours before use in the fuel cell. Maximum power densities are 0.0038 W/cm(2) at 500 degrees C and 0.0270 W/cm(2) at 650 degrees C for cell voltages 0.5986 and 0.5913 V, respectively, where the electrolyte was kept in 2 % O-2(+ Argon) for 12 hours before use in the fuel cell.
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