| 1. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Dreyer, Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of fragmented aurora-like emissions (FAEs) observed on Svalbard
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annales Geophysicae. - : Copernicus Publications. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 39:2, s. 277-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses the observations of a new type of small-scale aurora-like feature, which is further referred to as fragmented aurora-like emission(s) (FAEs). An all-sky camera captured these FAEs on three separate occasions in 2015 and 2017 at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory near the arctic town of Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. A total of 305 FAE candidates were identified. They seem to appear in two categories - randomly occurring individual FAEs and wave-like structures with regular spacing between FAEs alongside auroral arcs. FAEs show horizontal sizes typically below 20 km, a lack of field-aligned emission extent, and short lifetimes of less than a minute Emissions were observed at the 557.7 nm line of atomic oxygen and at 673.0 nm (N-2; first positive band system) but not at the 427.8 nm emission of N-2(+) or the 777.4 nm line of atomic oxygen. This suggests an upper limit to the energy that can be produced by the generating mechanism. Their lack of field-aligned extent indicates a different generation mechanism than for aurorae, which are caused by particle precipitation. Instead, these FAEs could be the result of excitation by thermal ionospheric electrons. FAE observations are seemingly accompanied by elevated electron temperatures between 110-120 km and increased ion temperatures at F-region altitudes. One possible explanation for this is Farley-Buneman instabilities of strong local currents. In the present study, we provide an overview of the observations and discuss their characteristics and potential generation mechanisms.
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| 3. |
- Dreyer, Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Constraining the Positive Ion Composition in Saturn's Lower Ionosphere with the Effective Recombination Coefficient
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Planetary Science Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2632-3338. ; 2:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study combines Radio and Plasma Wave Science/Langmuir Probe and Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer data from Cassini's last four orbits into Saturn's lower ionosphere to constrain the effective recombination coefficient α300 from measured number densities and electron temperatures at a reference electron temperature of 300 K. Previous studies have shown an influx of ring material causes a state of electron depletion due to grain charging, which will subsequently affect the ionospheric chemistry. The requirement to take grain charging into account limits the derivation of α300 to upper limits. Assuming photochemical equilibrium and using an established method to calculate the electron production rate, we derive upper limits for α300 of ≲ 3 × 10−7 cm3 s−1 for altitudes below 2000 km. This suggests that Saturn's ionospheric positive ions are dominated by species with low recombination rate coefficients like HCO+. An ionosphere dominated by water group ions or complex hydrocarbons, as previously suggested, is incompatible with this result, as these species have recombination rate coefficients > 5 × 10−7 cm3 s−1 at an electron temperature of 300 K.
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| 4. |
- Dreyer, Joshua, 1993-
(författare)
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Diving Deep into Saturn's Equatorial Ionosphere with Cassini : Insights from the Grand Finale
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the summer of 2017, the Cassini mission concluded its nearly 13 years orbiting Saturn with a series of daring dives between the rings and the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere. This last phase of the mission, called the Grand Finale, revealed a highly variable equatorial ionosphere dominated by a large influx of ring material from Saturn's D ring. The papers included in this thesis utilize data gathered during these proximal orbits to gain insights into the nature and effects of the infalling ring material.Initially, we derive upper limits for the effective recombination coefficient in Saturn's equatorial ionosphere at altitudes below 2500 km, where photochemical equilibrium can be assumed, to constrain the composition of the positive ion species. Our inceptive results indicate that ion species with low recombination coefficients are dominant.We follow up on this by developing a photochemical model, incorporating grain charging, to investigate the effects of the ring influx on the plasma composition. The model results at an altitude of 1700 km yield vastly different abundances of two types of neutral species when compared to those derived from measurements, ultimately representing the difficulty of reconciling the observed H+ and H3+ densities with our and other model results.Exploring the nature of narrow decreases in the ionospheric H2+ densities reveals a time shift in the ion data. After correcting for this, the decreases line up very well with calculated shadows for substructures in Saturn's C ring. We can further estimate the optical depths of these substructures and investigate at which altitudes photochemical equilibrium for H2+ is applicable.The direct measurement of heavier neutral species during the proximal orbits is complicated by the high spacecraft speed. We devise a method to utilize helium ion chemistry to independently derive the mixing ratios of these heavier neutrals in Saturn's ionosphere. Our results show considerable variability, which may suggest temporal and/or spatial changes in the ring influx. A comparison with other studies indicates that potentially only the most volatile ring-sourced species significantly ablate to enter the gas phase in this region of Saturn's ionosphere.Finally, we compare the fixed-bias Langmuir probe electron densities and the light ion densities. They exhibit a strong positive correlation for most parts of the proximal orbits even on short timescales. We find three distinct regions in the proximal orbits, which can provide further insight into the ionospheric composition, connection to the rings, and measurement uncertainties.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Dreyer, Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying Shadowing Signatures of C Ring Ringlets and Plateaus in Cassini Data from Saturn's Ionosphere
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Planetary Science Journal. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2632-3338. ; 3:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For orbits 288 and 292 of Cassini's Grand Finale, clear dips (sharp and narrow decreases) are visible in the H-2(+) densities measured by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS). In 2017, the southern hemisphere of Saturn was shadowed by its rings and the substructures within. Tracing a path of the solar photons through the ring plane to Cassini's position, we can identify regions in the ionosphere that were shadowed by the individual ringlets and plateaus (with increased optical depths) of Saturn's C ring. The calculated shadowed altitudes along Cassini's trajectory line up well with the dips in the H-2(+) data when adjusting the latter based on a detected evolving shift in the INMS timestamps since 2013, illustrating the potential for verification of instrument timings. We can further estimate the mean optical depths of the ringlets/plateaus by comparing the dips to inbound H-2(+) densities. Our results agree well with values derived from stellar occultation measurements. No clear dips are visible for orbits 283 and 287, whose periapsides were at higher altitudes. This can be attributed to the much longer chemical lifetime of H2+ at these higher altitudes, which in turn can be further used to estimate a lower limit for the flow speed along Cassini's trajectory. The resulting estimate of similar to 0.3 km s(-1) at an altitude of similar to 3400 km is in line with prior suggestions. Finally, the ringlet and plateau shadows are not associated with obvious dips in the electron density, which is expected due to their comparatively long chemical (recombination) lifetime.
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| 7. |
- Dreyer, Joshua
(författare)
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Saturn's dusty equatorial ionosphere from Cassini's Grand Finale observations
- 2021
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Cassini mission provided unprecedented insights into the Kronian system and revealed many unexpected phenomena relating to dusty plasma environments around Saturn and its rings. Almost 13 years after its arrival, Cassini began a series of 22 orbits which brought it between Saturn's upper atmosphere and the innermost D ring, culminating in a final plunge into Saturn's ionosphere. This concluding period of Cassini's journey is referred to as the Grand Finale and data collected during these final orbits serves as the foundation for the two papers included in this thesis.We constrain the composition of positive ions in Saturn's equatorial ionosphere by deriving upper limits for the effective recombination coefficient. Our results suggest an ionosphere dominated by species with low recombination coefficients, such as HCO+. The analysis of Grand Finale data further revealed small-scale variations in the H2+ density for two of the orbits. We link these to narrow substructures in Saturn's C ring with increased optical depths, which attenuate the solar extreme ultraviolet flux and thus reduce photoionisation rates within their respective shadowed regions.
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| 8. |
- Dreyer, Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Utilizing Helium Ion Chemistry to Derive Mixing Ratios of Heavier Neutral Species in Saturn's Equatorial Ionosphere
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 128:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A surprisingly strong influx of organic-rich material into Saturn's upper atmosphere from its rings was observed during the proximal obits of the Grand Finale of the Cassini mission. Measurements by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) gave insights into the composition of the material, but it remains to be resolved what fraction of the inferred heavy volatiles should be attributed as originating from the fragmentation of dust particles in the instrument versus natural ablation of grains in the atmosphere. In the present study, we utilize measured light ion and neutral densities to further constrain the abundances of heavy volatiles in Saturn's ionosphere through a steady-state model focusing on helium ion chemistry. We first show that the principal loss mechanism of He+ in Saturn's equatorial ionosphere is through reactions with species other than H-2. Based on the assumption of photochemical equilibrium at altitudes below 2,500 km, we then proceed by estimating the mixing ratio of heavier volatiles down to the closest approaches for Cassini's proximal orbits 288 and 292. Our derived mixing ratios for the inbound part of both orbits fall below those reported from direct measurements by the INMS, with values of similar to 2 x 10(-4) at closest approaches and order-of-magnitude variations in either direction over the orbits. This aligns with previous suggestions that a large fraction of the neutrals measured by the INMS stems from the fragmentation of infalling dust particles that do not significantly ablate in the considered part of Saturn's atmosphere and are thus unavailable for reactions. Plain Language Summary During the final orbits of the Cassini mission, the spacecraft flew between Saturn's rings and the planets upper atmosphere. The onboard plasma instruments detected a large amount of ring particles falling toward the planet, but direct measurements of the composition of these grains are complicated due to the high spacecraft speed and instrumental effects. In this study, we present an independent method to estimate the abundance of heavier neutral species entering the atmosphere from infalling ring material. This method relies on helium ion chemistry and the measured light ion and neutral densities. Our results generally fall below those inferred from direct measurements. Together with comparisons to other studies, this potentially suggests that a large fraction of the infalling neutral species do not significantly ablate in the considered part of Saturn's atmosphere (and remain bound to the dust grains instead) and are thus unavailable for reactions.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Implications from secondary emission from neutral impact on Cassini plasma and dust measurements
- 2022
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 515:2, s. 2340-2350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the role of secondary electron and ion emission from impact of gas molecules on the Cassini Langmuir probe (RPWS-LP or LP) measurements in the ionosphere of Saturn. We add a model of the emission currents, based on laboratory measurements and data from comet 1P/Halley, to the equations used to derive plasma parameters from LP bias voltage sweeps. Reanalysing several hundred sweeps from the Cassini Grand Finale orbits, we find reasonable explanations for three open conundrums from previous LP studies of the Saturn ionosphere. We find an explanation for the observed positive charging of the Cassini spacecraft, the possibly overestimated ionospheric electron temperatures, and the excess ion current reported. For the sweeps analysed in detail, we do not find (indirect or direct) evidence of dust having a significant charge-carrying role in Saturn's ionosphere. We also produce an estimate of H2O number density from the last six revolutions of Cassini through Saturn's ionosphere in greater detail than reported by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer. Our analysis reveals an ionosphere that is highly structured in latitude across all six final revolutions, with mixing ratios varying with two orders of magnitude in latitude and one order of magnitude between revolutions and altitude. The result is generally consistent with an empirical photochemistry model balancing the production of H+ ions with the H+ loss through charge transfer with e.g. H2O, CH4, and CO2, for which water vapour appears as the likeliest dominant source of the signal in terms of yield and concentration.
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| 10. |
- Vigren, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Empirical Photochemical Modeling of Saturn's Ionization Balance Including Grain Charging
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Planetary Science Journal. - : Institute of Physics (IOP). - 2632-3338. ; 3:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a semianalytical photochemical model of Saturn's near-equatorial ionosphere and adapt it to two regions (similar to 2200 and similar to 1700 km above the 1 bar level) probed during the inbound portion of Cassini's orbit 292 (2017 September 9). The model uses as input the measured concentrations of molecular hydrogen, hydrogen ion species, and free electrons, as well as the measured electron temperature. The output includes upper limits, or constraints, on the mixing ratios of two families of molecules, on ion concentrations, and on the attachment rates of electrons and ions onto dust grains. The model suggests mixing ratios of the two molecular families that, particularly near similar to 1700 km, differ notably from what independent measurements by the Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer suggest. Possibly connected to this, the model suggests an electron-depleted plasma with a level of electron depletion of around 50%. This is in qualitative agreement with interpretations of Radio Plasma Wave Science/Langmuir Probe measurements, but an additional conundrum arises in the fact that a coherent photochemical equilibrium scenario then relies on a dust component with typical grain radii smaller than 3 angstrom.
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| 11. |
- Whiter, Daniel K., et al.
(författare)
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Fine-scale dynamics of fragmented aurora-like emissions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Annales Geophysicae. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 39:6, s. 975-989
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fragmented aurora-like emissions (FAEs) are small (few kilometres) optical structures which have been observed close to the poleward boundary of the aurora from the high-latitude location of Svalbard (magnetic latitude 75.3 degrees N). The FAEs are only visible in certain emissions, and their shape has no magnetic-field-aligned component, suggesting that they are not caused by energetic particle precipitation and are, therefore, not aurora in the normal sense of the word. The FAEs sometimes form wave-like structures parallel to an auroral arc, with regular spacing between each FAE. They drift at a constant speed and exhibit internal dynamics moving at a faster speed than the envelope structure. The formation mechanism of FAEs is currently unknown. We present an analysis of high-resolution optical observations of FAEs made during two separate events. Based on their appearance and dynamics, we make the assumption that the FAEs are a signature of a dispersive wave in the lower E-region ionosphere, co-located with enhanced electron and ion temperatures detected by incoherent scatter radar. Their drift speed (group speed) is found to be 580-700 m s(-1), and the speed of their internal dynamics (phase speed) is found to be 2200-2500 m s(-1), both for an assumed altitude of 100 km. The speeds are similar for both events which are observed during different auroral conditions. We consider two possible waves which could produce the FAEs, i.e. electrostatic ion cyclotron waves (EIC) and Farley-Buneman waves, and find that the observations could be consistent with either wave under certain assumptions. In the case of EIC waves, the FAEs must be located at an altitude above about 140 km, and our measured speeds scaled accordingly. In the case of Farley-Buneman waves a very strong electric field of about 365 mV m(-1) is required to produce the observed speeds of the FAEs; such a strong electric field may be a requirement for FAEs to occur.
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