| 1. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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An experimental approach to exploring market responses in small scale fishing communities
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Small-scale fishing communities are increasingly connected to international seafood trade and one way is through exports to a growing global market. Understanding how this connectedness impacts local fishery systems, both socially and ecologically, has become a necessary challenge for fisheries governance. Market prices are a potential mechanism by which global market demands are transferred to small-scale fishery actors, and in most small-scale fisheries this happens through various traders (intermediaries, middlemen/women or patrons). By financing fishing operations, buying and selling products and transferring market information, traders can actively pass international market signals, such as price, to fishers. How these signals influence fishers' decisions and consequent fishing effort is still poorly understood yet significant for future social-ecological sustainability. The paper uses an economic framed field experiment in combination with interviews to shed light on this, in the context of the Philippine patron-client arrangement known as the 'suki system'. Over 250 fishers in Concepcion, Iloilo were in an economic experiment asked to make decisions about fuel loans based on fluctuating market prices. Interviews with participants and their patrons were held to gather information on relevant contextual variables that also could influence financing behaviour such as fisher characteristics and socio-economic conditions. Contrary to our hypotheses, fishers showed no response in their borrowing behaviour to experimental price changes. Instead gender and previous choices in the experiment were predictive of their choice of loans in the experiment and we explore possible reasons for this.
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| 2. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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Catching values of small-scale fisheries : A look at markets, trade relations and fisher behaviour
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores small-scale fisheries trade, markets and the accompanying relationships. It does so to understand how they contribute to human wellbeing and ecosystem health through fisher's behaviour in the marine environment. The capacity of small-scale fisheries to provide for fisherfolk and wider society is currently challenged by human induced ecological threats such as overexploitation and climate change. Small-scale fisheries are increasingly incorporated into the global trading system, which in part drive these ecological changes. At the same time these fisheries are important providers of food and livelihood security for millions of people worldwide. How to realise better fishery governance approaches and enactment is therefore paramount. This thesis attempts to address knowledge gaps in governance and research that centre around the market and actors within it- an area little included in governing fisheries. I draw on the value chain concept and use a mixed methods approach to address three gaps. First, the structure and functioning of small-scale fishery markets and relations. Second, how benefits are distributed in the market and affected by trade relations. Third, I examine how relations and benefit distributions influence fishing behaviour. Case studies are used throughout this thesis drawing on empirical work done in Zanzibar, Tanzania and Iloilo, Philippines. The role of global seafood markets is additionally recognised as a driver of change in all four papers of the thesis. Paper I shows that extending the value chain to combine economic and informal exchanges identifies a wider range of fishery-related sources for human wellbeing within seafood trade. It also highlights more marginal players. Paper II demonstrates how actor's abilities to access economic benefits are impacted by local gender roles and social relations. But these intersect with their value chain position and end-markets. In Paper III local norms appear to play a role in fishing behaviour, more so than market incentives. These dynamics are explored through behavioural economic experiments. Finally Paper IV examines how patronage can have contradictory influences for fisherfolk vulnerability and adaptability. It can also create tensions for overall system resilience when considered at different scales. Overall the thesis contributes to a better understanding of the local to global drivers and interactions in small-scale fisheries trade. The thesis also provides insights into some of the factors influencing the distribution of fishery-related benefits. These aspects have all been cited as vital for designing strategies for improving the wellbeing of people reliant on fisheries.
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| 3. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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From typhoons to traders : the role of patronage under changing market and climate conditions
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The majority of the world's fishers, fishworkers and their dependents live in areas, like the coastal tropics, that are highly exposed to human-induced climate change. Such change can mean natural disasters impact coastal populations more acutely and frequently, also leading to increasing aid inventions. How these external disturbances affect local fisheries, and smallscale producers more broadly, is in part determined by the internal dynamics of the social-ecological system. Economic vulnerability often characterizes communities in these settings and influences the means with which they navigate changes. Providing much needed finance for low-income households in place of formal options is the patron-client system. This relationship represents an informal institution central to the organization of market interactions and pervasive in rural economies worldwide, particularly tropical small-scale fisheries. There is mounting evidence to suggest that the ability of the patron-client system to buffer income fluctuations has significant trade-offs with longer term fishery pathways when coupled with the major disturbances SSF face today, in particular global markets and climate change. In this paper we use a case study approach and trace the historical development of the fishery system in Iloilo Province (Philippines) in relation to a major natural disaster – the super-typhoon Haiyan that hit in 2013 (known locally as Yolanda), and the subsequent aid intervention that followed. We assess how these disturbances were filtered by the patron-client system and highlight resulting tensions with longer term system dynamics. We reflect on this case using the concept of governability and discuss what patronage means for challenges and opportunities in fishery governance.
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| 4. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-
(författare)
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Small-Scale Fisheries Governance : Broadening Perspectives on Markets, Relationships and Benefits in Seafood Trade
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This licentiate adresses the relative ambiguity surounding benefit flows from small-scale fisheries seafood trade with a specific focus on how they may be impacted by market and social stuctures. Small-scale fishery governenace has previously taken a narrowly approach to sustainability. Focused on managing fishing activities, economic-led market interventions and overlooking the embededness of the fishers within a broader social structure. Also failing to address fisheries as interlinked social-ecological systems where feedbacks between the two can impact future sustainability. The larger PhD project takes a step towards combining these two out-of-focus areas by taking a systems perspective, through a Value Chain approach, to fisheries governance, associated market influences and the consequent benefit flows from marine ecosystem services. This licentiate begins by unpacking dynamics within the social realm that may impact benefit flows and ultimately resource extraction decisions, potentially contributing to feedbacks from the marine ecosystem. Research uses mixed-methods and is case-orientated with sites across two tropical marine small-scale fisheries in Zanzibar and the Philippines. Results present two market environments with distinct structures, conduct, reciprocity systems and notably, gender roles. However both systems experience economic transactions underlain by broader social relations and binds. These various features manifest themselves in different, yet often unexpected, ways through income equalities, distributions and reciprocal networks of fishers and trading actors. Once a broadened and diversified view of the SSF trading environment is appropriated, it is clear that benefit flows are impacted by various contextual features (e.g. gender, transaction forms and buyer types). Governance-related research or interventions should incorporate undervalued local attributes such as cultural characteristics, social relationships and market participation as they play a role in who benefits from seafood trade. Thus If governance is to be improved for sustainably increasing food and livelihood security it is necessary to unpack these benefit flow mechanisms and, in particular, the local social dynamics that mediate fishers’ everyday interplay with the marine ecosystem. Future steps include the aim to identify potential social-ecological feedbacks between the disentangled market environments and the local marine ecosystems as a result of interactions in SSF trade.
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| 5. |
- Drury O'Neill, Elizabeth, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Who benefits from seafood trade? A comparison of social and market structures in small-scale fisheries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 23:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the benefits flowing from a coastal seascape through seafood trade to various social groups in two distinct small-scale fishery case studies. A knowledge gap currently exists in relation to how benefits from a fishery, and the associated trade, are ultimately distributed, specifically, how market structures and relations, and the combined dynamics of the local fishing society, can mediate these flows. Previous research into improved fisheries governance for food and livelihood security has failed to integrate the structure of the market place as well as the multidimensional nature of actor relations that influence extractive behavior. Using a value chain framework, we take a relational approach to study these gaps. Surveys were conducted in two fisheries (Zanzibar and the Philippines) as part of a comparative analysis including market-types, assistance networks, and income inequality. Chain structures, gender roles, and levels of contractualization within the two cases differed vastly, appearing to give rise to different types of income inequalities and barriers to participation. In the Philippines economic exchanges revolve more around provision of financial capital, although in both systems social standing and obligations play a role in determining market structures. In Zanzibar trading agents engaging customers in predetermined sale arrangements earn relatively more than their counterpart freelancers, however at the production level no income differences are seen between those with or without arrangements. Both cases stand to be further integrated into the international seafood market, which raises questions over how certain actors will benefit, based on their current participation and access. Results emphasize the need for more evidence in regards to benefits flows and how aspects such as gender and transaction forms impact them. This is necessary for governance decisions around fisheries, poverty alleviation, and increased global market integration.
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| 6. |
- Käll, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Social embeddedness of fisheries trade : What can we learn for improved market interventions towards sustainability?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Efforts to drive a transformation towards sustainability in fisheries production have increasingly been characterized by market-based approaches, such as certifications, ratings, traceability schemes and Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs). These approaches are often based on the assumption that economic gain and business demand for sustainable seafood are enough to create change along the value chain, from producers to suppliers. Economic theories of rationality have dominated many market interventions, although these theories often do not hold up in reality. At the same time, non-economic aspects of markets are undervalued in the design of sustainable incentives, even though well-established social theories of embeddedness suggest market actors are in fact embedded in social relationships, institutions and culture, and that these filter and structure trade while also shaping actors’ economic behaviour and impact on the ecosystem. In this paper we provide a literature review of how the theory of social embeddedness has been applied in literature about fisheries trade. In light of the noted shortcomings, we argue that a wider acknowledgement and understanding of how economic behaviour is embedded within fisheries systems is necessary to modified and improve current market-based approaches. By analysing empirical insights from published case studies, and identifying and synthesizing key social structures that appear as particularly important for fisheries trade, we explore the social aspects of fishery trade that market-based approaches will likely need to consider and account for to improve their success. Our review shows that three aspects will likely to be particularly important to consider; i) the importance of social identity and structures (e.g., ethnicity) for trade relationships and market access; ii) different forms of trust and the roles it plays in influencing trade strategies; and iii) the importance of community as local norm-setting for trade and trade as community builder. We end with a discussion on how future research areas can promote better design of sustainability interventions.
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| 7. |
- Lindkvist, Emilie, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Untangling social–ecological interactions : A methods portfolio approach to tackling contemporary sustainability challenges in fisheries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 23:5, s. 1202-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meeting the objectives of sustainable fisheries management requires attention to the complex interactions between humans, institutions and ecosystems that give rise to fishery outcomes. Traditional approaches to studying fisheries often do not fully capture, nor focus on these complex interactions between people and ecosystems. Despite advances in the scope and scale of interactions encompassed by more holistic methods, for example ecosystem-based fisheries management approaches, no single method can adequately capture the complexity of human–nature interactions. Approaches that combine quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches are necessary to generate a deeper understanding of these interactions and illuminate pathways to address fisheries sustainability challenges. However, combining methods is inherently challenging and requires understanding multiple methods from different, often disciplinarily distinct origins, demanding reflexivity of the researchers involved. Social–ecological systems’ research has a history of utilising combinations of methods across the social and ecological realms to account for spatial and temporal dynamics, uncertainty and feedbacks that are key components of fisheries. We describe several categories of analytical methods (statistical modelling, network analysis, dynamic modelling, qualitative analysis and controlled behavioural experiments) and highlight their applications in fisheries research, strengths and limitations, data needs and overall objectives. We then discuss important considerations of a methods portfolio development process, including reflexivity, epistemological and ontological concerns and illustrate these considerations via three case studies. We show that, by expanding their methods portfolios, researchers will be better equipped to study the complex interactions shaping fisheries and contribute to solutions for sustainable fisheries management.
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| 8. |
- Mahajan, Shauna L., et al.
(författare)
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Introducing Elinor for monitoring the governance and management of area-based conservation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 38:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monitoring the governance and management effectiveness of area-based conservation has long been recognized as an important foundation for achieving national and global biodiversity goals and enabling adaptive management. However, there are still many barriers that prevent conservation actors, including those affected by governance and management systems from implementing conservation activities and programs and from gathering and using data on governance and management to inform decision-making across spatial scales and through time. We explored current and past efforts to assess governance and management effectiveness and barriers actors face in using the resulting data and insights to inform conservation decision-making. To help overcome these barriers, we developed Elinor, a free and open-source monitoring tool that builds on the work of Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom to facilitate the gathering, storing, sharing, analyzing, and use of data on environmental governance and management across spatial scales and for areas under different governance and management types. We consider the process of codesigning and piloting Elinor with conservation scientists and practitioners and the main components of the assessment and online data system. We also consider how Elinor complements existing approaches by addressing governance and management in a single assessment at a high level for different types of area-based conservation, providing flexible options for data collection, and integrating a data system with an assessment that can support data use and sharing across different spatial scales, including global monitoring of the Global Biodiversity Framework. Although challenges will continue, the process of developing Elinor and the tool itself offer tangible solutions to barriers that prevent the systematic collection and use of governance and management data. With broader uptake, Elinor can play a valuable role in enabling more effective, inclusive, and durable area-based conservation.
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| 9. |
- Mubai, Marlino Eugénio, et al.
(författare)
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The sacred and climate change : Local perceptions from KaNyaka island in Mozambique
- 2023
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Ingår i: Climate Risk Management. - 2212-0963. ; 42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small islands are highly dependent on their natural endowments. Because of this dependency, they are more vulnerable to climate change. This paper builds on the assumption that a better understanding of the meaning of climate change in specific local contexts (from localized perspectives) opens up possibilities for climate change adaptations. Based on literature reviews, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and forum theatre performances, the paper provides various perceptions of climate change effects from KaNyaka Island in Mozambique. It endeavors to further build the case for the integration of everyday-life experiences and observations of environmental processes in developing collective responses to climate change. The study does so by looking at the way island inhabitants, who are particularly vulnerable to climate change, perceive this phenomenon. The paper argues that the KaNyaka residents are part of local ecologies in which physical and spiritual worlds are entangled in everyday life. It also avers that for a better understanding and response to the adverse effects of climate change on the island, scientists at large must approach local communities as co-producers of knowledge. This relational approach allows the incorporation of worldviews that have been key in sustaining enfolding relationships between people and local ecology. It concludes that this approach opens the possibility of adaptation to climate change as an embedded socio-environmental phenomenon.
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