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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Abudurexiti, A, et al.
(författare)
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Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019
- 2019
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Ingår i: Archives of virology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-8798 .- 0304-8608. ; 164:7, s. 1949-1965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Wang, HD, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- 2016
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Ingår i: Lancet (London, England). - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 388:10053, s. 1725-1774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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- Duan, MJ, et al.
(författare)
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Using Structural Equation Modeling to Untangle Pathways of Risk Factors Associated with Incident Type 2 Diabetes: the Lifelines Cohort Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6695. ; 23:7, s. 1090-1100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk factors for type 2 diabetes are multifaceted and interrelated. Unraveling the complex pathways of modifiable risk factors related to incident type 2 diabetes will help prioritize prevention targets. The current analysis extended a previously proposed conceptual model by Bardenheier et al. (Diabetes Care, 36(9), 2655–2662, 2013) on prediabetes with a cross-sectional design. The model described the pathways of four aspects of modifiable risk factors in relation to incident type 2 diabetes, including socioeconomic status (income and education); lifestyle behaviors (diet quality, physical activity, TV watching, smoking, risk drinking, and unhealthy sleep duration); clinical markers (HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and waist circumference); and blood pressure. We performed structural equation modeling to test this conceptual model using a prospective population-based sample of 68,649 participants (35–80 years) from the Lifelines cohort study. During a median follow-up of 41 months, 1124 new cases of type 2 diabetes were identified (incidence 1.6%). The best-fitting model indicated that among all modifiable risk factors included, waist circumference had the biggest direct effect on type 2 diabetes (standardized β-coefficient 0.214), followed by HDL-cholesterol (standardized β-coefficient − 0.134). Less TV watching and more physical activity were found to play an important role in improving clinical markers that were directly associated with type 2 diabetes. Education had the biggest positive effects on all lifestyle behaviors except for unhealthy sleep duration. Our analysis provides evidence to support that structural equation modeling enables a holistic assessment of the interplay of type 2 diabetes risk factors, which not only allows the estimation of their total effects but also prioritization of prevention targets. Regarding the current guideline for diabetes prevention, waist management in addition to BMI control (clinical level), as well as less TV watching in addition to more physical activity (behavioral level), may provide additional public health benefits. Better education would be the main societal goal for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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- Sha, ZQ, et al.
(författare)
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Subtly altered topological asymmetry of brain structural covariance networks in autism spectrum disorder across 43 datasets from the ENIGMA consortium
- 2022
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Ingår i: Molecular psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5578 .- 1359-4184. ; 27:4, s. 2114-2125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small average differences in the left-right asymmetry of cerebral cortical thickness have been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to typically developing controls, affecting widespread cortical regions. The possible impacts of these regional alterations in terms of structural network effects have not previously been characterized. Inter-regional morphological covariance analysis can capture network connectivity between different cortical areas at the macroscale level. Here, we used cortical thickness data from 1455 individuals with ASD and 1560 controls, across 43 independent datasets of the ENIGMA consortium’s ASD Working Group, to assess hemispheric asymmetries of intra-individual structural covariance networks, using graph theory-based topological metrics. Compared with typical features of small-world architecture in controls, the ASD sample showed significantly altered average asymmetry of networks involving the fusiform, rostral middle frontal, and medial orbitofrontal cortex, involving higher randomization of the corresponding right-hemispheric networks in ASD. A network involving the superior frontal cortex showed decreased right-hemisphere randomization. Based on comparisons with meta-analyzed functional neuroimaging data, the altered connectivity asymmetry particularly affected networks that subserve executive functions, language-related and sensorimotor processes. These findings provide a network-level characterization of altered left-right brain asymmetry in ASD, based on a large combined sample. Altered asymmetrical brain development in ASD may be partly propagated among spatially distant regions through structural connectivity.
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