| 1. |
- Arnberg, HW, et al.
(författare)
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Störningar hos människan från vibrationer i byggnader : Förslag till ett kombinerat simulator- och fältförsök
- 1983
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten ges en genomgång av de aspekter som kan läggas på människans störningsbenägenhet av infraljud, buller och vibrationer i byggnader. Vidare behandlas de fysiologiska mätmetoder som kan bli aktuella vid registrering av människans upplevelse av buller och vibrationer. Rapporten behandlar i första hand vägtrafikinducerade störningar. I rapporten beskrivs också den vibrationssimulator som har uppbyggts. Några försök med sängar och kuddars överföringsfunktioner samt ett sömnförsök beskrivs. Försökspersoner får sova samtidigt som de har utsatts för olika vibrations- och ljudnivåer. Försöksperso- nernas sömnmönster registreras via EEG (hjärnvågor), EMG (muskelaktivitet) och EOG (ögonrörelser). Detta sker för att kunna fastställa nivåer där sömnstörningar inträder.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Baureus Koch, Catrin, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462. ; 24:6, s. 395-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The question of whether very weak low frequency magnetic fields can affect biological systems, has attracted attention by many research groups for quite some time. Still, today, the theoretical possibility of such an interaction is often questioned and the site of interaction in the cell is unknown. In the present study, the influence of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the transport of Ca2+ was studied in a biological system consisting of highly purified plasma membrane vesicles. We tested two quantum mechanical theoretical models that assume that biologically active ions can be bound to a channel protein and influence the opening state of the channel. Vesicles were exposed for 30 min at 32 °C and the calcium efflux was studied using radioactive 45Ca as a tracer. Static magnetic fields ranging from 27 to 37 T and time varying magnetic fields with frequencies between 7 and 72 Hz and amplitudes between 13 and 114 T (peak) were used. We show that suitable combinations of static and time varying magnetic fields directly interact with the Ca2+ channel protein in the cell membrane, and we could quantitatively confirm the model proposed by Blanchard. Bioelectromagnetics 24:395-402, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 4. |
- Eberhardt, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1536-8386 .- 1536-8378. ; 27:3, s. 215-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and signs of neuronal damage in rats using a real GSM programmable mobile phone in the 900 MHz band. Ninety-six non-anaesthetized rats were either exposed to microwaves or sham exposed in TEM-cells for 2 h at specific absorption rates of average whole-body Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. The rats were sacrificed after a recovery time of either 14 or 28 d, following exposure and the extravazation of albumin, its uptake into neurons, and occurrence of damaged neurons was assessed. Albumin extravazation and also its uptake into neurons was seen to be enhanced after 14 d (Kruskal Wallis test: p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not after a 28 d recovery period. The occurrence of dark neurons in the rat brains, on the other hand, was enhanced later, after 28 d (p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the 28-d brain samples, neuronal albumin uptake was significantly correlated to occurrence of damaged neurons (Spearman r = 0.41; p < 0.01).
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| 5. |
- Eberhardt, Jacob L, et al.
(författare)
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The Disturbance by Road Traffic Noise of the Sleep of Young Male Adults as Recorded in the Home
- 1987
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - 0022-460X. ; 114:3, s. 417-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Primary effects of road traffic noise on sleep, as derived from EEG, EOG, and EMG, were studied for seven young males (aged 21–27) in their homes along roads with heavy traffic during the night. A more quiet experimental condition was obtained by mounting sound-insulating material in the window openings, thus reducing the interiors noise level by an average of 8 dB(A). The present investigation shows that the subjects had not become completely habituated to the noise, although they had lived at least a year at their residences. The noise reduction caused an earlier onset and a prolonged duration of slow was sleep. No effects on REM sleep were seen. The subjective sleep quality was significantly correlated to the noise dose. The equivalent sound pressure level (Leq) did not give the most adequate noise dose description. Better characterizations of the noise exposure were found in the number of car per night producing maximum sound pressure levels exceeding 50 or 55 dB(A) in the bedroom. Arousal reactions of type “body movements” and “changes towards lighter sleep” were induced by the noise of car passage but the percentage of cars inducing an effect was only <2% and <0•2% for the two types of reactions, respectively. The number of spontaneous body movements and sleep stage changes per night showed an increase during the more quiet nights as compared to the noisy nights. The sensitivity to arousal reactions was significantly lower in the present field study than the in the laboratory experiments. A description of the continuous sleep process by a few distinct “sleep stages” is too crude a tool for the detection of the rather subtle changes in the sleeping pattern caused by noise. In the present study an increased sensitivity in the analysis was obtained by dividing stage 2 into three substages.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Eberhardt, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Trafikbullers inverkan på sömnen hos unga och äldre män
- 1980
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trafikbullers inverkan på sömnen har undersökts medelst EEG-, EOG- och EMG-registreringar på sju unga män (21-27 år) och sex äldre män (63-74 år) i deras vanliga hemmiljö längs hårt trafikerade vägar (trafikintensitet cirka 450 fordonspassager med toppbullernivå överstigande 40 dB (A) per natt). Effekten av dämpning (cirka 10 dB (A)) av inomhusbullret genom montering av ljudisolerande plattor i fönsteröppningarna studerades. För unga män ökade andelen djup sömn (orto-3, -4) när ljudnivån i sovrummet sänktes med 10 dB (A). Dessutom ökade tiden i orto-23-sömn signifikant under nattens senare del. Effekten av bullerdämpningen för äldre män var huvudsakligen en minskning av insomningstiden samt en minskning av vakentiden under natten. Båda grupperna försökspersoner kom tidigare i djup orto-4-sömn under nätter med dämpning. För båda grupperna konstaterades en paradoxal ökning av antalet skift per natt mellan olika sömnstadier när ljudnivån sänktes. Likaså ökade antalet muskeltonushöjningar under nätter med dämpning. Det kunde med 95% signifikans påvisas att både sömnstadieskift till mindre djup sömn och muskeltonushöjningar förekommer som akuta svar på enstaka fordonspassager, dock är dessa akuta störningar så fåtaliga att de är försumbara jämfört med de sömnstadieskift och muskeltonushöjningar som inte är korrelerade till fordonspassager. En morgonenkät visade inte att unga män upplevde sömnen som bättre efter dämpning av ljudet i sovrummet, men de uppgav oftare att de inte hade vaknat någon gång under natten. Äldre män däremot uppgav att de sovit bättre, somnat lättare och känt sig mera utvilade efter nätter med dämpning.
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| 8. |
- Grafström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0361-9230. ; 77, s. 257-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to mimic the real life situation, with often life-long exposure to the electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones, we have investigated in a rat model the effects of repeated exposures under a long period to Global System for Mobile Communication-900MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed once weekly in a 2-h period, for totally 55 weeks, at different average whole-body specific absorption rates (SAR) (of in average 0.6 and 60mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period). The animals were exposed in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber (TEM-cell) to radiation emitted by a GSM-900 test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After behavioural tests, 5-7 weeks after the last exposure, the brains were evaluated for histopathological alterations such as albumin extravasation, dark neurons, lipofuscin aggregation and signs of cytoskeletal and neuritic neuronal changes of the type seen in human ageing. In this study, no significant alteration of any these histopathological parameters was found, when comparing the GSM exposed animals to the sham exposed controls.
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| 9. |
- Halgamuge, Malka N., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison Between Two Models for Interactions Between Electric and Magnetic Fields and Proteins in Cell Membranes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Engineering Science. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1092-8758 .- 1557-9018. ; 26:10, s. 1473-1480
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigations on exposure to electromagnetic have generated conflicting results both in epidemiological and laboratory studies, leaving their possible health consequences largely inconclusive. One of the well-reported reasons for the discrepancies is that there is no generally accepted theory to describe the interactions between the very weak electromagnetic fields and the living cells. This work presents a critical evaluation of three theories that describes the effects of weak electromagnetic fields on channel proteins in the cell membrane. The forced ion vibration model appears to explain the opening of ion channel proteins for exposures to low-frequency magnetic fields in the mili-Tesla range. No resonance frequencies or amplitude window effects are predicted in this method. We identify inconsistencies in the forced vibration model and show that the environmental magnetic fields that would be required to elicit opening of channel proteins are much stronger than predicted by the proposers of this model. The Ion Parametric Resonance model predicts a biological response at well-defined resonance frequencies for magnetic fields exceeding about 10 micro-Tesla. The oscillating magnetic field is assumed to act on proteins together with the earth's static magnetic field. This model predicts amplitude windows. We explain how a purely magnetic interaction, where in a two-stage ion magnetic resonance model, the conformation of a protein is changed under the influence of ions attached to its surface, which in turn, changes the function of the protein, can overcome the inherent signal-to-noise problem caused by electric thermal noise. The hydrogen nuclear polarization model predicts a biological response for oscillating magnetic field strengths above 0.1 micro-Tesla. The presence of a static magnetic field is required, and biological effects can be expected for frequencies below a few hundred hertz. All models except the forced vibration model can be applied for amplitude modulated microwaves.
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| 10. |
- Halgamuge, Malka N., et al.
(författare)
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Reduced Growth of Soybean Seedlings After Exposure to Weak Microwave Radiation From GSM 900 Mobile Phone and Base Station
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - 0197-8462. ; 36:2, s. 87-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this work was to study possible effects of environmental radiation pollution on plants. The association between cellular telephone (short duration, higher amplitude) and base station (long duration, very low amplitude) radiation exposure and the growth rate of soybean (Glycine max) seedlings was investigated. Soybean seedlings, pre-grown for 4 days, were exposed in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic cell for 2h to global system for mobile communication (GSM) mobile phone pulsed radiation or continuous wave (CW) radiation at 900MHz with amplitudes of 5.7 and 41Vm(-1), and outgrowth was studied one week after exposure. The exposure to higher amplitude (41Vm(-1)) GSM radiation resulted in diminished outgrowth of the epicotyl. The exposure to lower amplitude (5.7Vm(-1)) GSM radiation did not influence outgrowth of epicotyl, hypocotyls, or roots. The exposure to higher amplitude CW radiation resulted in reduced outgrowth of the roots whereas lower CW exposure resulted in a reduced outgrowth of the hypocotyl. Soybean seedlings were also exposed for 5 days to an extremely low level of radiation (GSM 900MHz, 0.56Vm(-1)) and outgrowth was studied 2 days later. Growth of epicotyl and hypocotyl was found to be reduced, whereas the outgrowth of roots was stimulated. Our findings indicate that the observed effects were significantly dependent on field strength as well as amplitude modulation of the applied field. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:87-95, 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 11. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Analgetic effects of non-thermal GSM-1900 radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in the land snail Helix pomatia
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Radiation Biology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0955-3002 .- 1362-3095. ; 88:3, s. 245-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose : To investigate whether mobile phone radiation might affect snail nociception, employing radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) which, to our knowledge, have hitherto not been studied in a snail model. Exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields has however been shown to significantly affect nociceptive responses. Materials and methods : In the present study, we exposed 29 land snails of the strain Helix pomatia to global system for mobile communications (GSM) EMF at 1900 MHz at the non-thermal level 48 mW/kg for 1 hour each and 29 snails were sham controls. The experiments took place during the onset of summer, with all snails being well out of hibernation. Before and after GSM or sham exposure, the snails were subjected to thermal pain by being placed on a hot plate. The reaction time for retraction from the hot plate was measured by two blinded observers. Results : Comparing the reaction pattern of each snail before and after exposure, the GSM-exposed snails were less sensitive to thermal pain as compared to the sham controls, indicating that RF exposure induces a significant analgesia (Mann-Whitney p < 0.001). Conclusion : This study might support earlier findings, describing beneficial effects of EMF exposure upon nociception.
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| 12. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive impairment in rats after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 29:3, s. 219-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering the frequent use of mobile phones, we have directed attention to possible implications on cognitive functions. In this study we investigated in a rat model the long-term effects of protracted exposure to Global System for Mobile Communication-900 MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed for 2 h each week for 55 weeks to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation at different SAR levels (0.6 and 60 mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period) emitted by a (GSM-900) test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After this protracted exposure, GSM-900 exposed rats were compared to sham exposed controls. Effects on exploratory behaviour were evaluated in the open-field test, in which no difference was seen. Effects on cognitive functions were evaluated in the episodic-like memory test. In our study, GSM exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation, compared to sham exposed controls (P = 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure. Our results suggest significantly reduced memory functions in rats after GSM microwave exposure (P = 0.02).
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| 13. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to radiation from global system for mobile communications at 1,800 MHz significantly changes gene expression in rat hippocampus and cortex
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Environmentalist. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0251-1088 .- 1573-2991. ; 28:4, s. 458-465
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have earlier shown that radio frequency electromagnetic fields can cause significant leakage of albumin through the blood-brain barrier of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed rats, and also significant neuronal damage in rat brains several weeks after a 2 h exposure to a mobile phone, at 915 MHz with a global system for mobile communications (GSM) frequency modulation, at whole-body specific absorption rate values (SAR) of 200, 20, 2, and 0.2 mW/kg. We have now studied whether 6 h of exposure to the radiation from a GSM mobile test phone at 1,800 MHz (at a whole-body SAR-value of 13 mW/kg, corresponding to a brain SAR-value of 30 mW/kg) has an effect upon the gene expression pattern in rat brain cortex and hippocampus-areas where we have observed albumin leakage from capillaries into neurons and neuronal damage. Microarray analysis of 31,099 rat genes, including splicing variants, was performed in cortex and hippocampus of 8 Fischer 344 rats, 4 animals exposed to global system for mobile communications electromagnetic fields for 6 h in an anechoic chamber, one rat at a time, and 4 controls kept as long in the same anechoic chamber without exposure, also in this case one rat at a time. Gene ontology analysis (using the gene ontology categories biological processes, molecular functions, and cell components) of the differentially expressed genes of the exposed animals versus the control group revealed the following highly significant altered gene categories in both cortex and hippocampus: extracellular region, signal transducer activity, intrinsic to membrane, and integral to membrane. The fact that most of these categories are connected with membrane functions may have a relation to our earlier observation of albumin transport through brain capillaries.
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| 14. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Pathophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-149X .- 0928-4680.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microwaves were for the first time produced by humans in 1886 when radio waves were broadcasted and received. Until then microwaves had only existed as a part of the cosmic background radiation since the birth of universe. By the following utilization of microwaves in telegraph communication, radars, television and above all, in the modern mobile phone technology, mankind is today exposed to microwaves at a level up to 10(20) times the original background radiation since the birth of universe. Our group has earlier shown that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in albumin extravasation immediately and 14 days after 2h of exposure. In the background section of this report, we present a thorough review of the literature on the demonstrated effects (or lack of effects) of microwave exposure upon the BBB. Furthermore, we have continued our own studies by investigating the effects of GSM mobile phone radiation upon the blood-brain barrier permeability of rats 7 days after one occasion of 2h of exposure. Forty-eight rats were exposed in TEM-cells for 2h at non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0mW/kg, 0.12mW/kg, 1.2mW/kg, 12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. Albumin extravasation over the BBB, neuronal albumin uptake and neuronal damage were assessed. Albumin extravasation was enhanced in the mobile phone exposed rats as compared to sham controls after this 7-day recovery period (Fisher's exact probability test, p=0.04 and Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.012), at the SAR-value of 12mW/kg (Mann-Whitney, p=0.007) and with a trend of increased albumin extravasation also at the SAR-values of 0.12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. There was a low, but significant correlation between the exposure level (SAR-value) and occurrence of focal albumin extravasation (r(s)=0.33; p=0.04). The present findings are in agreement with our earlier studies where we have seen increased BBB permeability immediately and 14 days after exposure. We here discuss the present findings as well as the previous results of altered BBB permeability from our and other laboratories.
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| 15. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Nonthermal GSM RF and ELF EMF effects upon rat BBB permeability
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Environmentalist. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0251-1088 .- 1573-2991. ; 31:2, s. 140-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the late 1980s, our group has examined the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), including pulse-modulated waves of the type emitted by mobile phones, upon the blood-brain barrier. In more than 2,000 rats, we have repeatedly demonstrated a passage of the rats' own albumin from the blood through the brain capillaries into the surrounding brain parenchyma at SAR values down to 0.1mW/kg. In most of these experiments, the animals were exposed in TEM-cells, ventilated by an external electrical fan at 50 Hz. In the present study, we examined whether the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields from the fan (50 Hz, 0.3-1.5 μT) might add to the RF effect. Sixty-four rats were divided into 4 groups: RF only, ELF only and RF + ELF exposure plus a sham group. The GSM-900 MHz RF exposure was at the very low, nonthermal, average whole-body SAR level 0.4 mW/kg. Demonstration of the normally occurring albumin extravasation in the basal hypothalamus is our inbuilt control proving that the staining is reliable. Two full series of staining of the whole material gave negative results for hypothalamus. Not until we changed to avidin, biotin, and antibodies from a third supplier, we received an acceptable staining. Twenty-five percent of the RF animals had a pathological albumin leakage, while the ELF and RF + ELF groups with three and two pathological findings, respectively, were not significantly different from the control group. We conclude that the use of external fans has had no major influence upon the result.
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| 16. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field effects on the blood-brain barrier.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1536-8386 .- 1536-8378. ; 27:2, s. 103-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last century, mankind has introduced electricity and during the very last decades, the microwaves of the modern communication society have spread a totally new entity--the radiofrequency fields--around the world. How does this affect biology on Earth? The mammalian brain is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain tissue. There is evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields at non thermal levels disrupts this barrier. In this review, the scientific findings in this field are presented. The result is a complex picture, where some studies show effects on the blood-brain barrier, whereas others do not. Possible mechanisms for the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the living organisms are discussed. Demonstrated effects on the blood-brain barrier, as well as a series of other effects upon biology, have caused societal anxiety. Continued research is needed to come to an understanding of how these possible effects can be neutralized, or at least reduced. Furthermore, it should be kept in mind that proven effects on biology also should have positive potentials, e.g., for medical use.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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Mörka Neuron och Mobiltelefoner : Dedicerad till en 90-årig man, Arne Brun i Lund
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2021:001, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Med denna svenska översikt av våra egna och andra forskares observationer av mörka neuron vid mikrovågs exponering från mobiltelefoner, som lite senkommet tillägnas Arne Brun på hans 90 års-dag, vill vi att hans insatser blir uppmärksammade och inte faller i glömska.Kring 2000 millennium skiftet pågick ett intensivt arbete i Lund med att sammanfatta och bekräfta effekterna av exponering med GSM-900 MHz mikrovågor på blod-hjärna barriären och hjärnans neuroner. Leif G. Salford, Arne Brun och medarbetare presenterade år 2003 i tidskriften Environmental Health Perspectives resultaten från en undersökning av skador på nervcellerna i råtthjärna efter exponering för mikrovågor från GSM Mobiltelefoner. Kontroller och testdjur visade alla tecken på närvao av albumin i hypotalamus, vilket år normalt och indikerar att albumin infärgningen av BBB läckaget också fungerar. Cresylviolettfärgningen avslöjade förekomst av spridda och grupperade mörka nervceller, som ofta var skrumpna och mörkt homogent färgade utan urskiljbara interna cellstrukturer. Några av dessa mörka nervceller var också albuminpositiva eller visade cytoplasmatiska mikrovakuoler som indikerar en aktiv patologisk process. År 2008 presenterades resultaten av ytterligare undersökningar av blod-hjärn barriärens permeabilitet och nervcellsskador i råtthjärnan efter en återhämtningstid på antingen 14 och 28 dagar efter 2 timmas exponering för mikrovågor från GSM-mobiltelefoner i 900 MHz-bandet. Efter 14 dagars återhämtningstid observerades albumin-läckage i BBB och albumin upptag i neuroner. Mörka neuron observerades endast hos råttor som exponerats med det lägsta SAR-värdet, 0,12 mW/kg. Efter 28 dagars återhämtnings period observerades läckage av albumin endast hos råttor som exponerats med det högsta SAR-värdet, 100 mW/kg. Däremot observerades efter 28 dagar förekomst av mörka neuron i råtthjärnor hos alla grupperna vilket korrelerade väl med neuronernas albumin upptag.I studien observeras neuro-patologiska förändringar redan vid SAR-värden så låga som 0,12 mW/kg vilket överensstämmer med våra tidigare resultat. Speciellt iögonfallande är att det högsta albumin upptaget i neuroner observeras vid den lägsta SAR nivån på 0,12 mW/kg. Frekvensen hos förekomsten av mörka nervceller ökade, jämfört med kontrollerna både efter 14 och 28 dagars återhämtning, men var endast signifikant vid 28 dagar efter exponering. Inga signifikanta tecken på förekomsten av mörka neuron observerades emellertid efter 7 dagars återhämtning.I en Fransk studie redovisad av Poulletier de Gannes och medarbetare 2009 exponerades enbart huvudet hos 16 st. Fischer 344-råttor (14 veckor gamla) för GSM-900 under 2 timmar vid SAR värden 0,14 och 2,0 W/kg. Fjorton alternatvt 50 dagar efter GSM-900 exponeringen kunde varken BBB-läckage eller förekomst av mörka nervceller upptäckas i rått hjärnorna. Deras resultat indikerar att det föreligger en väsentlig skillnad i resultaten vid helkropp exponering jämfört med exponering av endast huvudet.År 2015 presenterades en studie, stödd av Nationella Vetenskaps Akademin i Kina (NSFC), avseende albumin-läckage i blod-hjärnbarriären efter exponering med kontinuerliga mikrovågor på 900 MHz med SARvärden mellan 0,016 (hela kroppen) och 2 W/kg (lokalt i huvudet). Hos råttor som exponerats under 28 dagar observerades cellulärt ödem och neuronal cellorganell degeneration hos råttorna. Dessutom observerades med immun-färgning BBB-läckage av albumin i hippocampus och cortex. Efter exponering för 900 MHz mikrovågor under 14 respektive 28 dagar hade serum albumin diffunderat in i neuropilen mellan cellkropparna, som omger neuronerna. Upptag av Albumin i hippocampus neuron hos råttor exponerade under 28 dagar, visar förekomst av mörka neuron. Deras resultat är i linje med Lunda-resultaten som publicerades 2003 och 2008.
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| 19. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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Non-thermal" Effects on the Blood-Brain Barrier in Fischer rats by exposure to microwaves
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2012-006:006, s. 1-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effect of 915 MHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood brain-barrier (BBB) permeability has been studied in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were exposed in a Transverse Electromagnetic Transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with different pulse power and at various time intervals. The CW-pulse power varied from 0.001W to 10 W and the exposure time from 2 min. to 960 min. In each experiment we randomly placed 4 rats in excited and 4 control rats in non-excited TEM-cells respectively. The rats were not anaesthetised during the exposure. The rats were exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, either continuous wave (CW) or pulse modulated at 4,8,16 or 217 Hz with 0.57 ms pulse width, or pulse modulated at 50 Hz with 6.6 ms pulse width as well as from a real GSM-900 telephone. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloralhydrate anaesthesia after the exposure. The brains were then perfused, first with saline for 3-4 minutes, and then with 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Whole coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 μm. The degree of albumin leakage was demonstrated immune-histo-chemically and classified in order of increased number of albumin extravasations by a rank number: 0 - 0.5 - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2 - 3. Pathological albumin leakage was judged as albumin extravasations equal to or larger than 1. The frequency of pathological rats in all control groups was about 17%. Among rats exposed to pulse modulated microwaves the ratio of pathological rats was 170/481(0.35±0.03) and among rats exposed to continuous wave exposure (CW) it was 74/149 (0.50±0.07). These results are both highly significantly different to their corresponding controls (p<0.0001). The rats were exposed to SAR various values: 0.2; 2; (20-40); (100-500); (1000-3000) mW/kg. In the 217 Hz modulated group (GSM simulated) we found the most increased ratio of albumin extravasations OR= 4 at 0.2 mW/kg. But no significant increased ratio at SAR 2000 mW/kg. The response curve of OR versus log(SAR) had the shape of a bathtub, with a minimum at a100 mW/kg. A similar curve was recorded for OR versus Specific Absorbed Energy (SAE Joule / kg) with a minimum at 100 J/kg. Similar response curves were recorded for the various modulation frequencies 4; 8; 16; 50 Hz. We found no pronounced difference between the various modulation frequencies other than the effect of CW exposure seems to be more effective than pulse modulated exposure in opening the BBB at high SAR values 100-2000 mW/kg. Conclusion: The opening of the BBB is most effective at SAR values in the range of 0.1-0.5 mW.kg-1 and less effective in the range of 50-500 mW.kg-1. In this low SAR range thermal effects are unlikely. Thus there seems to be a non-thermal mechanism involved triggering the opening of the BBB.
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| 20. |
- Persson, Bertil R.R., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of microwaves from GSM mobile phones on the blood-brain barrier and neurons in rat brain
- 2005
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Ingår i: PIERS 2005 - Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Proceedings. - 1933077077 - 9781933077079 ; , s. 638-641
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our group has since 1988 studied the effects of different intensities and modulations of 915MHz RF in a rat model where the exposure takes place in a TEM-cell during various time periods and post exposure recovery times. The power fed into TEM-cells was 0.125, 1.25, 12.5 or 125mW corresponding to whole body SAR (determined experimentally): 0.2, 2, 20 or 200mW/kg. The rats were awake and not restrained during exposure and after the recovery period the animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed by perfusion-fixation with 4% formaldehyde. Paraffin embedded 5 μm. thick brain slices were stained for albumin by applying albumin antibodies (Dakopatts), by which albumin is revealed as brownish discolorations. Dark neurons were revealed by staining for RNA/DNA with cresyl violet. In series of more than 1800 Fisher rats, we have proven that sub thermal power levels from both pulse-modulated and continuous RF fields - including those from real GSM mobile phones - have the potency to significantly open the BBB for the animals' own albumin (but not fibrinogen) to pass out into the brain and to accumulate in the neurons and glial cells surrounding the capillaries. Albumin extravasations are most prominent at the lower SAR values. This dose-response behaviour suggests some kind of energy or electromagnetic field strength windowing effect. A linear dose-response relationship for dark neurons was found at 50 days after exposure, with most prominent occurrence at SAR 200mW/kg.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Salford, Leif G., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental studies of brain tumour development during exposure to continuous and pulsed 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation
- 1993
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Ingår i: Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics. - 0302-4598. ; 30:C, s. 313-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) act as a promoter late in the carcinogenesis process. To date, however, noconvincing laboratory evidence has been obtained indicating that EMFs cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. The effects of EMF exposure in a rat brain glioma model were investigated. The exposure consisted of 915 MHz microwaves, both as continuous waves (1 W), and modulated with 4, 8, 16 and 200 Hz in 0.5 ms pulses and 50 Hz in 6 ms pulses (2 W per pulse). Fischer 344 rats of both sexes, weighing 150-250 g, were used in the experiments. 5000 RG2 cells in 5 μ1 nutrient solution were injected by the stereotaxic technique into the head of the right caudate nucleus in 37 experimental rats and 37 matched controls. The exposed animals were kept unanaesthetized in well ventilated transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cells producing 915 MHz continuous or modulated microwaves. Exposure was started on day five after inoculation. The animals were exposed for 7 hd d-1 for 5 d per week during two to three weeks. The controls were kept in an identical TEM cell without EMF exposure. All brains were examined histopathologically and the tumour size was determined. Our study does not show a significant difference in tumour size between animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, and those not exposed. Our preliminary results do not support that even an extensive daily exposure to EMF promotes tumour growth when given from the fifth day after the start of tumour growth in the rat brain until the death of the animal which by then has a large brain tumour. Further studies with higher specific absorption rate levels are in progress.
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| 23. |
- Salford, Leif G., et al.
(författare)
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Non-thermal effects of EMF upon the mammalian brain : The Lund experience
- 2007
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Ingår i: The Environmentalist. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0251-1088 .- 1573-2991. ; 27:4, s. 493-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environment in which biology exists has dramatically changed during the last decades. Life was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation and the terrestrial magnetism. The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones. The question is: to what extent are living organisms affected by these ubiquitous radio frequency fields? Since 1988 our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been revealed to cause significantly increased leakage of albumin through the BBB of exposed rats as compared to non-exposed animals-in a total series of about two thousand animals. One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain. In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz at non-thermal levels, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen 28 and 50 days after the exposure. In our continued research, the non-thermal effects (histology, memory functions) of long-term exposure for 13 months are studied as well as the effects of short term GSM 1,800 MHz upon gene expression. Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the non-thermal radio frequency fields. Studies from other laboratories in some cases find effects, while in other cases effects are not seen. Our conclusion is that all researchers involved in this field have the obligation to intensify this research in order to reduce, or avoid, the possible negative effects of the man made microwaves!
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| 24. |
- Salford, Leif G., et al.
(författare)
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Permeability of the blood-brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz
- 1993
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Ingår i: Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics. - 0302-4598. ; 30:C, s. 293-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the BBB after exposure to the various EMF -components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans-blue-labelled proteins which do not normally pass the BBB of rats. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a TEM cell to 915 MHz microwaves as continuous waves and modulated at various low frequencies (8, 16, 50 and 200 Hz). The rats were not anaesthetized during the exposure. After exposure the brains were perfused first with saline for 3-4 minutes and then with 4% formaldehyde. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 μm. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 out of 62 of the controls and in 56 out of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. With continuous waves these are 14 positive findings out of 35 which differs significantly from the results obtained with the controls (p = 0.0002). With pulsed 915 MHz microwaves at modulation frequencies of 200, 50, 16 and 8 Hz, 42 findings out of 149 were positive, which is significant at the p = 0.001 level. This reveals that both continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves are able to open up the BBB for albumin passage. However, there is no significant difference between continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves in this respect. The question of whether the opening of the BBB constitutes a health hazard requires further investigation.
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| 25. |
- Salford, Leif G., et al.
(författare)
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Permeability of the blood‐brain barrier induced by 915 MHz electromagnetic radiation, continuous wave and modulated at 8, 16, 50, and 200 Hz
- 1994
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Ingår i: Microscopy Research and Technique. - : Wiley. - 1059-910X .- 1097-0029. ; 27:6, s. 535-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) can be studied in sensitive and specific models. In a previous investigation of the permeability of the blood‐brain barrier after exposure to the various EMF‐components of proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we found that the exposure to MRI induced leakage of Evans Blue labeled proteins normally not passing the BBB of rats [Salford et al. (1992), in: Resonance Phenomena in Biology, Oxford University Press, pp. 87–91]. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse‐modulated with repetition rates of 8, 16, 50, and 200 s−1. The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 and 5 W/kg. The rats were not anesthetized during the 2‐hour exposure. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion‐fixation of the brains under chloral hydrate anesthesia about 1 hour after the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3–4 minutes, and thereafter fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 5–6 minutes. Central coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 μm. Albumin and fibrinogen were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The results show albumin leakage in 5 of 62 of the controls and in 56 of 184 of the animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves. Continuous wave resulted in 14 positive findings of 35, which differ significantly from the controls (P = 0.002). With pulsed 915 MHz microwaves with repetition rates of 200, 50, 16, and 8 s−1, 42 of 149 were positive, which is highly significant at the P = 0.001 level. This reveals that both CW and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves have the potential to open up the BBB for albumin passage. However, there is no significant difference between continuous and pulsed 915 MHz microwaves in this respect. The frequency of occurrence of extravasates (26%) was found to be independent of SAR for SAR < 2.5 W/kg, but rose significantly for the higher SAR values (to 43%). The question of whether the opening of the blood‐brain barrier constitutes a health hazard demands further investigation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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| 26. |
- Salford, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924. ; 111:7, s. 881-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields for the human body is a growing concern for our society. We have previously shown that weak pulsed microwaves give rise to a significant leakage of albumin through the blood-brain barrier. In this study we investigated whether a pathologic leakage across the blood-brain barrier might be combined with damage to the neurons. Three groups each of eight rats were exposed for 2 hr to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone electromagnetic fields of different strengths. We found highly significant (p < 0.002) evidence for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia in the brains of exposed rats. Key words: blood-brain barrier, central nervous system, microwaves, mobile phones, neuronal damage, rats.
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| 27. |
- Salford, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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The mammalian brain in the electromagnetic fields designed by man with special reference to blood-brain barrier function, neuronal damage and possible physical mechanisms
- 2008
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Ingår i: PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS SUPPLEMENT. - 0375-9687. ; :173, s. 283-309
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life oil earth was formed during billions of years, exposed to, and shaped by the original physical forces such as gravitation, cosmic irradiation, atmospheric electric fields and the terrestrial magnetism. The Schumann resonances at 7.4 Hz are all example of oscillations possibly important for life.(1)) The existing organisms are created to function in harmony with these forces. However, in the late 19th century mankind introduced the use of electricity, in the early 20th century long-wave radio and in the 1940-ies short-wave radio. High frequency RF was introduced in the 50-ies as FM and television and during the very last decades, microwaves of the modern communication society spread around the world. Today, however, one third of the world's population is owner of the microwave-producing mobile phones and an even larger number is exposed to the cordless RF emitting systems. To what; extent are all living organisms affected by these, almost everywhere present radio frequency fields? And what will be the effects of many years of continuing exposure? Since 1989 Our group has studied the effects upon the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats by non-thermal radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). These have been shown to cause significantly increased leak-age of the rats' own blood albumin through the BBB of exposed rats, at energy levels of 1W/kg and below, as compared to non-exposed animals in a total series of about two thousand animals.(2)-6)) One remarkable observation is the fact that the lowest energy levels, with whole-body average power densities below 10mW/kg, give rise to the most pronounced albumin leakage. If mobile communication, even at extremely low energy levels, causes the users' own albumin to leak out through the BBB, also other unwanted and toxic molecules in the blood, may leak into the brain tissue and concentrate in and damage the neurons and glial cells of the brain. In later studies we have shown that a 2-h exposure to GSM 915 MHz, at non-thermal SAB-values of 0.2, 2 and 200 mW/kg, gives rise to significant neuronal damage, seen not only 50 days after the exposure 7) but also after 28 days but not after 14 days. Albumin extravasations and uptake into neurons was enhanced after 14 clays, but not after 28.(8)) in our continued research, also the non-thermal effects oil tissue structure and memory function of long-term exposure for 13 months are studied.(9)) We have also performed microarray analysis of brains from rats exposed to short term GSM both at 1,800 MHz and at 900MHz and have found significant effects upon gene expression of membrane associated genes as compared to control animals.(10),11)) Most of our findings support that living organisms are affected by the non-thermal radio frequency fields. Some other Studies agree while others find no effects. The mechanisms by which the EMFs may alter BBB permeability are not Well Understood. At low field strengths, the effects on body temperature are negligible and thus heating effects are not involved. A change in the physicochemical characteristics of membranes has been suggested as a cause.(12)) We have performed experiments to verify a quantum mechanical model for interaction with protein-bound ions. Our results show that controlled frequency and amplitude of ELF EM fields upon spinach plasma vesicles can steer transport over the membrane.(13)) This may be a first proof of a resonance phenomenon where appropriate levels of frequency and amplitude in the right combination have the potency to communicate with the biology of membranes and transport systems. Our study has prompted Lis to elaborate on magnetic resonance models; the Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) model and the Ion Parametric Resonance (IPR) Model in an attempt to explain the occurrence of resonance frequencies. This is extensively described here under the heading: Mechanisms behind the effects of electromagnetical fields upon biology. We also bring forward the concept of solitons being active in membranes and DNA/RNA-transcription as a, possible mean to understand and prove the biological effects of EMF. The Nishinomiya-Yukawa International and Interdisciplinary Symposium 2007 raised the question: What is Life? An obvious and simple answer could be: It is DNA! The DNA strand can be looked upon as an antenna resonating in the microwave band 6GHz with its harmonics and subharmonics.(14)-18)) If this holds true, the dramatic situation might exist, that all living organisms have a receptor for the newly constructed and world-wide man-made microvaves, leading to a direct effect upon the function of DNA - in concordance with our experimental findings! Our generation invented the microwave emitters. We now have in imperative obligation to further investigate the links between EMF and biology in order to prevent possible detrimental effects of the microwaves.
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| 28. |
- Sun, Wenjun J., et al.
(författare)
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Calcium efflux of plasma membrane vesicles exposed to ELF magnetic fieldsutest of a nuclear magnetic resonance interaction model
- 2012
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Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462. ; 33:7, s. 535-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The question whether very weak, low frequency magnetic fields can affect biological matter is still under debate. The theoretical possibility of such an interaction is often questioned and the site of interaction in the cell is unknown. In the present study, the influence of extremely weak 60?Hz magnetic fields on the transport of Ca2+ was studied in a biological system consisting of highly purified plasma membrane vesicles. We tested a newly proposed quantum mechanical model postulates that polarization of hydrogen nuclei can elicit a biological effect. Vesicles were exposed for half an hour at 32?degrees C and the calcium efflux was studied using radioactive 45Ca2+ as a tracer. A static magnetic field of 26?mu T and time-varying magnetic fields with a frequency of 60?Hz and amplitudes between 0.6 and 6.3?mu T were used. The predictions of the model, proposed by Lednev, that at a frequency of 60?Hz the biological effect under investigation would significantly be altered at the amplitudes of 1.3 and 3.9?mu T could not be confirmed. Bioelectromagnetics 33:535542, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 29. |
- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
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Ingår i: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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