| 1. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 84, s. 1-14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Swedish education market has gone through a dramatic transformation due to the introduction of voucher-funded independent schools. We make use of data on school applications to condition on student preferences for independent versus public education, and estimate a positive relationship between independent upper secondary school attendance and grades, graduation rates, and post-secondary education. We however also find strong indications of more lenient grading standards in independent schools, especially in schools organized as for-profit entities and in schools with a low share of qualified teachers. Our results suggest that, although independent school attendance seems to benefit the individual students in terms of higher grades and increased transition to post-secondary studies, grade inflation in the Swedish upper secondary independent schools may be a serious problem.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Angelov, Nikolay, et al.
(författare)
-
När skolan själv får välja – en ESO-rapport om friskolornas etableringsmönster
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten analyseras vilka faktorer som påverkar var friskolor väljer att etablera sig.Rapporten konstaterar att friskolor oftare etableras i områden med många högutbildade – men också i invandrartäta områden. I kommuner som styrs av en vänstermajoritet etableras färre friskolor jämfört med i andra kommuner. Rapporten visar också att förväntan om höga intäkter och låga lokalkostnader tycks spela roll när icke-vinstsyftande friskolor väljer var de ska etablera sig. För de vinstsyftande skolorna verkar däremot de ekonomiska förutsättningarna inte påverka etableringen.För att med större säkerhet kunna säga något om hur kommunernas ersättning till friskolorna påverkar var nya friskolor etableras behövs bättre data. Det är en brist att denna information saknas i Sverige, ett land med världens kanske mest långtgående skolpengssystem.
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| 4. |
- Dadgar, Iman, 1982-
(författare)
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Essays on the economics of education and health
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Study I: This paper investigates the effect of the academic ordinal rank position of Swedish grade 9 students relative to their school peers on future educational achievement and adult earnings. The results show evidence of a positive impact of being more highly ranked in the class, and the effects are concentrated to the top and the bottom of the ordinal rank distribution. High-ability students from low-income families gained the most from having a higher ordinal rank in grade 9. The results contrast with US findings, which suggest a similar impact across the rank distribution.Study II: This paper studies the effect of a reform that increased school-level autonomy in determining how to allocate time between different subjects in Sweden. It evaluates the impact of the reform using registry data in a Difference-in-Differences framework. The results suggest that students' educational outcomes, including the subsequent choice of educational track, were not affected by the reform. However, there are some indications that students in large schools and students from low socioeconomic households may have benefited from the reform. Study III: Research suggests that increases in gross domestic product (GDP) lead to increases in traffic deaths plausibly due to the increased road traffic induced by an expanding economy. However, there also seems to exist a long-term effect of economic growth that is manifested in improved traffic safety and reduced rates of traffic deaths. Previous studies focus on either the short-term, procyclical effect, or the long-term, protective effect. The aim of the present study is to estimate the short-term and long-term effects jointly in order to assess the net impact of GDP on traffic mortality. We performed error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and long-term effects of GDP on the traffic death rates. The estimates from the error correction modelling for the entire study period suggested that a one-unit increase (US$1000) in GDP/capita yields an instantaneous short-term increase in the traffic death rate by 0.58 (p<0.001), and a long-term decrease equal to −1.59 (p<0.001). However, period-specific analyses revealed a structural break implying that the procyclical effect outweighs the protective effect in the period prior to 1976, whereas the reverse is true for the period 1976–2011. Study IV: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterization of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
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| 5. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Political Economy. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0022-3808 .- 1537-534X. ; 120:1, s. 41-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the causal link between the ethnic diversity in a society and its inhabitants' preferences for redistribution. We exploit exogenous variation in immigrant shares stemming from a nationwide program placing refugees in municipalities throughout Sweden during 1985-94 and match data on refugee placement to panel survey data on inhabitants of the receiving municipalities. We find significant, negative effects of increased immigration on the support for redistribution. The effect is especially pronounced among high-income earners. We also establish that estimates from earlier studies failing to identify causal effects are likely to be positively biased (i.e., less negative).
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| 6. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution : Reply
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a comment to Dahlberg, Edmark and Lundqvist (2012), Nekby and Pettersson-Lidbom (2012) argue (i) that the refugee placement program should be measured with contracted rather than actually placed refugees, and claim that the correlation between the two measures is insignificant and close to zero; (ii) that instead of using the rotating individual panel, we should have used the full cross-sections in combination with municipality fixed effects; and (iii) that immigrants should be dened based on country of birth rather than citizenship.In this response, we discuss why we (i) do not agree that contracted refugees is the preferred measure, and we show that the correlation between the two measures is highly significant and large; (ii) do not agree that the full cross-sections can be used; and (iii) do agree that defining immigrants according to country of birth is preferred. In a re-analysis, the conclusion from Dahlberg, Edmark and Lundqvist (2012) that ethnic diversity has a statistically and economically significant negative effect on preferences for redistribution is only marginally affected.
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| 7. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, et al.
(författare)
-
Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, the immigration of workers and refugees to Europe has increased substantially, and the composition of the population in many countries has consequently become much more heterogeneous in terms of ethnic background. If people exhibit in-group bias in the sense of being more altruistic to one's own kind, such increased heterogeneity will lead to reduced support for redistribution among natives. This paper exploits a nationwide program placing refugees in municipalities throughout Sweden during the period 1985 - 94 to isolate exogenous variation in immigrant shares. We match data on refugee placement to panel survey data on inhabitants of the receiving municipalities to estimate the causal effects of increased immigrant shares on preferences for redistribution. The results show that a larger immigrant population leads to less support for redistribution in the form of preferred social bene t levels. This reduction in support is especially pronounced for respondents with high income and wealth. We also establish that OLS estimators that do not properly deal with endogeneity problems - as in earlier studies - are likely to yield positively biased (i.e., less negative) eects of ethnic heterogeneity on preferences for redistribution.
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| 8. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Diversity and Preferencesfor Redistribution : Reply
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 119:2, s. 288-294
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this reply, we briefly respond to three of the issues raised: possible measures of preferences for redistribution, sample selection bias, and the use of the refugee placement policy as an instrument for immigration.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, et al.
(författare)
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Is There a "Race-to-the-Bottom" in the Setting of Welfare Benefit Levels? : Evidence from a Policy Intervention
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 92:5-6, s. 1193-1209
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we investigate whether local governments react on the welfare benefit levels in neighboring jurisdictions when setting their own benefit levels. We solve the simultaneity problem arising from the welfare game by utilizing a policy intervention; more specifically, we use a centrally geared exogenous placement of a highly welfare prone group (refugees) among Swedish municipalities as an instrument. The IV estimates indicate that there exists a "race-to-the-bottom" and that the effect is economically as well as statistically significant; if the neighboring municipalities decrease their welfare benefit level by 100 SEK, a municipality decreases its benefit level with approximately 41 SEK. This result is robust to several alternative model specifications.
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| 12. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting the Relationship between Ethnic Diversity and Preferences for Redistribution : Reply
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 119:2, s. 288-294
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we respond to the comments raised by Nekby and Pettersson-Lidbom on our paper Dahlberg et al. (2012, Journal of Political Economy 120, 41-76). We argue that our estimates are internally valid, but we acknowledge that the external validity could have been discussed more thoroughly.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the Swedish earned income tax credit
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Over the last twenty years we have seen an increasing use of in-work tax subsidies to encourage labor supply among low-income groups. In Sweden, a non-targeted earned income tax credit was introduced in 2007, and was reinforced in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The stated motive of the reform was to boost employment; in particular to provide incentives for individuals to go from unemployment to, at least, part-time work. In this paper we try to analyze the extensive margin labor supply effects of the Swedish earned income tax credit reform up to 2008. For identification we exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit, as well as the resulting average tax rate, is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working. However, throughout the analysis we find placebo effects that are similar in size to the estimated reform effects. In addition, the results are sensitive with respect to how we define employment, which is especially true when we analyze different subgroups such as men and women, married and singles. Our conclusion is that the identifying variation is too small and potentially endogenous and that it is therefore not possible to use this variation to perform a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Swedish EITC-reform.
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| 16. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Identifying Strategic Interactions in Swedish Local Income Tax Policies
- 2006
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This paper uses data on Swedish local governments to test for strategic interaction in tax setting. We make no a priori assumptions regarding the underlying behaviour of individuals, but instead attempt to test for the presence and type of underlying spatial process. First, we employ the estimation methods used in most earlier studies, however, we stress that these methods are limited in identifying the source of interaction. Hence, we make use of a number of additional, indirect predictions from the theories of tax competition and yardstick competition, in order to test for the presence of strategic interaction. Using such additional predictions of the theories serves a twofold purpose - first it helps us establish if the spatial coefficient is due to strategic interactions or merely reflecting spatial error correlation, and second, it helps identify the source of interaction. The analysis provides strong evidence for spatial dependence in tax rates among Swedish local governments. Moreover, we find weak evidence of tax competition or yardstick competition effects in the setting of tax rates.
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| 17. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying Strategic Interactions in Swedish Local Income Tax Policies
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:6, s. 849-857
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses data on Swedish local governments to test for strategic interaction in local tax setting. We make use of a number of indirect predictions from the theories of tax competition and yardstick competition in order to test for the presence of strategic interaction in these forms. Using such additional predictions of the theories serves a twofold purpose-first it helps us establish if the spatial coefficient is due to strategic interactions or merely reflecting spatial error correlation, and second, it helps identify the source of interaction. The analysis provides strong evidence for spatial correlation in tax rates among Swedish local governments. Moreover, we find weak evidence of tax competition effects in the setting of tax rates.
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| 18. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Is welfare dependency inherited? : Estimating the causal welfare transmission effects using Swedish sibling data
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Social Security. - : SAGE Publications. - 1388-2627 .- 2399-2948. ; 17:3, s. 338-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study tests whether individuals who grow up with parents on welfare benefits are themselves more (or less) likely to be welfare recipients as young adults, compared to individuals who grow up in non-welfare households. We use the sibling difference method to identify causal effects separately from the effects of correlated factors. While a descriptive analysis reveals a fairly high positive intergenerational correlation, especially in the late teens and conditional on a large set of household level factors, the sibling analysis provides no support for a causal effect of parents’ welfare benefit receipt on children’s future welfare use.
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| 19. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
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Location choices of Swedish independent schools
- 2019
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 63:1, s. 219-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the location decisions of the Swedish privately provided independent schools. It makes use of the great expansion of such schools following the 1992 independent school reform, to study the local determinants of independent school entry. The analysis thus provides evidence on the location choices made by private agents in a mixed market setting. The modifiable areal unit problem is addressed by employing a set of alternative measures for local school markets, constructed from highly detailed geographical data on schools and students. The results suggest that independent schools were more likely to choose locations with a larger share of students with high-educated parents; a higher student population density; and a lower share of students with Swedish-born parents. There is also some evidence that independent schools were less likely to locate in municipalities with a left-wing political majority.
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| 20. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
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Location choices of Swedish independent schools – how does allowing for private provision affect the geography of the education market?
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies the location decisions of Swedish start-up independent schools. It makes use of the great expansion of independent schools following a reform implemented in 1992 to test what local market characteristics are correlated with independent school entry. The results suggest that independent schools are more likely to choose locations with a higher share of students with high-educated parents; a higher student population density; and a lower share of students with Swedish-born parents. There is also some evidence that independent schools are less likely to locate in municipalities with a left-wing political majority. These results are robust to various alternative and flexible definitions of local school markets, which were employed in order to alleviate the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. For some of the included variables, the definition of the local market however had a large impact on the results, suggesting that the issue of how to define regions in spatial analyses can be important.
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| 21. |
- Edmark, Karin Margret, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the 1990s, the Swedish education market has gone through a dramatic transformation due to the introduction of voucher-funded independent schools. We make use of data on school applications to condition on student preferences for independent versus public education, and estimate a positive relationship between independent upper secondary school attendance and grades, graduation rates, and post-secondary education. We however also find strong indications of more lenient grading standards in independent schools, especially in schools organized as for-profit entities and in schools with a low share of qualified teachers. Our results suggest that, although independent school attendance seems to benefit the individual students in terms of higher grades and increased transition to post-secondary studies, grade inflation in the Swedish upper secondary independent schools may be a serious problem.
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| 22. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
-
Migration Effects of Welfare Benefit Reform
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 111:3, s. 511-526
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tests for a migration response to the implementation of stricter rules for receiving welfare benefits (means-tested social assistance for individuals who lack sufficient work-related income), in the form of mandatory participation in activation programmes in Stockholm town districts. The results give no indications that activation programmes affect the moving choices of recipients of welfare benefits.
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| 23. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Resultat och betygsättning i gymnasiefriskolor
- 2024
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Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I den här rapporten undersöks hur elevers skolresultat och övergång till eftergymnasial utbildning påverkas av att gå i en fristående i stället för en kommunal gymnasieskola. Resultaten tyder på att friskoleeleverna i genomsnitt får högre betyg, bättre provresultat i svenska och engelska, oftare går klart gymnasiet och i högre utsträckning studerar vidare. Men författarna finner också tecken på en mer generös betygsättning i friskolorna. Exempelvis sätter friskolor högre kursbetyg jämfört med resultaten på nationella prov. Även om författarna inte kan säga om en mer generös betygsättning förklarar hela resultatskillnaden mellan fristående och kommunala skolor, indikerar det här mönstret att det behövs åtgärder för att förbättra likvärdigheten i betygsättningen mellan skolor.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
SNS Analys 88. Resultat och betygsättning i gymnasiefriskolor
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fristående gymnasieskolor ger högre betyg än kommunala. Det gynnar friskoleelever, men skapar orättvisor om betygen inte speglar en högre kunskapsnivå, skriver forskarna Karin Edmark och Lovisa Persson i en ny SNS-rapport
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
-
Strategic Competition in Swedish Local Spending on Childcare, Schooling and Care for the Elderly
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study tests for strategic competition in public spending on childcare and primary education, and care for the elderly, using panel data on Swedish municipalities over 1996-2005. The high degree of decentralization in the organization of the public sector implies that Swedish data is highly suitable for this type of study. The study is not limited to interactions in the same type of expenditure, but also allows for e¤ects across expenditures. The results give no robust support for the hypothesis that municipalities react on the spending policy of neighbouring municipalities in the decision on own spending on care of the elderly, childcare and education.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-
(författare)
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Strategic Interactions among Swedish Local Governments
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay 1 (with Matz Dahlberg) investigates if local governments react on the welfare benefit levels in neighbouring jurisdictions when setting their own benefit levels. The IV estimates indicate that there exists a "race-to-the-bottom" and that the effect is economically as well as statistically significant.Essay 2 tests for strategic competition in public spending on childcare and primary education, and care for the elderly, in Swedish municipalities. The study is not limited to interactions in the same type of expenditure, but also allows for effects across expenditures. The results give no robust support for the hypothesis that municipalities react on the spending policy of neighbouring municipalities in the decision on own spending on care of the elderly, childcare and education.Essay 3 (with Hanna Ågren) uses data on Swedish local governments to test for strategic interaction in local tax setting. We make use of a number of indirect predictions from the theories of tax competition and yardstick competition in order to test for the presence of strategic interaction in these forms. The analysis provides strong evidence for spatial correlation in tax rates among Swedish local governments. Moreover, we find weak evidence of tax competition effects in the setting of tax rates.Essay 4 tests for a migration response to the implementation of stricter rules for welfare benefit receipt in Stockholm town districts. The hypothesis is that welfare benefit prone individuals will choose to live in a town district that has no program if they dislike the loss of leisure due to program participation more than they value the contents of the program, and vice versa. The results give weak indications of a negative effect of the program on the outmigration of welfare prone individuals.
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| 31. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden's school choice reform and equality of opportunity
- 2014
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 30:S1, s. 129-142
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses whether the Swedish school choice reform, enacted in 1992, had differential effects for students from different socio-economic backgrounds. We use detailed geographical data on students' and schools' locations to construct measures of the degree of potential choice. This allows us to study the effects of choice opportunities among public schools, whereas previous studies have focused on newly opened private schools. Our results indicate that students from a socio-economically disadvantaged or immigrant background did not benefit less from more school choice than those from more advantaged backgrounds. If anything, students from low-income families benefited slightly more than those from higher-income families. However, the differences between groups of students are very small, as are the overall effects of the reform.
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| 32. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
-
Taxes and the Choice of Organizational Form by Entrepreneurs in Sweden
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper estimates the role of both tax and non-tax determinants in the choice in Sweden to be a closely-held corporation vs. a proprietorship, using individual data for 2004 to 2008 on owners of closely-held businesses. While lower-income individuals face relatively neutral incentives, higher income individuals face strong tax incentives to be corporate. The data suggest a relatively strong correlation between these tax incentives and the likelihood that a firm is corporate. Many conventional non-tax determinants are confirmed in the data as well.
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| 33. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
-
The effects of unemployment on property crime : evidence from a period of unusually large swings in the business cycle
- 2003
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper uses a panel of Swedish counties over the years 1988-99 to study the effects of unemployment on property crime rates. The period under study is characterized by great turbulence in the labor market - the variation in the unemployment rates is unprecedented in the second half of the century. The data hence provides a unique opportunity to investigate unemployment effects. According to the theory of economics of crime, increased unemployment rates lead to higher property crime rates. A fixed effects model is estimated to investigate this hypothesis. The model includes time- and county-specific effects and a number of economic and socio-demographic variables in order to control for unobservables and covariates. In addition the model is estimated with linear and quadratic time trends to control for county-specific unobserved trends. The result gives strong evidence that unemployment has a positive and significant effect on burglary, car theft and bike theft.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of attending an independent upper secondary school : Evidence from Sweden using school ranking data
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides a comprehensive study on how attending a Swedish Independent upper secondary school affects students’ academic and short-term post-secondary outcomes. Beyond having access to population registers that measure school attendance and student outcomes, we are able to control for student preferences for independent provision, as stated in school application forms. The results from a CEM/VAM approach suggest a positive independent school effect on: final GPA, test results in English and Swedish, the likelihood to graduate on time, and attending post-secondary education. However, we also find a larger discrepancy between the final grade and the standardized test result among the independent school students, in a way that accords with more lenient grading practices among independent schools. Results from an alternative difference-in-difference analysis around admission thresholds yielded no additional insights, due to imprecise estimates.
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| 36. |
- Edmark, Karin, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Voucher Schools : Evidence from Swedish Upper Secondary Schools
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Empirical studies investigating the impact of private voucher schools on student outcomes have focused on a number of mechanisms, including productivity and competitive effects. Arguably, the possibility that these voucher schools may provide greater variety, in terms of education options or tracks remains an understudied area. This paper exploits the rapid expansion of private academic and vocational track schools in Sweden, to address this question. We uncover new evidence that the introduction of private voucher schools induced greater vocational education participation, and not simply a substitution of public for private vocational schools. In effect, private school penetration lead to a switch away from academic tracks, including both science and social science, in favour of vocational options. We then ask what impact inducing greater participation in vocational education had on short- and medium-term outcomes, including GPA, on-time graduation from high school, university participation and field of study at university. We discuss other possible mechanisms, including changes in peer and teacher quality.
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| 37. |
- Edmark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Earned Income Tax Credit : Did It Increase Employment?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Finanzarchiv. - 0015-2218 .- 1614-0974. ; 72:4, s. 475-503
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the extensive-margin labor-supply effects of a Swedish earned income tax credit introduced in 2007. The reform was one of the government's flagship reforms to boost employment, but its actual effects have been widely debated. We exploit the fact that the size of the tax credit is a function of the municipality of residence and income if working, which yields two sources of quasi-experimental variation. The identifying variation, however, turns out to be small and potentially endogenous, which means that the question of whether the reform has delivered the hoped-for effects cannot be credibly answered.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Edmark, Lennart, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Pressure-controlled versus manual facemask ventilation for anaesthetic induction in adults : A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 67:10, s. 1356-1362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pressure-controlled face mask ventilation (PC-FMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after apnoea following induction of general anaesthesia prolongs safe apnoea time and reduces atelectasis formation. However, depending on the set inspiratory pressure, a delayed confirmation of a patent airway might occur. We hypothesised that by lowering the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) when using PC-FMV with PEEP, confirmation of a patent airway would not be delayed as studied by the first return of CO2, compared with manual face mask ventilation (Manual FMV).Methods: This was a single-centre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Seventy adult patients scheduled for elective day-case surgery under general anaesthesia with body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg m(-2), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes I-III, and without anticipated difficult FMV, were included. Before the start of pre-oxygenation and induction of general anaesthesia, participants were randomly allocated to receive ventilation with either PC-FMV with PEEP, at a PIP of 11 and a PEEP of 6 cmH(2)O or Manual FMV, with the adjustable pressure-limiting valve set at 11 cmH(2)O. The primary outcome variable was the number of ventilatory attempts needed until confirmation of a patent airway, defined as the return of at least 1.3 kPa CO2.Results: The return of >= 1.3 kPa CO2 on the capnography curve was observed after mean +/- SD, 3.6 +/- 4.2 and 2.5 +/- 1.9 ventilatory attempts/breaths with PC-FMV with PEEP and Manual FMV, respectively. The difference in means (1.1 ventilatory attempts/breaths) had a 99% CI of similar to 1.0 to 3.1, within the accepted upper margin of four breaths for non-inferiority.Conclusion: Following induction of general anaesthesia, PC-FMV with PEEP was used without delaying a patent airway as confirmed with capnography, if moderate pressures were used.
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