| 1. |
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Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression focuses on challenges from the market to free speech and how free speech can be protected, promoted and developed when lines between journalism and advertising are blurred. With contributions from 20 scholars in law, media studies and philosophy, it explores an issue deserving greater attention, market pressures on freedom of expression. The role of commercial constraints on speech, restrictions and control of media content and the responsibility of state institutions in protecting free speech are some of the topics scrutinized from a democratic free speech perspective. (Print and OA) CONTENT: Preface Eva-Maria Svensson, Andrew T. Kenyon, Maria Edström: Introduction: Rethinking Freedom of Expression and Media Freedom. Ulla Carlsson: Opening speech: Freedom of Expression in Transition. A Media Perspective I. FREE SPEECH, THE STATE AND TENSIONS Andrew T. Kenyon:Who, What, Why and How. Questions for Positive Free Speech and Media Systems. Kari Karppinen:Beyond Positive and Negative Conceptions of Free Speech. Hans-Gunnar Axberger: Freedom of Expression as a Public Service. Victor Pickard:Toward a People’s Internet. The Fight for Positive Freedoms in an Age of Corporate Libertarianism. Katharine Sarikakis: Europe’s Many Crises and the Confinement of Democracy-Driven Free Speech. John Morison:The Democratic Dynamics of Government Consultations. Speaking Freely and Listening Properly. II. IN BETWEEN ADVERTISING AND JOURNALISM Justin Lewis: The Commercial Constraints on Speech Limit Democratic Debate. Tamara R. Piety: Killing the Golden Goose. Will Blending Advertising and Editorial Content Diminish the Value of Both? Eva-Maria Svensson: Upholding the Division Between Editorial and Commercial Content in Legislation and Self-Regulation. Fredrik Stiernstedt: Blurring the Boundaries in Practice? Economic, Organisational and Regulatory Barriers Against Native Advertising. Maria Edström: Audience Advertising Fatigue and New Alliances to Finance Content in Broadcasting. Bengt Johansson, Stina Bengtsson: On-Line Life in a Commercialised World. The Commodification of Mediated Social Relations. Crystal Abidin, Mart Ots: Influencers Tell All? Unravelling Authenticity and Credibility in a Brand Scandal. III. RESTRICTIONS AND CONTROL OF MEDIA CONTENT Torbjörn von Krogh: “Self-Regulate, or We Will Regulate Your Content”. Are State Threats of Regulation Threats to Freedom of Speech? Marta Martín-Llaguno: Limiting Market-Driven Freedom of Expression by Regulating Sexist Advertising in Spain. An Evaluation of and Some Shadows from the First Decade. David Brax: Hate Speech and the Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of Freedom of Speech. Magnus Hoem Iversen:Breaking the Ban. The Use of Televised Political Advertising in Norway.
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| 2. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural narratives and representations in Swedish law and media regarding age discrimination
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cultural Narratives, Processes and Strategies in Representations of Age and Aging. Graz, Austria: 27-30 April.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores narratives on ageing in age discrimination court cases and how they are represented in media. Sweden is a welfare state, considered good place to grow old, ranked No 3 in Global Agewatch Index 2015. However, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to adopt legislation against age discrimination. Age has been a ground for discrimination since 2009, and so far very few cases have been brought to action. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are: -What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? -What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? -How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in the capability concept used in the transdisciplinary research platform Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, at the University of Gothenburg. Capability can refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper. Focus is on factors on a macro level; application of laws that affect working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and ageism (i.e. the relation between perceptions of age and discriminatory practices).
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| 3. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered consequences of the commercialisation of freedom of speech
- 2012
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Ingår i: Gardens of Justice, Critical Legal Confernce, Stockholm, 14-16 sept 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gender stereotypes and sex discriminatory images are commonly used in adver¬tising. They are considered to sell. Advertisement is a large part of the content in media, and what is more, commercial messages are to a great extent blurred with editorial messages. With a strengthening of the legal protection for commercial messages the space for gender stereotypes is consolidated. Focus in this paper is gendered consequences of challenges from the market on freedom of speech in the media. With the expression commercialization of freedom of speech we try to capture a process in which commercial interest to communicate commercially is claimed to be a legitimate interest. Commercial messages are framed as com¬mercial speech, and commercial communication is framed as commercial freedom of speech. By doing so, commercial interests are framed as legitimate interests worth protection by law. Commercial speech has a weaker protection in many constitutions, but during the last years we have seen a growing discussion about giving commercials the same protection as other expressions. With a situation in which commercial messages are considered to be speeches worth protecting by law, and in which commercial interests claim more and more of the space for com¬munication in society, we would like to turn the way we understand and think of communication and space for communication up-side-down out of a citizen and a gender-equal-promoting perspective. The claim for what kind of interests should be legitimate interests to protect as part of the right to freedom of speech, have to be reconsidered.
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| 4. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Images Limited. Intersectionality during 20 years in the Swedish media buzz
- 2015
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Ingår i: 4th European Conference on Politic and Gender (ECPG) Uppsala 11-13 june 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The media both produce and reproduce ideas of living and citizenship. They can contribute to stereotyping and discrimination as well as challenge the dominant power structures in society. As the media society develops with more publication platforms, the visual culture has become more important. This paper explores how national media contributes to exclusion/inclusion and feelings of belonging in a transnational world. The focus is on how gender and other grounds for discrimination intersects and creates power structures of visibility, in all genres and on a meta level. A basis for the study is that all types of media matters and stereotypes can have a function as a power instrument, which is manifest in all genres. The empirical study investigates the dominant images of women and men in Swedish mainstream media by analysing content (including fact, fiction and advertising in broadcast and print) from 1994, 2004 and 2014. It contains two levels. The first level is quantitative and examines representation in the largest media outlets in all genres (a total of 34 products) in Sweden during one day. Added to that is the most popular movie, rented film and advertising and public advertising (billboards). (Included variables are social class, age, sexuality, functionality, ethnic background, religious background, minority/majority, etc.) The second level extracts patterns from the representation study and use a qualitative analysis to pinpoint what can be considered gender traits in the media. Hence, we identify stereotypes and visibility structures that we then relate to political discourses/policies concerning diversity and discrimination. The stereotypes are a possible way to combine representation categories and intersectional perspectives. Another dimension is to relate media representation to population statistics. The first report in this project was published in 1994 by University of Gothenburg: Massmediernas enfaldiga typer: Kvinnor och män i mediebruset.
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| 5. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Intersectionality to the rescue? A cross-national analysis of equal opportunities policies and tools in four national contexts
- 2012
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Ingår i: 8th European Feminist Research Conference, Budapest, 17-20 May 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite a common legal framework within EU (and partly also in EFTA) there are differences in national legislation when it comes to gender equality. In Great Britain and Sweden there is no longer separate legislation for equal opportunities. Instead there is a joint Discrimination Act and joint Discrimination Ombudsman encompassing all specifically defined discrimination grounds. In France and Norway there is still a separate legislation, but in Norway there is also a joint Ombudsman. What are the impacts of these different paths for dealing with discrimination in Europe for gender equality? Is gender equality strengthened or the contrary, does a joint discrimination legislation make the discrimination protection and the active measures less efficient? This paper aims to map the development of gender equality in Europe by comparing the different strategies of mainstreaming discrimination in four countries; France, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden. What are the current measures to promote and protect gender equality and how is gender equality related to other grounds for discrimination? Gender mainstreaming as an equality instrument has been encouraged by the UN and EU and since the mid 90-ies. The parallel processes towards joint legislation on discrimination are based on the insight that there are layers of discrimination that demand to be addressed. This is also what feminist theories on intersectionality is emphasising when they argue that different power structures such as age, class and ethnicity interact with gender. Intersectionality could be a way of strengthening gender mainstreaming. But there is also a risk that gender equality is forgotten when other discrimination grounds are focused.
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| 6. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Promoting Gender Equality in Media Content: A Limitation or Extension of Freedom of Expression?
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Handbook on Gender, Communication, and Women's Human Rights, Margaret Gallagher & Aimee Vega Montiel (Eds.). - Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley. - 9781119800682 ; , s. 195-212
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Is promoting gender equality in media content a limitation or an extension of freedom of expression? This question addresses the complicated intertwining of two political values essential in a democratic system. Whereas freedom of expression has long been safeguarded in international and national legal instruments, gender equality was established as a human right more recently. Fulfilling the goal of gender equality in media content through regulation is often perceived as a limitation of freedom of expression by the media industry as well as policymakers. Both self-regulation and regulation through legislation are needed to achieve gender equality in media content when it comes to eliminating gender stereotypes and combating sexist hate speech. Measures to safeguard gender equality in the media should be understood as expanding freedom of expression. It demands a system that goes far beyond protecting the individual right to free speech and the right to freedom from discrimination.
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| 7. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Räkna med Kvinnor! : Global Media Monitoring Project. Nationell rapport Sverige 2010
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Räkna med kvinnor 2010" är en rapportering av de svenska resultaten från den globala nyhetsstudien "Who makes the news?" Det svenska deltagandet i studien är ett samarbete mellan forskare, journalister och aktivister i Göteborg, Stockholm och Örebro. Rapporten är en bearbetning av det svenska nationella data med utgångspunkt i den globala studien. Rapporten innehåller också intervjuer och uppföljningar kring vad som hänt i Sverige sedan 2005 då den förra globala studien gjordes. www.whomakesthenews.org
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| 8. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Trust and values for sale. Market-Driven and Democracy-driven Freedom of Expression
- 2016
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Ingår i: In Carlsson, U. (Ed.) Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition. Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age. - Göteborg : Nordicom. - 9789187957222 ; , s. 67-74
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the common search to safeguard freedom of expression, one aspect has been less discussed than others, commercial influences on free speech. The important distinction between journalism and advertising, emphasized in both legislation and self-regulation, is perceived as a necessary condition for trust and legitimacy for media. This trust is being challenged by new types of content, such as native advertising. Values are also at risk, one example is the reluctance towards limiting gender stereotyping in advertising. The changing media landscape and the different positions and arguments can be analysed by using the conceptual distinction between market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression.
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| 9. |
- Kenyon, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building and Sustaining Freedom of Expression, Considering Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nordicom Review 2017:1. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1403-1108. ; 38:1, s. 31-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although countries protect and promote freedom of expression in different ways, free speech can be understood to have two basic aspects in democratic constitutional systems: non-censorship and diversity of voices. This article examines how the approach to free speech in Sweden contains both these aspects. Selected comparisons with the US First Amendment, and German broadcasting law, indicate the value in the Swedish approach but also reveal challenges that it faces if free speech’s dual aspects are not clearly recognised – a danger that some contemporary statements suggests is real. Articulating free speech in terms of both non-censorship and diversity may aid Swedish parliamentary processes to uphold important structural aspects of the freedom, but it would also bring into focus larger questions about the limits of parliamentary processes alone in building a viable system of freedom of expression for the future.
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| 10. |
- Kenyon, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building Systems for Freedom of Expression in a Digital Era: Considering Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordmedia Mobile presence-Mobile Modernities.13-15 Aaug. Copenhagen.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By combining law and media studies this paper considers the challenges posed to freedom of expression in a changing media landscape. When media business models are in a crisis, the regulatory framework is also put under pressure. Policies, legislation and self-regulation have all been developed in accordance with business models based on a division between editorial and commercial content. This division is important for press legitimacy, which relies on independence not only from the state but also from commercial interests. We focus on how to build sustainable democratic regulatory frameworks for the media and consider different roles for the state as non-intervening or active. The goal is a system with a high degree of media independence guaranteeing freedom of expression as a right for individuals and as a common good. Two diverging ideas are relevant here, which in an international context are often framed as negative vs. positive freedom of expression. The negative view is that the state should intervene as little as possible; this view advocates a limitation on government action that restricts speech. The positive view is that the state should do more and be active in supporting freedom of expression; merely not restricting speech is insufficient to create the conditions for the media’s democratic role. Future challenges include how to maintain the division between editorial and commercial content, and who should take responsibility for maintaining the division, the state or the market.
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| 11. |
- Kenyon, Andrew T., et al.
(författare)
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Selling short media accountability? The importance of addressing market-driven claims on media freedom
- 2019
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Ingår i: Media Accountability in the Era of Post-Truth Politics European Challenges and Perspectives, 1st Edition. - London; New York: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in European communication research and education; 14 : Routledge. - 9780815361671 ; , s. 119-134
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Media accountability is an important building block in the democratic rationale for free speech. The value of media accountability for free speech is two-fold. The most addressed value in the media studies literature concerns media’s ability to be accountable in relation to their stakeholders (von Krogh 2012, Fengler et al. 2014, Bardoel & D´Haenens 2004, Bertrand 2000, McQuail 1997). Another value is media’s obligation to seek to hold the powerful to account (e.g. Kenyon et al. forthcoming 2016). The former relates to the trustworthy-ness of the media; the latter invokes perhaps more directly the democratic function of journalism. This paper explores the idea that these two aspects of media accountability should be addressed together, using the example of advertising and editorial content in contemporary media. This broader approach to media accountability clearly involves both self-regulation and legislation—and not self-regulation as merely an alternative to legislation or a method of avoiding legislation. The two techniques operate on somewhat distinct areas, and together they aim to support the values of media accountability for a democratic and free media.
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| 12. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural narratives and representations in Swedish law and media regarding age discrimination, paper presentation at: Performances, Processes and Representations of Age and Ageing Joint Workshop: AgeCap & Aging Graz Research Group, Graz, October 17-19, 2018
- 2018
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Ingår i: Performances, Processes and Representations of Age and Ageing Joint Workshop: AgeCap & Aging Graz Research Group, Graz, October 17-19, 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper is a further elaboration from a paper presented at the 3rd ENAS Conference, 1st Joint ENAS & NANAS Conference, 9th International Symposium on Cultural Gerontology; Cultural Narratives, Processes and Strategies in Representations of Age and Aging at the University of Graz, Austria, April 27-30, 2017. It explores narratives on ageing in age discrimination court cases. Sweden is a welfare state, considered good place to grow old, ranked No 3 in Global Agewatch Index 2015. However, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to adopt legislation against age discrimination. Age has been a ground for discrimination since 2009, and so far very few cases have been brought to action. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are: -What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? -What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? -How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in the capability concept used in the transdisciplinary research platform Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, at the University of Gothenburg. Capability can refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper. Focus is on factors on a macro level; application of laws that affect working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and ageism (i.e. the relation between perceptions of age and discriminatory practices).
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| 13. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
-
Freedom of expression vs. Gender equality – conflicting values when regulating gender stereotypes in advertising
- 2014
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Ingår i: Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. - 0040-7143. ; 127:5/2014, s. 479-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The persistence of negative gender stereotypes, even in more gender-equal and progressive Scandinavian countries, has been pointed out as an obstacle to the achievement of gender equality. Gender equality is a fundamental condition for the full enjoyment of human rights by women and men, and the promotion of gender equality is a worldwide obligation. According to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), gender stereotypes are considered a form of discrimination against women that States parties must take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify. This article focuses on legal and political measures undertaken (or not undertaken) by States parties on gender stereotypes in advertisements. So far, many States parties have been reluctant to legislate against gender stereotypes in advertising, referring to freedom of expression as an obstacle. Instead they prefer self-regulation, even though such efforts may be questioned in terms of efficiency. Sweden is used as the case, of specific relevance due to its explicit commitment to both freedom of expression and gender equality.
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| 14. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction: Rethinking Freedom of Expression and Media Freedom
- 2016
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Ingår i: Blurring the Lines, Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression - Maria Edström, Andrew T. Kenyon & Eva-Maria Svensson (eds.). - Göteborg : Nordicom. - 9789187957369 ; , s. 9-18
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- FROM THE INTRODUCTION: Freedom of expression is an essential part of democracy, and free speech goes hand in hand with a free media. Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the American Declaration of Independence, wrote in 1816: “Where the press is free and every man able to read, all is safe” (Jefferson 1816/1900). And as emphasized in the UK’s Leveson report earlier this decade, “With these rights, however, come responsibilities to the public interest: to respect the truth, to obey the law and to uphold the rights and liberties of individuals. In short, to honour the very principles proclaimed and articulated by the industry itself ” (Leveson 2012:4). Although the principle of free speech could be said to remain largely the same over time, the conditions for free speech and free media do not; they are certainly not the same as when Jefferson made his statement. Today the conditions are more democratic overall and the level of state censorship is lower (at least in parts of the world), concerns about state surveillance notwithstanding. However, the market pressure on media financing models and market-driven ideas that suggest the state should not ‘interfere’ in the media ecology makes journalism more vulnerable and less independent from commercial interests. It is these changing conditions of state and market that this book explores. We seek to make it at least a little more difficult to discuss free speech without addressing such contemporary conditions. //From a Nordic perspective, the theme is highly topical because it coincides with the 250 th anniversary of the world’s oldest constitutional protection for a free press and free speech, the Swedish Press Act of 1766, passed 50 years before Jefferson made his statement, quoted above.The overall aim of this book is to focus on challenges from the market to free speech and how free speech can be protected, promoted and developed in a time when the lines between journalism and advertising are blurred. Its scope covers both structural and individual levels. It analyses tensions between what can be called democracy-driven and market-driven freedom of expression ...
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| 15. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Market-Driven Challenges for the Press: Freedom of Speech and the Interaction between the State, Citizens and the Fourth Estate in a Digital Era.
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Congress of Constitutional Law 2014 Constitutional Challenges: Global and Local, 16-20 June 2014, Oslo, Workshop 8: The Citizen and the State in the Digital Age.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the pre-conditions for the Press to perform its controlling function in the democracy is independency. In most business models of the press, advertising has been a major income source, together with a large share of household subscriptions. In this situation, it has been and is still crucial to uphold a distinction between journalism and commercial communication. In the Nordic countries there are substantial state subsidies for the press in order to safeguard diversity of opinions through the press as a democratic values in society. With the expansion of digital communication advertisers have turned from investments in traditional publishing media to arenas monitored by new actors such as Google and Facebook. One consequence of this development is that the press is loosing one of its major economic sources, journalists are given notice and the newsrooms are shrinking. This in turn leads to that the scrutinizing ability of the press is diminished and in a long-term perspective the press risk to loose its legitimacy and credibility. At the same time the new actors do not have the same explicit democratic mission in terms of the common good and the controlling function that the press has. Out of a citizen’s perspective the digital platforms often serve as an open access arena for discussions where anyone can publish their own stories and news. Every citizen has the potential to become a “journalist”, part of what is commonly known as citizen journalism. On the other hand, the resource demanding investigating journalism and holding someone accountable is hardly to be expected by individuals without resources to scrutinize the power structures in society. What is more, much of the communication is monitored or used by commercial actors. The democratic risks of the transition of the business models for the press are yet to be seen. A crucial question is whether the division between market and journalism can be sustained.
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| 16. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Market-Driven Challenges to Freedom of Expression and the Interaction Between the State, the Market, and the Media
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nordicom Review. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1403-1108 .- 2001-5119. ; 37 (2016):2, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The controlling function of the media is essential for freedom of expression in a democratic society. One of the pre-conditions of this controlling function is independence in relation not only to the state but also in relation to commercial interests. It is the latter relationship that is the focus of this article. Recent changes in the media landscape have put pressure on the independence of the media. Commercial interests seem to gain more influence on media content. The distinction between journalism and advertising has become less clear and it is not always maintained despite both legislation and self-regulation that dictate such a division. The aim of this article is to analyse the consequences of the changes in the media land - scape and the challenges posed to the infrastructure for freedom of expression in Sweden, including legislation and self-regulation. The analysis is made with the help of the analytical distinction between market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression.
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| 17. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Marknadsdriven yttrandefrihet
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bokmässan 2015, 25 september 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Är det fria ordet hotat av jakten på finansiering av medierna? Om olika, ibland motstridiga, anspråk på yttrandefriheten. - See more at: http://www.bokmassan.se/sv/program/arets-program/?eventid=12258#sthash.yK6AT1LM.dpuf
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| 18. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilisation, problem representation and silencing – paradoxes in Swedish policy around stereotypes, gender equality and free speech
- 2016
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Ingår i: Critical Legal Conference (CLC) 2016, Stream: Feminist turning points.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gender equality and freedom of expression are two core values. The purpose of this paper is to analyse policy processes in Sweden when the values are in conflict, and why freedom of expression tend to weigh heavier than gender equality. The starting-point is the ratification and the implementation of CEDAW in Sweden, where the core values are explicitly branded as hallmarks, with a focus on policy processes around article 5a, concerning the elimination of gender stereotypes. The issue is of specific interest in Sweden when it comes to legislation against sex and gender discriminatory advertising, a topic of concern for the women’s movement since the 1970s. Despite repeated government inquiries proposing legislation against this type of advertising, the perception of the impossibility to legislate due to it being a threat against freedom of expression is still persistent. The policy processes (including legislative processes) are analysed with help of theories on policy processes, and the concepts mobilisation, problem representation and silencing (Bacchi). Which actors have been active in the implementation of CEDAW’s article 5a? How has article 5a been framed? Which aspects of the article have been debated and which have been silenced? We have earlier stated that the core values are understood as colliding and freedom of expression is considered the most important (Svensson & Edström 2014). In this paper we address why Sweden has this position, a country known for its governance feminism. We see mainly two explanations, the long Swedish tradition of freedom of expression compared to the more recent tradition of gender equality, in combination with an increasing importance and emphasis on the value of the freedom to conduct a business, the core value and a fundamental right of the market economy. With the help of Wendy Brown’s theory the latter explanation will be explored.
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| 19. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilisering och undanskjutande – Paradoxen i svensk politik kring stereotyper, jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet
- 2016
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Ingår i: G16, Gränser, mobilitet och mobilisering Norrköping 23-25 nov 2016..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet är två kärnvärden i den svenska demokratin. Syftet med detta paper är att problematisera och förklara ’mobilisering’ och ’undanskjutande’ i policyprocesser, när jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet kommer i konflikt med varandra. Utgångspunkten är Sveriges anslutning till CEDAW (1979) och hur denna konvention har implementerats, särskilt granskas processer kring artikel 5a. Denna artikel handlar om att eliminera könsstereotyper eller som det står i den svenska översättningen ”ändra mäns och kvinnors sociala och kulturella beteendemönster för att därmed avskaffa fördomar samt seder och bruk som grundar sig på föreställningen om det ena könets underlägsenhet eller på stelnade roller för män och kvinnor”. Uttolkningen av denna artikel förstärks i Pekingplattformen (1995 Section J). I Sverige har denna artikel aktualitet särskilt när det gäller frågan om lagstiftning mot könsdiskriminerande reklam, där kvinnorörelsen varit pådrivande sedan 1970-talet. Trots upprepade utredningar betraktas eventuell lagstiftning fortfarande som ett hot mot yttrandefriheten. Värt att notera är att övriga nordiska länder (samt exempelvis Spanien) gör en annan tolkning och på olika sätt har reglerat könsdiskriminerande reklam i lag. Processerna på politisk nivå och som rättslig fråga kommer att analyseras med begreppsparet mobilisering – undanskjutande med hjälp av Carol Bacchi och andra teorier om policyprocesser. Vilka aktörer har varit aktiva i implementeringen? Hur har artikel 5a ramats in eller skjutits undan? Vilka aspekter av artikeln har lyfts till debatt? Vi har tidigare visat att kärnvärdena jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet står emot varandra på medieområdet och att yttrandefrihet ofta får väga tyngre än jämställdhet. Här är fokus på frågan varför det är så i Sverige. Vi ser att det finns huvudsakligen två förklaringar, yttrandefrihetens historiska betydelse för den svenska demokratin medan jämställdhet är ett senare värde, i kombination med en allt starkare betoning av näringsfrihetens värde. Med hjälp av teoretiker som Wendy Brown kommer vi att analysera den senare förklaringen.
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| 20. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
-
Political and legal attitudes toward gender images in media
- 2014
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Ingår i: NORA conference: Voices in Nordic Gender Research, 5-7 Nov 2014, Roskilde, Stream: The power of gender imaginaries.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Women and men are often portrayed stereotypically in media, despite explicit political and legal ambitions to promote non stereotype images. Imaginaries of gender are considered to have great impact on both individual and structural levels. Gender stereotypes in advertising is a highly topical issue. In 2015, the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action will be celebrated. All State parties are called upon to undertake comprehensive national-level reviews of the progress made and challenges encountered in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.1 One of the critical areas of concern pointed out in the Declaration and Platform was Women and the media (area J). One of two strategic objectives in this area was to promote balanced and non-stereotyped portrayal of women in the media (J.2.). The focus of this paper is on a specific section of media where stereotyped portrayals of women and men are common, namely adverts. Adverts are not only something exposed in media, but is also an important income source for media. The mutual dependency between media and advertisement forms the context for this paper, focusing on stereotypes in adverts and the political and legal measures undertaken by the Nordic countries. Whereas Sweden has been reluctant to legislate in this matter, the other countries have done so. The main reason for Sweden’s hesitation is the perception that a law against gender stereotypes in adverts is in conflict with freedom of speech. With the notions market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression, respectively, and by developing and expanding a theoretical framework on normative patterns to encompass gender (in)equality as a noramtive pattern, two conflicting and contradictory interests are analysed. 2 Gender stereotypes in adverts highlight the political and legal tension between freedom of expression and gender equality. First, restrictions of commercial communication are considered to be in conflict with freedom of expression. Second, gender stereotypes in adverts are considered to be in conflict with the value of gender equality.
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| 21. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Representations of age discrimination in law and media
- 2019
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Ingår i: IAGG-ER Conference 2019.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: This paper explores representations of ageing in age discrimination court cases and how they are represented in media. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? In 2019, ten years have passed since age became one of the protected discrimination grounds in the Swedish Discrimination Act. The Swedish welfare state is considered to be a good place to grow old within, ranked as number three in the Global Agewatch Index 2015. At the same time, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to explicitly include age discrimination in legislation. Since 2009, reports of presumed age discrimination have been filed at the Discrimination Ombudsman. Even though the amount of reports has been around two hundred every year, very few cases have been brought to action within the legal system. Theories and methods: The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in Sen and Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach. Capability refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper focus is on factors on the macro level; application of laws that affects working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and age discrimination. Results: The interest for age discrimination in media has, during the same period of time, been quite weak. The number of articles is low both specifically on these cases as well as on age discrimination in general. Conclusion: Representations of age in law and media may preserve ageism, by not being reflective and critical.
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| 22. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Selling short media accountability? The importance of addressing market-driven claims on media freedom
- 2016
-
Ingår i: ECREA Pre-conference: Media Accountability at the Crossroads: European Challenges and Perspectives at the University of New York in Prague (Czech Republic), 8th November 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Media accountability is an important building block in the democratic rationale for free speech. The value of media accountability for free speech is two-fold. The most addressed value in the media studies literature concerns media’s ability to be accountable in relation to their stakeholders (von Krogh 2012, Fengler et al. 2014, Bardoel & D´Haenens 2004, Bertrand 2000, McQuail 1997). Another value is media’s obligation to seek to hold the powerful to account (e.g. Kenyon et al. forthcoming 2016). The former relates to the trustworthy-ness of the media; the latter invokes perhaps more directly the democratic function of journalism. This paper explores the idea that these two aspects of media accountability should be addressed together, using the example of advertising and editorial content in contemporary media. This broader approach to media accountability clearly involves both self-regulation and legislation—and not self-regulation as merely an alternative to legislation or a method of avoiding legislation. The two techniques operate on somewhat distinct areas, and together they aim to support the values of media accountability in a democratic society. Increased market pressures mean an area worthy of further examination when addressing media accountability is the relationship between journalism and advertising. We have previously defined this challenge as a tension between market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression (Edström & Svensson 2016). The distinction signifies two ideal types of rationalities and assumptions.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Trovärdighet till salu?
- 2016
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Ingår i: MEG - Mediedagarna 2016. 7-8 april 2016, Göteborg..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad händer när man inte längre kan se skillnad på journalistik och reklam? Är partnerstudios och native advertising vägen till svarta siffror eller undergräver det trovärdigheten? I såväl lagstiftning som självreglering förutsätts att skillnaden mellan journalistik och reklam är tydlig, men i praktiken ser det inte alltid så ut. I ett panelsamtal diskuteras olika konsekvenser av ett förändrat medielandskap. Medverkande: Elisabeth Trotzig/Reklamombudsman, Jonas Nordling/ Journalistförbundets ordförande, Maria Edström/lektor, JMG, GU, Eva-Maria Svensson/professor i rättsvetenskap, Juridiska institutionen, GU.
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| 25. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
-
Trovärdighet till salu?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bokmässan 2016.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad händer med mediernas trovärdighet när man inte längre kan se skillnad på journalistik och reklam? Hur efterlevs lagar och självreglering?
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| 26. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
-
Yttrandefrihet för den som betalar?
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Almedalen, Västsvenska arenan, Göteborgs universitet, 29 juni 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Native advertising, advertorials och partnermedia, många nya format är under utveckling. -Vad händer med trovärdigheten för journalistiken när blandformer av redaktionellt och kommersiellt innehåll utvecklas som ett svar på i jakten på finansiering av medier? Går vi mot en framtid där endast den som betalar för ett innehåll får det publicerat? Vad händer då med journalistikens roll i demokratin? Och hur stämmer detta med grundlagens värnande av det fria ordet och med självreglerande system för att värna en fri debatt? Kommersiella meddelandens rättsliga status som skyddsvärda yttranden är omdebatterad. Krav på ett utökat skydd för dessa har delvis tillgodosetts i flera rättsordningar runt om i världen. Är det rätt väg att gå? Hur agerar de självreglerade organen PO och RO? Vilken betydelse har det senaste årets fällningar fått? Forskningsprojektet Marknadsdriven och demokratidriven yttrandefrihet bjuder in till ett samtal om olika, ibland motstridiga, anspråk på yttrandefriheten
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| 27. |
- Bergström, Annika, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Får äldre vara med i mediesamhället? Rapport 19 Delegationen för senior arbetskraft S 2018:10
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den bild som medierna ger av äldre har betydelse för hur vi förstår och hanterar livets senare skeden. Medier kan bekräfta, förstärka eller utmana stereotypa föreställningar om människor, och detta gäller inte minst synen på ålder och äldres roll i samhället. En fjärdedel av befolkningen är över 60 år, men i det breda medieutbudet förekommer de sällan. Osynliggörandet är något som kan påverka självbilden hos äldre, men också andra generationers synsätt och attityder. Huvudslutsatsen i rapporten är att mediebilden av äldre är problematisk och riskerar att bidra till diskriminering. Medierna pratar ofta om äldre som en svag och homogen grupp, när det i själva verket finns stora variationer inom gruppen. En förklaring till den ensidiga mediebilden kan vara att journalisters och medieproducenters kunskapsnivå kring äldre är låg. Vidare är ålder en av de viktigaste faktorerna när det gäller att förstå hur digitala klyftor uppstår och vidmakthålls. Digitaliseringen ger tillgång till ett ständigt ökande utbud av tjänster via nätet, vilket kan underlätta människors vardag, men också skapa stress om den upplevs som dyr, otillgänglig och komplicerad. Utifrån den äldre medborgarens perspektiv kan digitaliseringen innebära fördelar om man själv är aktiv och har möjlighet att skaffa sig de varor och tjänster man är intresserad av. För vissa äldre kan digitaliseringen däremot innebära nackdelar om krav ställs på att samhällsservice ska ske på sådant sätt som kräver dator, internetuppkoppling och smartphone. Rapporten är fri att ladda ner, open access.
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| 28. |
- Bergström, Annika, 1964, et al.
(författare)
-
Invisible or Powerful? Ageing in a Mediatised Society
- 2022
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Ingår i: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing. International Perspectives on Aging, vol 31. - Cham. : Springer. - 9783030780623 ; , s. 191-205
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to live your rights and achieve your goals, you need to be informed, have a voice and be listened to, and have the opportunity to engage in society, regardless of age. Freedom of expression and freedom of information are core human rights values that connect the concept of capability with the role of the media in society. The media can be a tool for enhancing a person’s capabilities, but it can also be seen as hindering a good life if technology and its applications are perceived as awkward and/or difficult to access. At a structural level, a wider discussion of media responsibility has the potential to contribute to enhancing people’s capabilities in later life. One critical issue is who should be held accountable and responsible for media content that lacks diverse stories about older people and their voices, possibly reinforcing ageism. Furthermore, where the responsibility lies for ensuring that older people have the technological means to act as digital citizens is somewhat unclear. In an increasingly mediatised environment, we might see a stronger relationship between media literacy, health and ageing, which in turn could emphasise the importance of the role of the media in enhancing capabilities. The chapter is written within the multidisciplinary Centre for ageing and health, AgeCap. at the University of Gothenburg.
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| 29. |
- Björkin, Mats, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Reaching new audiences through Drama Production
- 2008
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Ingår i: IAMCR, International Association for Media and Communication Reserarch, Media and Global Divide, July 20-25,Stockholm 2008. Working Group Media Production Analysis.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It has become all but mandatory for popular TV series to appeal to viewers with extra-broadcast content, offering television new opportunities to intensify its intercourse with fans and the proliferation of its texts. The use of extra-broadcast content has been frequent in both entertainment and factual programs, and is more and more used in drama production. Swedish public service television (SVT) made in 2007 two drama series where extra-broadcast content, primarily through their web site, were integral to the broadcasted show: the mini-series Sanningen om Marika (The Truth about Marika) and the beginning of the long-run series Andra Avenyn (Second Avenue). During the spring of 2008 we have been studying the production process of Andra Avenyn in order to analyse the production. We are looking at how the series is used by SVT to test new approaches to knowledge and skills, that is, the production unit as a means of recruitment and development of new knowledge and skills, as well as new modes of transmedia storytelling, by distributing relevant narrative content across a range of media platforms, as a way of reaching and involving a young audience. This paper will consider the combination of economic and creative motives involved in the production process, but also raise questions about existing understandings about the form, use and function of public service television. It is the first case study of the transformation of Nordic television drama production, where also issues of financing, branding and scheduling practices will be used to analyse questions concerning cultural labour, audience and the community forming roles television are playing.
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| 30. |
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Comparing gender and media equality across the globe: A cross-national study of the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media
- 2020
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The lack of women’s voices, status, and recognition in the news media is a challenge to both human rights and a sustainable future. Comparing Gender and Media Equality across the Globe addresses longstanding questions in the study of gender equality in media content and media organizations across countries and over time. Drawing on data from the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), and the International Women’s Media Foundation (IWMF), this book offers new insights into the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media. The book contributes to the to the critical discussion on gender and journalism, showing that the news media do not reflect reality when it comes when it comes to the actual the actual progress of gender equality gender equality in in societies across the globe. The study aims to inspire future research by making existing data on gender and news media equality available to the global research community. The book presents the GEM-dataset, comprising hundreds of indicators on media and gender, and the GEM-Index, an easy to use measure to keep track of key aspects of gender equality in television, radio, newspapers, and online. in television, radio, newspapers, and online.
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| 31. |
- Djerf-Pierre, Monika, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparing gender and media equality across the globe: Understanding the qualities, causes, and consequences
- 2020
-
Ingår i: In Monika Djerf-Pierre, & Maria Edström (Eds.), Comparing gender and media equality across the globe: A cross-national study of the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media. - Gothenburg : NORDICOM. ; , s. 11-56
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender equality in the media is emphasised by the United Nations as one of the critical issues for the future, specifically through the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action from 1995, where women and the media is one of twelve areas where actions are to be taken. Yet we know surprisingly little about the factors that encourage gender equality in the media, and even less about the consequences that the lack of gender equality may have for social and political life. The aim of the Comparing Gender and Media Equality Across the Globe project is to examine the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media by employing a cross-national, comparative methodology. This introductory chapter outlines the project rationale and clarifies the normative theories supporting the striving for gender equality in and through the news media. We give context for this study by highlighting previous research, discussing the key methodological considerations, explaining the value of the various datasets used in the project, and providing an overview of the global commitments to improve gender equality in the media. Finally, we give an overview of the whole book and a summary of the main insights from the project.
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| 32. |
- Djerf-Pierre, Monika, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
The GEM-Index: Constructing a unitary measure of gender equality in the news
- 2020
-
Ingår i: In Monika Djerf-Pierre & Maria Edström (Eds.), Comparing gender and media equality across the globe: A cross-national study of the qualities, causes, and consequences of gender equality in and through the news media. - Gothenburg : NORDICOM. ; , s. 59-98
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter develops a unitary measure of gender equality in news media content. Although gender and journalism has been a prolific area of research since the 1970s, we still lack a robust and easy-to-use measure to quantify, assess and track the magnitude and persistence of gender inequalities in the news. By drawing from data collected by the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), the authors devise the Gender Equality in the news Media Index (GEM-I) – a composite index that estimate the gender gap between women and men regarding their status in the news. The GEM-I confirms a male bias in the news. Most countries in the world display news cultures that to various degrees marginalizes women. Women get a regular but unequal presence in the news and more seldom appear in roles and topics that are gender-typed as masculine, such as politics and economy.
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| 33. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Advancing gender equality in the media industries through the use of mobile journalism as innovative practice
- 2019
-
Ingår i: World Journalism Education Congress (WJEC) Paris July 9-11, 2019.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explore the advantages on using mobile journalism an innovative practice to renew journalism education when focusing on a certain topic, in this case gender equality in the media. It investigate how mobile journalism (MoJo) may teach students to consider ethical boundaries when working on smartphones as well as deepening their understanding of creating gender-aware news stories. The project Advancing Gender Equality in Media Industries (AGEMI) is co-funded by the Rights, Equality and Citizenship programme of the European Union and is a set of tools aiming to combat gender stereotypes and promote an equal, diverse and inclusive media sector. The target users are teachers, students, journalists and media organisations. AGEMI has been developed by a group of researchers and practitioners from three universities (Newcastle, Padova, Gothenburg) and two associations of media professionals, the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) and the Permanent Conference of the Mediterranean Audiovisual Operators (COPEAM). Students are involved through the process of building the online platform and its resources, they also contributes with their own stories to the platform. During one week in August 2018 students from three European universities met in Gothenburg, Sweden to exchange ideas on how to advance gender equality in the media at AGEMI Summer School. The students learned how to use their smartphones to do stories on gender equality and to give feedback, both to the student work and to the online modules in process created by AGEMI. The students also got a chance to meet gender equality skilled editors and journalists from various parts of Europe. The theme of gender equality in the media is especially topical today since there is a substantial democratic deficit in the media when it comes to gender, both due to lack of women in the news (24 percent of the news subjects are women according to Global Media Monitoring Project 2015) and to the gendered news room cultures with horizontal and vertical divisions. So the problems with gender inequalities in the media still remains, as well as in society. Recent development also suggests that gender equality as a core value in is being contested by many nationalist movements in Europe. The ethical challenge is then to educate future journalist to hold on to human rights, freedom of expression and gender equality as core values in society and to make journalism more inclusive. This study is exploring the extent to which a tool such as mobile journalism is a useful/effective way to develop self-reflexivity around a particular issue, in this case, gender equality, arguing that asking students to demonstrate their understanding through their own research and filmmaking embeds their learning in a way which is more meaningful to them than simply sitting in a classroom being lectured at. In other words, focusing on ‘learning by doing’ rather than ‘learning by being told stuff’. Mobile journalism is this paper is defined as working with your smartphone; filming, interviewing, editing and uploading journalist stories on the web.
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| 34. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Afterword: Gender equality in the media - A shared responsibility
- 2017
-
Ingår i: TemaNord 2017:527 Women and men in the News. Report on gender representation in Nordic News content and the Nordic media Industry.. - Copenhagen : Nordic Council of Ministers. - 0908-6692. - 9789289349734 ; , s. 61-65
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A commentary text to report. Extract from the chapter: "Looking ahead, one might hope to see the media industry itself solving the problem of so many missing voices in the news. But the past track record would suggest otherwise; very few newsrooms are frontrunners, apart from reaching parity in some news rooms in terms of numbers of women and men in the staff. The news content is still very male- dominated. The persistent lack of female voices and experiences in public debate is in fact a threat to sustainable development and democracy. With this in mind, both the media industry and the State Parties must take adequate action. Freedom of expression and gender equality are two fundamental values in society. Those opposed to these values are few and far between, especially in the Nordic countries. In practice, however, with so many women silenced or depicted in narrow, stereotypical ways, there are still many problems and much to be done before we can talk about real freedom of expression. It is becoming more evident that these two core values in society, freedom of expression and gender equality, are dependent on each other; one cannot have one without the other. "
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| 35. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Ageism and Swedish news media
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 24th Nordic Congress of Gerontoloy (NKG). Oslo, Norway: 2-4 May 2018.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ageism can be seen as a “social disease”, a casual or systematic prejudice, stereotyping and discriminating against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. This is an area of growing concern, particularly the role of mainstream media in relationship to ageism. A valuable and important step is to understand the presence of ageing and older age how different types of online news media. The main objective of this pilot work is to test, collate and produce evidence from Swedish news media representations of older ages and ageing. METHOD(S) Two pilot studies/experiments; first names and their frequencies of the carriers’ age according to Statistics Sweden (SCB) and their presence in 39 online news between 2015 and 2018. ( 4, 7 millions texts). using general pattern matching techniques with regular expressions and applying them to 13 issues (1994, 2001-13) of Göteborgs-Posten (Swedish news corpora). Definition: Older persons ≥60 years. (25 % of the population in Sweden is over 60 yearsRESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clear and consistent differences of how various age spans are represented in the news. 20-50 year olds is highly over represented compared with the Swedish population, while 0-24 and people over 54 are underrepresented, especially women. Pattern matching exhibits similar characteristics with the exception of obituaries where the elderly mentions are much more frequent.Our pilot studies confirm the introspective view of underrepresentation of old age and older people in or trends can be revealed within a larger time span and synchronic media sources. More studies are required and in the near future we plan to improve, scale and apply our methodology on both synchronic and diachronic data using e.g. available text corpora and try to get a solid perspective on whether any differences or trends can be revealed within a larger time span
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| 36. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
-
Agents of Change - Journalists with Aging Competence
- 2019
-
Ingår i: IAGG-ER Conference 2019 May 23-25..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: So far, the main pattern of aging in mainstream media is the absence of older people – or/and stereotyped images. Journalists play an important part in shaping public opinion about aging and older people. In that sense, they could both re-enforce or challenge stereotypes. Some journalists do have inclusive strategies and manage to interview older people in a non-stereotypical way and produce journalism on aging that reaches a large audience. The aim of this study is to investigate journalist strategies that avoid the stereotyped portrayal of older people. Theories and methods: The Capabilities Approach elaborated by philosopher Martha Nussbaum and theories on Journalism Ethics are the two main theories applied in this study. Nussbaum emphasizes institutional responsibility to guarantee citizens’ freedoms, in this case, the media is regarded as an institution. The empirical material consists of interviews with public service broadcasting journalists in Sweden who has dedicated their time to make television programs and tell stories about older people. The focus is on what strategies, experiences, and ethical skills they consider to be needed when including older persons, especially frail older persons. Results: The journalists interviewed all see a problem with the tendency of media professionals to consider older people as one homogenous group instead of looking at the variation within the group and the individual life stories. They are also concerned with the stereotyped images of older persons, some of them even consider it to be part of their public service mission to break those stereotypes. The journalists worked closely with aging researchers to improve their professional interview skills in order to handle more challenging situations such as talking to frail older persons. Conclusions: The main contribution of this study is the development of the concept of aging competence among journalists. Journalists with aging competence can be seen as possible agents of change to counter ageism.
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| 37. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
-
Arbete och utbildning
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Svenska journalister 1989-2011 / Kent Asp (red.). - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9789188212511 ; , s. 21-26
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 38. |
|
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| 39. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
-
Audience Advertising Fatigue and New Alliances to Finance Content in Broadcasting
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Blurring the Lines, Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression - Maria Edström, Andrew T. Kenyon & Eva-Maria Svensson (eds.). - Göteborg : Nordicom. - 9789187957369 ; , s. 131-140
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2010, the EU Audiovisual Media Service Directive was revised by the European Commission and the regulations concerning improper promotion and product placement in television were sharpened. In sum, broadcasters became responsible for informing viewers about product placement if broadcasters gain from it financially. However there are ways around the regulations by using production companies and media brokers and agencies. This chapter explores some cases from Swedish commercial broadcaster TV4 where improper promotion of commercial interests and product placement have been questioned. It also addresses other types of blended content in Swedish public service television. Brand exposure to finance media content is currently being used with or without consent from the audience. These market driven changes are contextualised within the increasing advertising fatigue among the audience.
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| 40. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Blurring the lines. Ethical dilemmas for journalists with native advertising and other look–alike editorial content.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nordmedia Mobile presence-Mobile Modernities.13-15 Aug. Copenhagen.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Media houses around the world are struggling to find new business models when both advertisers and readers are moving away from print newspapers and new media forms emerges. In that process new forms of content collaborations are developed, such as native advertising and partner zones where content paid for by advertisers is merged into the editorial content. The phenomenon is increasing rapidly on digital platforms and many editors hope that this could be key to future financing. However, there are ethical dilemmas attached to this type of branded content. Editors argue that possible problems are solved if there is a decent marking, but the idea of advertising looking like editorial content can also be seen as jeopardizing the editorial integrity and credibility. Therefore many journalists are concerned with these new forms of paid content, as ways of luring audience/users at the expense of the trustworthiness of editorial content.
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| 41. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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De amerikanska kvinnornas val. Kamala Harris – en ny symbol för USA
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Stjärnspäckat : Reflektioner från amerikanska presidentvalet 2020 av ledande forskare (Red: Niklas Bolin, Kajsa Niklas, Marie Grusell, & Lars Nord). - Sundsvall : Mittuniversitetet, DEMICOM rapport ; 43. - 9789188527714
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten Stjärnspäckat reflekterar nästan 70 forskare över det amerikanska valet 2020. Detta bidrag fokuserar på kvinnorna i valet. När amerikanerna röstade fram Joe Biden som president röstade de också fram den första kvinnan till vicepresidentposten: Kamala Harris. Med en pappa från Jamaica och en mamma från Indien symboliserade hon också berättelsen om USA som möjligheternas land. Majoriteten av vita kvinnor hade dock hellre sett att Donald Trump och Mike Pence fortsatte styra landet. Och i kongressen fortsätter män att dominera. Redan i valet 2016 uppmärksammades de stora skillnaderna inom gruppen kvinnliga väljare. Medan nästan alla svarta kvinnor röstade på Hillary Clinton så valde majoriteten av vita kvinnor (53 procent) att rösta på Trump. Många menade att det var de vita förortskvinnorna som då gav Trump segern. Under mandatperioden visade opinionsundersökningar att dessa kvinnorn höll på att överge Trump.
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| 42. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Det villkorade medierummet - en diskussion om genrer, makt och mångfald
- 2005
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Ingår i: Makten och mångfalden. Eliter och etnicitet i Sverige Ds2005:12. - Stockholm : Fritzes offentliga publikationer. - 9138223406 ; , s. 283-318
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Finns att ladda ner på nätet via integration.statsvet.uu.se/Publikationer/Ds2005-12.pdf
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| 43. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Fler negativt inställda till tv-reklam
- 2014
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Ingår i: Mittfåra och marginal.Red Henrik Oscarsson och Annika Bergström. - Göteborg : SOM-Institutet. - 9789189673304 ; , s. 341-352
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Människors attityder till omfattningen av reklamen i tv har hittills varit en underdiskuterad fråga i forskningen. i de nationella SOM-undersökningarna har data om svenskarnas inställning till reklam samlats in varje år sedan 1992. Resultaten visar att i takt med att reklamen i tv fått mer utrymme har människor blivit allt mer negativt inställda till reklam, detta gäller för alla åldrar och oavsett politisk inställning. Lagstiftarna har vid flera tillfällen under perioden öppnat upp tv-sändningarna för mer reklam. Kapitlet ställer frågan om opinionsutvecklingen bland tv-tittarna hänger ihop med dessa förändringar.
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| 44. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible Careers for Traditions or Modernity - Gendered Negotiations among Freelance Journalists
- 2012
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Ingår i: ECREA 4th European Communication Conference, Istanbul, 24-27 okt 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Flexible careers, such as temporary employment, part-time work, self-employment and portfolio work are increasingly discussed in social theory as signs of late modernity. The study explores freelance journalists’ discourse about the “life puzzle”, an often used expression in Swedish popular culture, political debate, and discourse on equality. The “life puzzle”, in the Swedish debate, has mainly to do with finding time for the family, domestic work, and children, when working. It is connected to discourses on gender, the family, and working life. This paper is based on both quantitative and qualitative data. It investigates the background and opinions of Swedish freelancer by analyzing the latest national survey of Swedish journalists conducted in 2011/2012, a study that is a sequel of the national surveys of journalist that has been conducted in 1989, 1995, 2000 and 2005 by the University of Gothenburg. Biographical life-history interviews of 13 freelance journalists living in northernmost Sweden were conducted during 2008 and 2009. In an analysis of the qualitative data, it was found that the women had higher demands on themselves than men in ways that are in line with the “good mother ideology”. Being a good mother meant, for example, having their children in day care for short time periods, or not at all, being able to facilitate their children’s sport activities, and do domestic work. It was evident that the women, in many ways, structured their work around domestic and family demands. Another thing noted is that freelancing gave the men the opportunity to become more equal with their wifes, and fathers had more family time than if they had been employed. Still, other women saw the “housewife life” as their own life-choice. Many of the interviewees could be described as “downshifters”: working shorter hours and consuming less, something which is often seen as a trend in line with sustainability and an ecological lifestyle. The context of the Northern periphery is highly relevant here, as the expenses of life are lower, for example housing, and people live closer to nature. This area might also be more family oriented than the rest of the country. The negotiations of identity seem to be gendered and the reasons for working as a freelance journalist seem to differ, but they all seem to enjoy their life. Earlier national surveys indicates that freelance journalists seem to be more satisfied with life compared with other journalists, that goes for both men and women in spite of the fact that self-employment often equals lower security and income. This paper will present new survey data that are still in processing.
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| 45. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Forskare: Kvinnliga experter saknas i nyheterna
- 2021
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Ingår i: Altinget. - 2597-0127 .- 2246-5561.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det hörs och syns fler kvinnor i svenska nyheter än någonsin förut. Ändå är det fortfarande långt till jämställda medier. När journalister intervjuar så kallade experter så är fyra av fem intervjupersoner män. Ojämställdheten är även tydlig i mediehusens styrelser. Det visar den svenska rapporten från den globala nyhetsstudien Global Media Monitoring Project, en studie som genomförs vart femte år över hela världen.
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| 46. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Freelance Journalists as a Flexible Workforce in Media Industries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journalism Practice. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1751-2786 .- 1751-2794. ; 6:5-6, s. 711-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic cutbacks in the media sector diminish the chances of employment for journalists, and consequently the number of atypical workers in the media industry, such as freelancers, is growing worldwide. This study of Swedish freelancers is grounded in both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data are taken from ongoing surveys conducted by researchers at the University of Gothenburg, based on representative samples of practising journalists made in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2005. Around 2000 journalists were included in each survey. The qualitative material consists of 13 biographical interviews with freelancers in northern Sweden. The results will be compared with international studies. The choice to work as a freelance journalist is connected to lifestyle, and the idea of “life as a project”, as well as entrepreneurialism, in ways that are connected to the societal processes of individualization and “flexibilization”.
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| 47. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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From invisible to capable. Strategies and mind set of journalists to include older persons
- 2017
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Ingår i: NordMedia 2017: Mediated Realities – Global Challenges. TWG 6: Media Across the Life Course. Tampere, Finland: 17-19 August.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How can journalists find ways to include older persons in their storytelling? That is one of the key issues that this paper aims to answer. The ageing population is one of the largest global challenges in the world: The proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group, the UN Population Prospects estimates that in 2030 almost 1,4 billion will be above 60 years of age and in 2050 there will be over 2 billion above 60 years (UN World Population Prospects 2017). This can be seen as a success story for public health policies but is also a challenge for society to adapt in order to make it possible for all older people to live a life with good health, capable of participation in society on their own terms. It also presents a challenge for the media industry that tends to neglect older people. The theoretical framework for the study is based in cultural gerontology, capability theory and journalism theory on ethics The empirical material in this study consist of eight interviews with journalists and editors with a long experience in including and interacting with older people in various television productions, both live broadcast, edited series and documentaries. The interviews were conducted in collaboration with SVT Umeå, a regional division of Swedish Television that produce several national programmes that regularly have older persons as participants and they also produce factual television shows with a large audience in older age groups. The research is part of the transdisciplinary Centre for Ageing and Health at University of Gothenburg, AgeCap, one of six centres that the University of Gothenburg assigned to meet global challenges. This pilot study indicate there are various strategies and methods that journalist can use in order to better include older age groups in their reporting.
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| 48. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender equality in the media- is there a Nordic way?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Making change. Nordic Examples of Working Towards Gender Equality in the Media (eds Edström & Mølster). - Göteborg : Nordicom. - 9789187957000 ; , s. 9-11
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Is there a Nordic way to deal with gender equality in the media? As the contributors to this book will show you, there is not just one way or one solution. Every step forward must be locally and culturally situated. The lack of gender equality in the media is often an echo of lack of gender equality overall. Making change and altering limiting norms in the media is not about one individual project, nor can one legislation or self-regulation change everything. But everyone can contribute from their position and share knowledge and good practices and make change. Maybe that is the Nordic way – a plurality of ways to make media gender equal.
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| 49. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Genus och Tvärtanten : Populariserade former för forskning
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nya Röster: Svenska kvinnotidskrifter under 150 år. - Möklinta : Gidlunds. - 9789178448920 ; , s. 211-217
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Redaktör: Anna Nordenstam Svenska kvinnotidskrifter har en lång tradition. Det började med Tidskrift för hemmet 1859 och har sedan fortsatt med många viktiga tidskrifter som Hertha,Morgonbris, Tidevarvet, Vi mänskor, Kvinnobulletinen, Bang och de akademiska tidskrifterna som Tidskrift för genusvetenskap, den populärvetenskapliga Genus och fanzines av olika slag. Det är en brokig skara tidskrifter: långvariga och kortvariga, borgerliga och socialistiska, politiska, kulturella och vetenskapliga, små och stora. Mycket skiljer dem åt, men en sak förenar: kvinnotidskriften har varit och är en viktig plats för kvinnofrågor i samhället, politiken och kulturen. Kvinnotidskrifterna har varit betydelsefulla som opinionsbildare, som kultur- och litteraturförmedlare, som mötesplats för kritisk tänkande, som informationsspridare, som identitetsskapare och som humoristisk arena. I antologin Nya röster finns fjorton bidrag av följande skribenter: Irene Andersson, Åsa Arping, Anna Bohlin, Eva Borgström, Monika Edgren, Maria Edström, Jenny Gunnarsson Payne, Kristina Hultman, Ingrid Holmquist, Katarina Leppänen, Anna Lena Lindberg, Ami Lönnroth, Birgitta Ney, Anna Nordenstam, Lina Samuelsson, Cristine Sarrimo, Lisbeth Stenberg, Margareta Stål, Birgitta Wistrand, Eva Åsén Ekstrand.
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| 50. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Gränser för kön i TV- Bland boxardöttrar och IT-killar
- 2001
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Ingår i: Språk, Kön och kultur; Rapport från den fjärde nordiska konferensen om språk och kön, Göteborg 6-7 oktober 2000. - 9187850206 ; , s. 85-94
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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