| 1. |
- Berntson, Björn K., et al.
(författare)
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Elliptic soliton solutions of the spin non-chiral intermediate long-wave equation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Letters in Mathematical Physics. - : Springer Nature. - 0377-9017 .- 1573-0530. ; 113:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We construct elliptic multi-soliton solutions of the spin non-chiral intermediate long-wave (sncILW) equation with periodic boundary conditions. These solutions are obtained by a spin-pole ansatz including a dynamical background term; we show that this ansatz solves the periodic sncILW equation provided the spins and poles satisfy the elliptic A-type spin Calogero-Moser (sCM) system with certain constraints on the initial conditions. The key to this result is a Backlund transformation for the elliptic sCM system which includes a non-trivial dynamical background term. We also present solutions of the sncILW equation on the real line and of the spin Benjamin-Ono equation which generalize previously obtained solutions by allowing for a non-trivial background term.
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| 2. |
- Berntson, Björn K., et al.
(författare)
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Spin generalizations of the Benjamin-Ono equation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Letters in Mathematical Physics. - : Springer Nature. - 0377-9017 .- 1573-0530. ; 112:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present new soliton equations related to the A-type spin Calogero-Moser (CM) systems introduced by Gibbons and Hermsen. These equations are spin generalizations of the Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation and the recently introduced non-chiral intermediate long-wave (ncILW) equation. We obtain multi-soliton solutions of these spin generalizations of the BO equation and the ncILW equation via a spin-pole ansatz where the spin-pole dynamics is governed by the spin CM system in the rational and hyperbolic cases, respectively. We also propose physics applications of the new equations, and we introduce a spin generalization of the standard intermediate long-wave equation which interpolates between the matrix Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation, and the spin BO equation.
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| 3. |
- Di Fabio, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of laparoscopic versus open colorectal cancer surgery on subsequent laparoscopic resection of liver metastases : A multicenter study.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6060 .- 1532-7361. ; 157:6, s. 1046-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver surgery is expanding. Most laparoscopic liver resections for colorectal carcinoma metastases are performed subsequent to the resection of the colorectal primary, raising concerns about the feasibility and safety of advanced laparoscopic liver surgery in the context of an abdomen with possible postoperative adhesions. The aim was to compare the outcome of laparoscopic hepatectomy for colorectal metastases after open versus laparoscopic colorectal surgery.METHODS: This observational, multicenter study reviewed 394 patients undergoing laparoscopic minor and major liver resection for colorectal carcinoma metastases. Main outcome measures were intraoperative unfavorable incidents and short-term results in patients who had previous open versus laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.RESULTS: Three hundred six patients (78%) had prior open and 88 (22%) had prior laparoscopic colorectal resection. Laparoscopic major hepatectomies were undertaken in 63 (16%). Intraoperative unfavorable incidents during laparoscopic liver surgery were significantly higher among patients who had prior open colorectal surgery (26%) compared with the laparoscopic group (14%; P = .017). Positive resection margins and postoperative complications were not associated with the approach adopted for the resection of the primary cancer. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, intraoperative unfavorable incidents were associated significantly only with prior open colorectal surgery (odds ratio, 2.8; P = .006) and laparoscopic major hepatectomy (odds ratio, 2.4; P = .009).CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic minor hepatectomy can be performed safely in patients who have undergone previous open colorectal surgery. Laparoscopic major hepatectomy after open colorectal surgery may be challenging. Careful risk assessment in the decision-making process is required not to compromise patient safety and to guarantee the expected benefits from the minimally invasive approach.
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| 4. |
- Edwin, Aaron, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Calcium binding by the PKD1 domain regulates interdomain flexibility in Vibrio cholerae metalloprotease PrtV
- 2013
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Ingår i: FEBS Open Bio. - : Elsevier. - 2211-5463. ; 3, s. 263-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, releases several virulence factors including secreted proteases when it infects its host. These factors attack host cell proteins and break down tissue barriers and cellular matrix components such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin, keratin, elastin, and they induce necrotic tissue damage. The secreted protease PrtV constitutes one virulence factors of V. cholerae. It is a metalloprotease belonging to the M6 peptidase family. The protein is expressed as an inactive, multidomain, 102 kDa pre-pro-protein that undergoes several N- and C-terminal modifications after which it is secreted as an intermediate variant of 81 kDa. After secretion from the bacteria, additional proteolytic steps occur to produce the 55 kDa active M6 metalloprotease. The domain arrangement of PrtV is likely to play an important role in these maturation steps, which are known to be regulated by calcium. However, the molecular mechanism by which calcium controls proteolysis is unknown. In this study, we report the atomic resolution crystal structure of the PKD1 domain from V. cholera PrtV (residues 755–838) determined at 1.1 Å. The structure reveals a previously uncharacterized Ca2+-binding site located near linker regions between domains. Conformational changes in the Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound forms suggest that Ca2+-binding at the PKD1 domain controls domain linker flexibility, and plays an important structural role, providing stability to the PrtV protein.
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| 5. |
- Eiriksson, Kristinn, 1967-
(författare)
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Technical Aspects of Laparoscopic Liver Resection. An Experimental Study
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Various techniques are used to transect the liver. With increase in laparoscopic liver resections (LLR), it is of even more interest to develop surgical techniques to minimize bleeding and the risk for gas embolism during transection. Instrument like argon enhanced coagulator provides good hemostasis but increases the danger of gas embolism. The CO2 pneumoperitoneum that is routinely used in most types of laparoscopic surgery can be modified by the use of different gas pressure. It can be assumed that different pressure influences bleeding but also the risk for gas embolism.In presented porcine studies, three instrumental combinations have been studied. In study I sixteen piglets were randomized to LLR with either the cavitron ultrasonic aspirator (CUSA™) in combination with vessels sealing system (Ligasure™) or with CUSA™ and ultrascision scissors (Autosonix™), with the endpoints of intra-operative bleeding and gas embolism. In study IV sixteen piglets were randomized to LLR either with staple device (Endo-GIA™) or the Ligasure™ - CUSA™ combination with same primary endpoints and additionally secondary endpoints of effect on gas-exchange, systemic- and pulmonary hemodynamic.Focusing on intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in study II, sixteen piglets were randomized to LLR with an IAP of either 8 or 16 mmHg. Primary endpoints were bleeding and gas embolism and secondary endpoints, effect on gas-exchange, systemic- and pulmonary hemodynamic.In study III effect of argon gas was tested during LLR. Sixteen piglets were randomized to either argon pneumoperitoneum or CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Primary endpoints were effect on gas-exchange, systemic- and pulmonary hemodynamic.In presented studies, we tested efficacy and safety of different techniques for LLR. CUSA™ can be used in combination with either Ligasure™ or Autosonix™. However, Ligasure™ reduces the amount of bleeding. The recent introduction of staplers seems promising with a further reduction in bleeding, gas embolism, and operating time. The IAP influences both the amount of bleeding as well as gas embolism. It seems reasonable to use a higher IAP to decrease bleeding with caution and with close monitoring for gas embolism. Argon gas embolism gives more extensive effect on gas-exchange and hemodynamic and should probably be avoided in this type of surgery.
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| 6. |
- Høye, Eirik, et al.
(författare)
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A comprehensive framework for analysis of microRNA sequencing data in metastatic colorectal cancer
- 2022
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Ingår i: NAR Cancer. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2632-8674. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to all hallmarks of cancer, miRNA dysregulation in metastasis remains poorly understood. The aim of this work was to reliably identify miRNAs associated with metastatic progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) using novel and previously published next-generation sequencing (NGS) datasets generated from 268 samples of primary (pCRC) and metastatic CRC (mCRC; liver, lung and peritoneal metastases) and tumor adjacent tissues. Differential expression analysis was performed using a meticulous bioinformatics pipeline, including only bona fide miRNAs, and utilizing miRNA-tailored quality control and processing. Five miRNAs were identified as up-regulated at multiple metastatic sites Mir-210_3p, Mir-191_5p, Mir-8-P1b_3p [mir-141–3p], Mir-1307_5p and Mir-155_5p. Several have previously been implicated in metastasis through involvement in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and hypoxia, while other identified miRNAs represent novel findings. The use of a publicly available pipeline facilitates reproducibility and allows new datasets to be added as they become available. The set of miRNAs identified here provides a reliable starting-point for further research into the role of miRNAs in metastatic progression.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Martin L, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving stomal continence with an ileal pouch and a percutaneous implant.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-4838 .- 0957-4530. ; 33:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a soft-tissue-anchored, percutaneous port used as a mechanical continence-preserving valve in reservoir ileo- and urostomies was functionally and morphologically evaluated in eight dogs. During follow-up, the skin failed to attach to the implant, but the intestine inside the stoma port appeared to be attached to the mesh. After reaching adequate reservoir volume, the urostomies were rendered continent by attaching a lid to the implant. The experiments were ended at different time intervals due to implant-related adverse events. In only one case did the histological evaluation reveal integration at both the implant-intestine and implant-skin interfaces, with a low degree of inflammation and the absence of bacterial colonisation. In the remaining cases, integration was not obtained and instead mucosal downgrowth and biofilm formation were observed. The skin-implant junction was characterised by the absence of direct contact between the epidermis and the implant. Varying degrees of epidermal downgrowth, granulation tissue formation, inflammatory cell infiltration and bacterial growth and biofilm formation were prominent findings. In contrast, the subcutaneously located anchor part of the titanium port was well integrated and encapsulated by fibrous tissue. These results demonstrate the opportunity to achieve integration between a soft-tissue-anchored titanium port, skin and intestine. However, predictable long-term function could not be achieved in these animal models due to implant- and non-implant-related adverse events. Unless barriers at both the implant-skin and implant-intestine junctions are created, epidermal and mucosal downward migration and biofilm formation will jeopardise implant performance.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Martin L, et al.
(författare)
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Integration between a percutaneous implant and the porcine small bowel.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials. - : Wiley. - 1552-4981 .- 1552-4973. ; 98:1, s. 101-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer or trauma may require removal of all or part of the intestines, leaving the patient with a need to wear external stoma appliances for collection of bowel contents. By connecting the small bowel to a percutaneous port, equipped with a sealing lid, a fully continent and leak proof stoma can be created without a need for permanently wearing stoma appliance. The prerequisites for a connection between a permanent, transabdominal implant and a visceral organ are largely unexplored. Stoma ports made of titanium were implanted in the abdominal wall of domestic pigs and a branch of distal ileum was inserted through the ports. After being followed for 1-3 weeks, the ports were removed and subjected to histological evaluation to study the influence of their shape, structure, and position on the tissue response. Particular focus was attended to the attachment of the ileal serosal surface to the implants inner structure consisting of a titanium mesh. Macroscopic examination revealed fistulas and formation of abscesses in 4 of 11 the retrieved implants. Histological examination revealed regenerated and well-vascularized collagenous tissue around the mesh structure inside the implant. The integration was complete or partial for 10 of 11 ports. Despite various degrees of inflammation and tissue ingrowth, it was demonstrated for the first time that the serosal surface of ileum was firmly attached to the internal structure of the implant. These experiments provide a basis for optimization of the implant and surgical procedure before long-term functional animal experiments.
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| 11. |
- Johansson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Healing Process of an Ileostomy to a Percutaneous Titanium Implant: a Short Term Experimental Study on animals
- 2008
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Ingår i: Abstract, 8th World Biomaterials Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Many diseases such as e.g. ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis as well as bladder cancer often require surgery with removal of all or part of the intestines or urinary bladder with construction of an abdominal stoma. External stoma appliances or internal ileal pouches have to be used for collection of bowel contents and urine, respectively. It is hypothesized that by attachment of the intestine to a percutaneous implant, a fully continent stoma might be achieved. Such an attachment needs to be instantaneous, permanent and leakage free. As of today there is no implant or structure known to merge with intestine. The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the tissue response to a newly designed implant. Apart from the healing process of the abdominal tissues to the implant surface, special focus was directed to the adherence of the ileal serosa to the inner surface of the implant. Conclusions: The present results demonstrate convincingly that the serosal side of the intestine may attach and merge with the internal structure of the implant. These studies provide a basis for optimization of the surgical procedure prior to long-term trials.
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| 12. |
- Kapur, Rick, et al.
(författare)
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Gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the development of murine transfusion-related acute lung injury
- 2018
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Ingår i: Blood Advances. - : American Society of Hematology. - 2473-9529 .- 2473-9537. ; 2:13, s. 1651-1663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a syndrome of respiratory distress upon blood transfusion and is the leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities. Whether the gut microbiota plays any role in the development of TRALI is currently unknown. We observed that untreated barrier-free (BF) mice suffered from severe antibody-mediated acute lung injury, whereas the more sterile housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice and gut flora-depleted BF mice were both protected from lung injury. The prevention of TRALI in the SPF mice and gut flora-depleted BF mice was associated with decreased plasma macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels as well as decreased pulmonary neutrophil accumulation. DNA sequencing of amplicons of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed a varying gastrointestinal bacterial composition between BF and SPF mice. BF fecal matter transferred into SPF mice significantly restored TRALI susceptibility in SPF mice. These data reveal a link between the gut flora composition and the development of antibody-mediated TRALI in mice. Assessment of gut microbial composition may help in TRALI risk assessment before transfusion.
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| 13. |
- Krogvold, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of a low-grade enteroviral infection in the islets of Langerhans of living patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 64:5, s. 1682-1687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Diabetes Virus Detection study (DiViD) is the first to examine fresh pancreatic tissue at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for the presence of viruses. Minimal pancreatic tail resection was performed 3-9 weeks after onset of type 1 diabetes in 6 adult patients (age 24-35 years). The presence of enteroviral capsid protein 1 (VP1) and the expression of class I HLA were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Enterovirus RNA was analyzed from isolated pancreatic islets and from fresh frozen whole pancreatic tissue using PCR and sequencing. Non-diabetic organ donors served as controls. VP1 was detected in the islets of all type 1 diabetes patients (2 of 9 controls). Hyperexpression of class I HLA molecules was found in the islets of all patients (1 of 9 controls). Enterovirus specific RNA sequences were detected in 4 of 6 cases (0 of 6 controls). The results were confirmed in different laboratories. Only 1.7 % of the islets contained VP1 positive cells and the amount of enterovirus RNA was low. The results provides evidence for the presence of enterovirus in pancreatic islets of type 1 diabetic patients, being consistent with the possibility that a low grade enteroviral infection in the pancreatic islets contribute to disease progression in humans.
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| 14. |
- Krogvold, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Insulitis and characterisation of infiltrating T cells in surgical pancreatic tail resections from patients at onset of type 1 diabetes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0012-186X .- 1432-0428. ; 59:3, s. 492-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims/hypothesisIt is thought that T cells play a major role in the immune-mediated destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes, causing inflammation of the islets of Langerhans (insulitis). The significance of insulitis at the onset of type 1 diabetes is debated, and the role of the T cells poorly understood.MethodsIn the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study, pancreatic tissue from six living patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes was collected. The insulitis was characterised quantitatively by counting CD3+ T cells, and qualitatively by transcriptome analysis targeting 84 T and B lymphocyte genes of laser-captured microdissected islets. The findings were compared with gene expression in T cells collected from kidney biopsies from allografts with ongoing cellular rejection. Cytokine and chemokine release from isolated islets was characterised and compared with that from islets from non-diabetic organ donors.ResultsAll six patients fulfilled the criteria for insulitis (5–58% of the insulin-containing islets in the six patients had ≥ 15 T cells/islet). Of all the islets, 36% contained insulin, with several resembling completely normal islets. The majority (61–83%) of T cells were found as peri-insulitis rather than within the islet parenchyma. The expression pattern of T cell genes was found to be markedly different in islets compared with the rejected kidneys. The islet-infiltrating T cells showed only background levels of cytokine/chemokine release in vitro.Conclusions/interpretationInsulitis and a significant reserve reservoir for insulin production were present in all six cases of recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, the expression patterns and levels of cytokines argue for a different role of the T cells in type 1 diabetes when compared with allograft rejection.
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| 15. |
- Kuric, Enida, et al.
(författare)
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Demonstration of Tissue Resident Memory CD8 T Cells in Insulitic Lesions in Adult Patients with Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9440 .- 1525-2191. ; 187:3, s. 581-588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subtypes of CD8(+) T cells in insulitic lesions in biopsy specimens from six subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and six nondiabetic matched controls were analyzed using simultaneous multicolor immunofluorescence. Also, insulitic islets based on accumulation of CD3(+) T cells were microdissected with laser-capture microscopy, and gene transcripts associated with inflammation and autoimmunity were analyzed. We found a substantial proportion, 43%, of the CD8(+) T cells in the insulitic lesions to display a tissue resident memory T cell (TRM) (CD8(+)CD69(+)CD103(+)) phenotype in T1D subjects. Most TRM cells were located in the insulitic lesion in the endocrine-exocrine interface. TRM cells were also sporadically found in islets of control subjects. Moreover, gene expression analysis showed a lack of active transcription of genes associated with acute inflammatory or cytotoxic T-cell responses. We present evidence that a substantial proportion of T cells in insulitic lesions of recent-onset T1D patients are TRM cells and not classic cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. Our findings highlight the need for further analysis of the T cells involved in insulitis to elucidate their role in the etiology of T1D.
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| 16. |
- McNamee, Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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IAFSS agenda 2030 for a fire safe world
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-7112. ; 110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Association of Fire Safety Science (IAFSS) is comprised of members from some 40 countries. This paper presents the Association's thinking, developed by the Management Committee, concerning pressing research needs for the coming 10 years presented as the IAFSS Agenda 2030 for a Fire Safe World. The research needs are couched in terms of two broad Societal Grand Challenges: (1) climate change, resiliency and sustainability and (2) population growth, urbanization and globalization. The two Societal Grand Challenges include significant fire safety components, that lead both individually and collectively to the need for a number of fire safety and engineering research activities and actions. The IAFSS has identified a list of areas of research and actions in response to these challenges. The list is not exhaustive, and actions within actions could be defined, but this paper does not attempt to cover all future needs.
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| 17. |
- Munene, Edwin, et al.
(författare)
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Association between patient engagement in HIV care and antiretroviral therapy medication adherence: cross-sectional evidence from a regional HIV care center in Kenya
- 2015
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Ingår i: AIDS Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-0121 .- 1360-0451. ; 27:3, s. 378-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consistent individual effort in engagement in HIV medical services has been associated with positive health outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, whether these benefits are facilitated by improved medication adherence has not been widely studied. This study aimed to investigate the marginal effect of engagement in HIV care on medication adherence at a public health facility in Kenya. Between February and April 2013, 392 patients on HIV care at Nyeri Provincial General Hospital participated in this study. Data were collected using a self-administered health survey questionnaire assessing health and sociodemographic statuses. A manual stepwise general linear model was specified to measure the effect of engagement in HIV and other associated predictors on medication adherence. Engagement in HIV care was significantly associated with log-transformed medication adherence in the sample (100 center dot beta = 9.2%, 95% CI 3.2-15.1) irrespective of gender and other selected predictors. Longer duration on antiretroviral therapy was also a significant predictor of better medication adherence (100 center dot beta = 3.2%, 95% CI 2.3-4.1). Despite inter-gender differences in adherence and engagement determinants, gender's independent effect on medication adherence and engagement in care were not statistically significant. Poor medication adherence was associated with lower patient engagement in HIV care services, suggesting that interventions which remove obstacles to regular observance of scheduled clinic appointments and eventual retention may have a beneficial impact on medication adherence and, accordingly, health outcomes in PLHIV.
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| 18. |
- Mûnene, Edwin, et al.
(författare)
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Does duration on antiretroviral therapy determine health-related quality of life in people living with HIV? A cross-sectional study in a regional referral hospital in Kenya.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - 1654-9880. ; 7:Apr 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective : To measure the extent to which health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people living with HIV is associated with duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) after controlling for sociodemographic, clinical, and other therapy-related factors. Design : Cross-sectional analysis. Methods : A gender-stratified random sample of 421 participants aged 18-64 years was selected from the patients on ART at a health facility in Kenya. Three hundred and ninety two patients participated in the study, representing a 93% response rate. Data on general physical and mental health functioning status were collected using the SF-36 health survey questionnaire. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to predict the SF-36 summary scores. Results : In regression analyses, the duration of ART was negatively associated with HRQoL (odds ratio (OR): 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45-0.92) after controlling for sociodemographic, clinical, and other therapy-related factors. Patients with chronic diseases or clinical symptoms of acute illness had significantly worse HRQoL (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.30-0.79 and OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.16-0.59, respectively). Therapy interruptions, adverse drug reactions, and World Health Organization stage at initiation of therapy were not associated with HRQoL. Conclusion : Patients on ART for a relatively longer duration reported poorer HRQoL at the study facility independent of the effect of other therapy-related, clinical, and sociodemographic factors. Program managers and clinicians in the Kenyan health system may need to refocus attention on this subgroup to avert 'loss to treatment' that may have negative repercussions on the substantial gains made against the HIV scourge.
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| 19. |
- Mûnene, Edwin, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic and clinical factors explaining the risk of unstructured antiretroviral therapy interruptions among Kenyan adult patients.
- 2016
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Ingår i: AIDS Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-0121 .- 1360-0451. ; :Feb 5, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the extent of unstructured HIV treatment interruptions (TIs) and investigate the effects of socioeconomic, socio-demographic, HIV treatment-related and clinical factors on the magnitude and rate of the same among adult patients at a Kenyan regional referral center. Four hundred and twenty-one adult patients actively receiving antiretroviral therapy at Nyeri County Referral Hospital since 2003 were randomly selected to complete a health survey questionnaire. Electronic records were used to obtain their HIV treatment utilization history. The marginal effects of selected determinants on prevalence and rate of TI were assessed by fitting multiple Poisson log-linear regression models. In total, 392 patients participated in the study. HIV TI was prevalent with 64.5% having had at least one TI of 3 months or more during treatment. The risk of TI was significantly higher in those longer on treatment (prevalence ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.28). Greater risk of TI was also associated with lower income (prevalence rate ratio [PRR] = 0.9, 95% CI 0.83-1.00), low medication adherence (PRR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.13-0.72), inconsistent treatment engagement (PRR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.19-0.75) and, contrarily, fewer adverse drug reactions (PRR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.90-0.97). Unstructured HIV TIs appear to be fairly common at the study site. The results suggest that efforts to minimize HIV TI could benefit from treatment-continuity monitoring strategies that target the high-risk sub-samples identified.
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| 20. |
- Wilson, Stephen A., et al.
(författare)
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New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators An engineering review
- 2007
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Ingår i: Materials science & engineering. R, Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-796X .- 1879-212X. ; 56:06-jan, s. 1-129
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a detailed overview of developments in transducer materials technology relating to their current and future applications in micro-scale devices. Recent advances in piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and shape-memory alloy systems are discussed and emerging transducer materials such as magnetic nanoparticles, expandable micro-spheres and conductive polymers are introduced. Materials properties, transducer mechanisms and end applications are described and the potential for integration of the materials with ancillary systems components is viewed as an essential consideration. The review concludes with a short discussion of structural polymers that are extending the range of micro-fabrication techniques available to designers and production engineers beyond the limitations of silicon fabrication technology.
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