| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Asplund, Lillemor, et al.
(författare)
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Screening av Tetrabrombisfenol A
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tetrabrombisfenol A (TBBPA), CAS nr 79-94-7, är ett flamskyddsmedel med stor användning. Till största delen används det som reaktivt flamskyddsmedel, dvs. TBBPA binds in kemiskt i polymera material. Allt binds dock inte in utan en mindre del kan läcka ut från den flamskyddade produkten (Sellström och Jansson, 1995). En viss användning av TBBPA som additivt flamskyddsmedel förekommer också (KemI, 2000). TBBPA är det flamskyddsmedel som omsätts mest i Sverige, 2001 omsattes 203 ton vilket kan jämföras med 58 ton för hexabromcyklododekan (HBCD). Användningen av HBCD ökade medan användningen av TBBPA minskade enligt KEMI (KemI, 2003, 4/03 ). TBBPA används främst vid tillverkning av flamskyddad epoxy- och polykarbonatplast men även i omättad polyester (WHO/IPCS, 1995). Epoxyplast som flamskyddats med TBBPA används huvudsakligen i kretskort. TBBPA används också i plastinkapslingar av elektroniska komponenter, i kåpor och i höljen till elektrisk utrustning.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups – heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants have been examined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and in guillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overall trends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the same sites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trend in both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increases in condition factor seen in cod liver at Fladen, perch muscle at Kvädöfjärden, and for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. Also, an increase in fat content was seen during the most recent ten years for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. There were also some sites where no log linear trends were seen.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not mercury) in 2004, values between 2003 and 2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ACES, Stockholm University.Generally, higher mercury concentrations are found in the Bothnian Bay, but also from one station in the Northern parts of Baltic Proper, compared to other parts of the Swedish coastline. The time series show varying concentrations over the study period. The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southern Bothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. On the other hand, increasing concentrations are seen in e.g., cod muscle, but the concentrations are fairly low compared to measured concentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. In most cases, the mercury concentrations are above the EQSbiota of 20 ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. The highest concentrations are seen in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. Elevated lead concentrations between 2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see above regarding change in analysis methods). Lead concentrations are below the suggested target level at all stations.Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It is worth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium, generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series. Cadmium concentrations in herring and perch are all below the suggested target level of 160 μg/kg wet weight.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series begin with two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and may give a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing concentrations, possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper and zinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.Generally higher concentrations of arsenic and silver are found along the west coast compared to other parts of the Sweadish coast line. However for silver a few stations in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay show comparable concentrations to the west coast stations.Chlorinated CompoundsGenerally, a decreasing concentrations were observed for all compounds (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB) in all species examined, with a few exceptions, such as no change in TCDD-equivalents being seen in herring muscle (except at Änskärsklubb where very high concentrations at the beginning of the sampling period were seen and also at the west coast station Fladen). The longer time-series in guillemot also show a marked decrease in TCDD-equivalents from the start in the late 1960s until about 1985 from where no change occurred for many years, however, during the most recent ten years a decrease in the concentration is seen. Concentrations of DDE and CB-118 are for some species and sites still above their respective target levels.The chlorinated compounds generally show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Sea and/or Baltic Proper when compared to the Bothnian Bay and the Swedish west coast.Brominated Flame RetardantsElevated levels of HBCDD are seen in sites from the Baltic Proper, while the investigated PBDEs show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Bay. In addition, lower concentrations of all investigated PBDEs and HBCDD are seen on the Swedish west coast compared to the east coast. Temporally, significant increases in BDE-47, -99 and -100 have been seen in guillemot eggs since the late 1960s until the early 1990s, where concentrations then began to show decreases. Also, the concentration of HBCDD in guillemot eggs shows a decrease during the most recent ten years. For fish and blue mussels, BDE-47, -99, and -153 decreased at some sites and showed no trend at other sites. The concentration of HBCDD in fish and blue mussels showed inconsistent trends. The concentration of HBCDD is below the EQSbiota of 167 μg/kg wet weight for all fish species from all areas, while the concentration of BDE-47 alone is above the EQSbiota for sumPBDE of 0.0085 ng/g wet weight.PAHsOnly blue mussels have been examined for spatial differences in PAH concentrations. Concentration of ΣPAH was found to be higher from Kvädöfjärden in the Baltic Proper compared to stations at the West coast, but individual PAHs showed varying spatial patterns. Over time, acenaphthalene was rarely found above the detection limit. Significant decreasing trends were observed for ΣPAH, chrysene, fluoranthene and pyrene at Fjällbacka; for naphthalene at Kvädöfjärden; and for pyrene at Fladen.All time series where concentrations of various PAHs were compared with the target value based on OSPAR Ecological Assessment Criteria, or EC Environmental Quality Standards were below the target value.PFASsPFHxS and PFOS show a similar spatial pattern, but PFOS concentrations were approximately 25 times higher than PFHxS levels. The distribution of PFOS is quite homogenous along the Swedish coast but with somewhat higher concentrations in the Baltic Proper. PFOS concentrations in guillemot eggs are about 100-200 times higher than in herring liver. An overall increasing concentration of PFOS in guillemot eggs has been observed throughout the whole time period, however, during the most recent ten years, a change of direction is detected. The longer herring time series from Harufjärden, Landsort, and Utlängan show increasing concentrations for PFOS and most carboxylates. For FOSA, on the other hand, decreasing concentrations are seen during the most recent ten years.Organotin compoundsThe majority of the analysed tinorganic compounds showed concentrations below LOQ. However TBT and DPhT showed concentrations above LOQ at all stations with highest reported concentrations in fish from Örefjärden in the northern part of Bothnian Sea.
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| 8. |
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| 11. |
- Egebäck, Anna-Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 86:3, s. 264-269
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical-chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077-7.9 and 0.093-1.8 pg m(-3) air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420-450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of POPs in human milk from Stockholm and Gothenburg, 1972-2015 : Updated version – 2017-09-01
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dr. Koidu Norén, vid Karolinska Institutet, initierade övervakning av human hälsa i Sverige när hon började samla in och analysera organiska föroreningar i modersmjölk från Stockholmsområdet redan 1967. Sedan 1972 har de prover som samlats in lagrats frusna för retrospektiv analys av miljöföroreningar. År 1997 överfördes denna mjölksamling till miljöprovbanken vid Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet i Stockholm som då även tog över ansvaret för insamlingen i Stockholmsområdet, via Modersmjölkcentralen på Södersjukhuset. Modersmjölk har även samlats in i Göteborg sedan 2007 via Modersmjölkcentralen/Arbets- och miljömedicinska institutionen på Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset.I denna rapport sammanfattas den nationella övervakning av modersmjölk med avseende på persistenta organiska miljögifter, som utförts sedan 1972 från Stockholm och Göteborg och som finansierats av Naturvårdsverket. Syftet med studien kan sammanfattas enligt följande: • Undersöka halter av klorerade ämnen (PCBer, DDTer, HCHer, HCB, dioxiner och furaner), bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDEer, HBCDD och DBE-DBCH) samt perfluorerade ämnen (PFASs) i modersmjölk från Stockholm och Göteborg.• Utvärdera långsiktiga tidstrender i Stockholm (1972-2014) och Göteborg (2007-2015).• Undersöka skillnader i mönster av samansättningen av de övervakade ämnena mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. • Undersöka om variationen på individnivå gällande PFASs skiljer sig mellan Stockholm och Göteborg 2012. Fetthalt Modersmjölk från Stockholm uppvisade generellt en uppåtgående trend i fetthalt under hela övervakningsperioden (1972-2014), även om en nedåtgående trend observerades under den senaste tioårsperioden. En förändring av analysmetod 2011 kan emellertid ha påverkat utvecklingen under den senaste tioårsperioden. En ökning i fetthalt indikerades i modersmjölk från Göteborg (2007-2015). Fetthalten var något högre i modersmjölk från Göteborg 2015 jämfört med modermjölk från Stockholm 2014 (4.0 respektive 3.4 %). Fetthalter som rapporterats i andra studier är ligger i nivå med de fetthalter som rapporterats i denna studie.PCBer Halterna av samtliga kongener som uppmätts, d.v.s. CB-180, CB-153, CB-138 och CB-118 minskade över tid (7-11 % per år) i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg, med undantag för CB-28 för vilken ingen trend kunde detekteras. De minskande halterna över tid stämmer väl överens med temporala trender som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Uppsala (7 % per år) (1996-2012) samt i japansk modersmjölk (7.5 % per år). Koncentrationerna av de uppmätta kongenerna var jämförbara mellan Stockholm och Göteborg och låg även på liknande nivåer som i modersmjölk från Uppsala. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder var koncentrationerna av CB-153 (som är den kongenern som generellt sett förekommer i 8högst halter i modersmjölk) lägre än i övriga Europa. Inga signifikanta skillnader detekterades gällande PCB-kongenermönster mellan Stockholm och Göteborg.DDTer, HCHer och HCB Koncentrationerna av DDE, DDT och HCB i modersmjölk från Stockholm (1972-2014) minskade över hela övervakningsperioden (7-11 % per år) vilket även halterna av DDE och DDT i modersmjölk från Göteborg (2007-2015) gjort under den senaste tioårsperioden (7 och 12 % per år). Tidstrender för DDE i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) och Japan uppvisar minskande halter i samma storleksordning (7.4 och 9.1 % per år). Även halterna av HCB i modersmjölk från Uppsala minskar (5.9 % per år). Koncentrationerna av DDE, DDT samt β-HCH var något högre i Stockholm än i Göteborg, medan HCB halterna var något högre i modersmjölk från Göteborg. Koncentrationerna av DDE, HCB och β-HCH låg i nivå med koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala, men låg i det lägre spannet av koncentrationer rapporterade från andra europeiska länder. Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för DDE-, DDT-, HCB- och β-HCH i modersmjölk mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. PCDDer/PCDFer och dl-PCBer Koncentrationerna av ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer och ΣPCDDer + PCDFer + dl-PCBer i modersmjölk från Stockholm (1972-2014) och Göteborg (2007-2015) minskade sett över hela övervakningsperioden (5.6-6.5 % per år). Under den senaste tioårsperioden har dock inga signifikanta minskningar observerats i modersmjölk från Stockholm. En tänkbar förklaring till detta skulle kunna vara att det skett ett byte i analyslaboratorium 2012 vilket kan ha påverkat möjligheten att upptäcka trender. Halterna i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) minskade i samma storleksordning som i Stockholm och Göteborg sett över hela tidsperioden. Koncentrationerna av ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer och ΣPCDDer + PCDFer + dl-PCBer var jämförbara mellan Stockholm och Göteborg och även jämförbara med koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder låg de i det lägre spannet. Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för ΣPCDDer, ΣPCDFer, Σdl-PCBer mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. PBDEer och HBCDD Koncentrationerna av BDE-47, BDE-99 och BDE-100 i modersmjölk från Göteborg minskade 2007-2015 (18-21 % per år). I kontrast till detta observerades inga signifikanta log-linjära tidstrender i modersmjölk från Stockholm, varken över hela tidsperioden eller under den senaste tioårsperioden. Dock var koncentrationerna av BDE-47, BDE-99 och BDE-100 i de två proven från 2013 (Stockholm) avsevärt högre än koncentrationerna omkringliggande år vilket påverkar möjligheten att upptäcka trender under den senaste tioårsperioden. Bytet av analyslaboratorium 2010 kan också ha påverkat möjligheten att detektera trender. Den minskning av BDE koncentrationer som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Göteborg i denna studie är i samma storleksordning som den förändring som rapporterats i modersmjölk från Uppsala (1996-2012) (5-10 % per år). Koncentrationerna av samtliga bromerade flamskyddsmedel rapporterade här (d.v.s. BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 och HBCDD) var högre i Stockholm än i Göteborg. Koncentrationer uppmätta i modersmjölk från Uppsala var högre än i Göteborg men lägre än i Stockholm, med undantag för HBCDD där halterna i Uppsalamjölken även var högre än i Stockholmsmjölken. I jämförelse med andra europeiska länder låg halterna av BDE-47 i Stockholmsmjölken i jämförbar nivå, medan HBCDD halterna i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg låg lägre. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i mönstret för BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153 och HBCDD mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. 9PFAS Koncentrationerna av PFDA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFTriDA och PFUDA i modersmjölk från Stockholm ökade signifikant under hela övervakningsperioden (1972-2014), medan PFOA-koncentrationerna minskade. Koncentrationen av PFNA och PFDA ökade även i blodprover från ammande kvinnor i Uppsala (1996-2010). I modersmjölk från Göteborg upptäcktes signifikanta nedåtgående trender (2007-2015) för PFDoDA, PFHxS och PFOA, och det var även fallet för PFOS i Stockholm under den senaste tioårsperioden. Inga generella skillnader i koncentration observerades mellan Stockholm and Göteborg. I jämförelse med modersmjölk från andra länder över hela världen var halterna av PFOS och PFOA jämförbara, men i det lägre spannet, vilket även var fallet i jämförelse med koncentrationer i modersmjölk från Uppsala (2004). Ingen signifikant skillnad i mönster observerades för PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUDA och PFTriDA mellan Stockholm och Göteborg. Den individuella variationen 2012 var störst för PFTeDA i modersmjölk från både Stockholm och Göteborg. PFOA, PFUA och PFNA uppvisade den lägsta individuella variationen. FOSA uppvisade en signifikant skillnad i individuell variation mellan modersmjölk från Stockholm och Göteborg, vilket skulle kunna indikera en skillnad i kontaminering. Dock uppmättes det ingen signifikant skillnad för kvarvarande PFAS.
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| 14. |
- Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Sakrapport Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i limnisk biota, 2013
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental contaminants examined in this report can be classified into four groups – trace metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants and perfluoroalkyl substances. Each of these contaminants has been examined in pike, perch and Arctic char from 32 lakes geographically spread from the north to the south of Sweden. The following summary examines overall trends, spatial and temporal, for the four groups.Fat Content, Age and LengthPike and perch displayed a decreasing trend in fat content at 50 % of the sites examined. An increasing trend in fat content could be seen for Arctic char from Lake Tjulträsk. The age of the perch sampled within the programme was somewhat lower in the most southern and south eastern parts of Sweden, whereas the length of the perch was homogenous in all lakes sampled.Trace MetalsNo general temporal trend could be observed for mercury in the freshwater environment. However, in all lakes and species, except Arctic char from Abiskojaure, these concentrations are above the suggested EU-target level of 20 ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. In all lakes, Pb concentration is below the suggested EU-target level of 1.0 ug/g wet weight. This result has to be interpreted carefully as the recalculation between levels of lead in whole-body and liver is based on only one study.Cadmium concentrations show no consistent trends over the monitored period. It is worth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium, the most recent concentrations in Arctic char and pike are similar to concentrations measured 30 years ago in the longer time series. In a majority of the lakes, Cd concentration in perch is above the suggested EU target level of 0.16 ug/g wet weight. This result has to be interpreted carefully as the recalculation between levels of cadmium in whole-body and liver is based on only one study.Nickel concentrations showed a general increasing trend in perch. Chromium concentrations showed a general decreasing trend in all matrices during the monitoring period,but this decrease is most probably caused by the change of method for chromium analysis in 2004. The concentrations of Zinc in perch liver are consistent in all lakes monitored. The concentrations are decreasing significantly at a majority of the perch sampling sites and in pike from Lake Storvindeln.No general temporal trend were observed for copper, arsenic, silver, aluminium, tin, and bismuth concentrations in fish liver during the monitoring period.22Chlorinated CompoundsGenerally, a decreasing trend was observed for all compounds (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB and PCDD/PCDF) in all species examined (with a few exceptions).The chlorinated compounds generally show a somewhat higher concentration in the southern parts of Sweden than in the north.CB-153 concentration is below the suggested target level of 1.6 ug/g lipid weight in all species and areas, while the target level for CB-118 of 0.024 ug/g lipid weight is exceeded in perch from Lake Fysingen and Lake Krankesjön. For DDE the concentration is below the suggested target level of 0.005 ug/g wet weight for all species and areas. sHCH is below the suggested target level of 0.026 ug/g wet weight for all species and areas. HCB is below the suggested target level of 0.010 ug/g wet weight for all species and areas. TCDD-eqvivalents is below the suggested target level of 3.5 pg WHO05-TEQ/g wet weight for all species and areas.Brominated Flame RetardantsNo general linear trend is observed during the whole monitoring period for the BDEs. However the concentrations of BDEs in Lake Bolmen increased from the start of the monitoring period until the late 80s to the mid 90s and appear to have decreased since then. The lower brominated flame retardants (BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100) peaked earlier than the higher (BDE-153 and BDE-154).In all areas, BDE-47 is above the suggested target level of 0.0085 ng/g wet weight for all species.The concentration of HBCDD is under LOQ in a majority of the freshwater samples.PFASsPFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA all show significantly increasing concentrations in Arctic char liver from Lake Abiskojaure. PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA show increasing trends in perch liver from Lake Skärgölen. A decreasing trend in PFOS is also indicated for perch in Lake Skärgölen for the last ten years.In about 40 % of the perch lakes, PFOS concentrations in liver are above the suggested target level for PFOS inwhole fish (9.1 ng/g wet weight). This result has to be interpreted with caution since no recalculation for the results from the liver analysis has been made, especially since liver in most cases contains higher concentrations of PFASs than muscle tissue.Priority substances 2007 and 2010For four of the five priority substances - DEHP, HCBD, pentachlorobenzene, and organotin compounds – all or most values were below LOQ in the years examined. The chloroalkane SCCP did have values above LOQ, however, no consistent spatial variation was seen. The highest concentrations of SCCP (approximately 30 ng/g wet weight) were found in Lake Stor-Backsjön in Jämtland County and in Lake Fiolen in Kronobergs County. No statistical difference in concentration of SCCP between year 2007 and 2010 was found.Information about the lakes sampled within the programme can be seen in Appendix 1.
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| 15. |
- Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Sakrapport Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i limnisk biota, 2014
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summarises the monitoring activities within the National Swedish Contaminant Programme for freshwater biota. Each monitored contaminant has been examined in pike, perch and Arctic char from 32 lakes from the north to the south in Sweden.No general trend could be seen for mercury, and all samples, except Arctic char from Abiskojaure, were above the EU target level. Lead was generally decreasing. Nickel showed a general upward trend in perch. An increase, or indication of an increase, was seen for chromium during the last ten years. Zinc concentrations were decreasing in a majority of the perch samples and in pike from Lake Storvindeln. No general trend was observed for copper, arsenic, silver, aluminum, tin, bismuth, and cadmium.In general, downward trends were seen for; PCBs, HCHs, DDT, DDE and PCDD/Fs in all species (with a few exceptions). The chlorinated compounds generally show a somewhat higher concentration in the southern parts of Sweden. Most chlorinated compounds were below the suggested target levels.No general trend was seen during the monitoring period for PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs in Lake Bolmen increased from the 60s and peaked in the late 80s to mid-90s and have subsequently decreased. The concentration of HBCDD was under LOQ in a majority of the samples.A majority of the perfluorinated compounds showed an increase in concentration in perch, except PFOS and FOSA. Higher concentrations of perfluorinated compounds can in general be seen in the southern part of Sweden.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i limnisk biota, 2015
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summarises the monitoring activities within the National Swedish Contaminant Programme for freshwater biota. Each monitored contaminant has been examined in pike, perch or Arctic char from 32 lakes from the north to the south in Sweden.No general trend could be seen for mercury, and all samples, except Arctic char from Abiskojaure, were above the EU target level. Lead was generally decreasing. Nickel showed a general upward trend in perch. An increase, or indication of an increase, was seen for chromium during the last ten years. Zinc concentrations were decreasing in a majority of the perch samples and in pike from Lake Storvindeln.No general trend was observed for copper, arsenic, silver, aluminum, tin, bismuth, and cadmium.In general, downward trends were seen for; PCBs, HCHs, DDT, DDE and PCDD/Fs in all species (with a few exceptions). The chlorinated compounds generally show a somewhat higher concentration in the southern parts of Sweden. Most chlorinated compounds were below the suggested target levels.No general trend was seen during the monitoring period for PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs in Lake Bolmen increased from the 60s and peaked in the late 80s to mid-90s and have subsequently decreased. The concentration of HBCDD was under LOQ in a majority of the samples.Several of the perfluorinated carboxylate compounds showed an increase in concentration in perch, while PFOS and FOSA decreased. Higher concentrations of perfluorinated compounds can in general be seen in the southern part of Sweden. In all lakes, PFOS is below the target level for all species.
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| 19. |
- Sellström, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying source regions for the atmospheric input of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea
- 2009
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 43:10, s. 1730-1736
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PCDD/F contamination of the Baltic Sea has resulted in the European Union imposing restrictions on the marketing of several fish species. Atmospheric deposition is the major source of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea, and hence there is a need to identify the source regions of the PCDD/Fs in ambient air over the Baltic Sea. A novel monitoring strategy was employed to address this question. During the winter of 2006-2007 air samples were collected in Aspvreten (southern Sweden) and Pallas (northern Finland). Short sampling times (24 h) were employed and only samples with stable air mass back trajectories were selected for analysis of the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F congeners. The range in the PCDD/F concentrations from 40 samples collected at Aspvreten was a factor of almost 50 (range 0.6-29 fg TEQ/m(3)). When the samples were grouped according to air mass origin into seven compass sectors, the variability was much lower (typically less than a factor of 3). This indicates that air mass origin was the primary source of the variability. The contribution of each sector to the PCDD/F contamination over the Baltic Sea during the winter half year of 2006/2007 was calculated from the average PCDD/F concentration for each sector and the frequency with which the air over the Baltic Sea came from that sector. Air masses originating from the south-southwest, south-southeast and east segments contributed 65% of the PCDDs and 75% of the PCDFs. Strong correlations were obtained between the concentrations of most of the PCDD/F congeners and the concentration of soot. These correlations can be used to predict the PCDD/F concentrations during the winter half year from inexpensive soot measurements.
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