| 1. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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"Rarely safe to assume": Evaluating the use and interpretation of manipulation checks in experimental social psychology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the use of manipulation checks is widespread in social psychology, several researchers have raised methodological concerns about their use and interpretations. However, knowledge of how they are actually being used has been lacking. Extracting data from published reports of 207 recent experiments, we provide an empirical review of current practices concerning manipulation checks in social psychology. Our review suggests that there are serious deficiencies in the manner in which manipulation checks are used and interpreted. For example, published reports tend to contain highly limited quantitative reasoning about the effectiveness of manipulations, and researchers report little or nothing to address the possibility that manipulation checks might cause undesirable reactivity among participants. However, we argue that manipulation checks can be highly beneficial components of experiments when used properly, and they have untapped potential for the quantitative assessment of the strength of manipulations relative to the effect on the dependent variable (i.e., causal efficacy). To assist with such assessments, we provide empirical benchmarks for causal efficacy in social psychology. Additionally, we provide several recommendations for researchers and reviewers for improving the use and reporting of manipulation checks.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Eliciting human intelligence: The effects of social exclusion and inclusion on information disclosure
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 16:1, s. 3-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eliciting information from semicooperative sources presents a major challenge in investigative and intelligence settings. This research examines the role of the human need to belong in individuals' willingness to disclose critical information. We hypothesised that social exclusion would exert a threat to individuals' need to belong and self‐esteem, which would make them strive for social reconnection through sharing information with others. In two experiments (N = 150 and N = 135), social exclusion and inclusion were manipulated before participants were given the opportunity to disclose critical information in a semicooperative game setting (Study 1) or a mock intelligence interview (Study 2). Social exclusion did not influence information disclosure in any of the experiments. Instead, however, social inclusion unexpectedly increased information disclosure in the interview setting. We conclude that prior social experiences can influence the outcome of subsequent interviews, but the precise mechanisms underlying such influence are currently unknown.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Contest-based and norm-based interventions: (How) do they differ in attitudes, norms, and behaviors?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Setting up a contest is a popular means to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Yet, research on contest-based interventions is scarce while norm-based interventions have gained much attention. In two field experiments, we randomly assigned 79 apartments to either a contest-based or a norm-based electricity conservation intervention and measured kWh usage for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results from both studies showed that contest-based interventions promote intensive but short-lived electricity saving. In Study 1 apartments assigned to a norm-based intervention showed more stable electricity saving (low intensity and long-lasting). Study 2 did not replicate this finding, but supported that participants in the norm-based intervention also engaged in non-targeted behaviors. These results emphasize the importance of identifying how different intervention techniques may activate different goals, framing both how people think about and act upon targeted pro-environmental behaviors.
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| 5. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Replicating the focus theory of normative conduct as tested by Cialdini et al. (1990)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In developing the focus theory of normative conduct (FTNC), Cialdini et al. (1990), proposed and demonstrated that social anti-littering norms reduced littering in 1) clean environments (signaling that others did not litter) and 2) by adding a single piece of litter to an otherwise clean environment. The assumption was that the single piece of litter would focus people?s attention on the descriptive anti-littering norm, signaling that others did not litter. Despite the profound influence of Cialdini et al.?s (1990) paper, no attempt to replicate this ?single piece of litter? effect has been reported. In two high powered and pre-registered field-experiments and one online experiment (ntotal = 1798), we attempted to replicate and then examine the processes behind both descriptive anti-littering norms and the single piece of litter effect. Results first supported FTNC by replicating less littering in clean compared to littered environments. Second, replications of the single piece of litter effect ran contrary to the original finding, showing as much littering in environments including a single piece of litter as in fully littered environments. Hence, littering increased rather than decreased by adding a single piece of litter in an otherwise clean environment. Supporting some theoretical assumptions of the FTNC, a follow-up experiment showed increased salience of an anti-littering norm and a perceived descriptive norm against littering in a single-piece-oflitter compared to a clean environment. However, in line with findings from our replications, the injunctive antilittering norm appears to weaken as litter accumulates.
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| 6. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Self-persuading norms: Adding a self-persuasion technique strengthens the influence of descriptive social norms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Influence. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1553-4510 .- 1553-4529. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social norms have been implemented to change a variety of behaviors. Yet, these studies show noticeable dispersion of effects. We suggest that such dispersion is partially due to people perceiving reasons for following a certain norm to be more or less appealing. In testing this proposition, we couple descriptive norms with a self-persuading technique (i.e. the self-persuading norm). We propose that the self-persuading norm operate in two steps: 1) self-persuasion leads to value-matched information, 2) value-matched information is more self-relevant, making the norm more influential. Across three experiments, we consistently found that self-persuading norms are more influential than simple descriptive norms and a control condition. The practical applications are straightforward: adding self-persuasive content seems to strengthen the descriptive norm.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Can Unexpected Support Promote Environmental Policy Acceptability? An Experimental Investigation of Norm Source and Strength
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 2195-3325. ; 10:1, s. 123-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments tested how environmental policy acceptability of US conservatives and liberals was influenced by manipulating the level (minority vs. majority) and source (in-group vs. outgroup) of normative support for policy. Results from 928 MechanicalTurk users (Study 1: N = 268, Study 2: N = 660) indicated that when evaluating an in-group policy (that participants expect their own political group to support), communicating outgroup support increases acceptability compared with communicating in-group support. The outgroup norm has a positive indirect effect via the inference that the in-group is even more supportive of the policy than the outgroup is. In contrast, when evaluating an outgroup policy, communicating in-group support indirectly yields higher acceptability than communicating outgroup support, via the inference that the outgroup is more supportive than the in-group is. This effect mainly occurred for individuals with strong ideological identification and was independent of level of support (minority vs. majority). Results indicate that bipartisan support for environmental policies can be achieved by strategic communication of normative information about political groups.
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| 9. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Individual factors influencing acceptability for environmental policies: A review and research agenda
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 by the authors. To facilitate an understanding of why some environmental policies are acceptable to private citizens and why some are not, we review individual factors that influence the acceptability of environmental policy measures. The factors are categorized in demographic factors, such as age and gender, personal factors such as values and ideology, and policy specific beliefs such as perceptions of how fair or effective a policy is. The reviewed studies indicate that demographic factors generally have small effects on acceptability, that ideology seems to be a consistent predictor among personal factors, and that policy specific beliefs may be effective in explaining acceptability but that the relative importance of the specific beliefs may vary between policy contexts. However, we note methodological concerns in the field of environmental policy acceptability that limit the conclusions that can be drawn from reviews or meta-analyses. We end by giving suggestions for how this field can move forward to provide policy makers with more detailed tools on how to design acceptable environmental policies, for example by introducing more experimental designs, and the standardization of targeting factors, as well as acceptability measures and the improved categorizations of policy tools.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989
(författare)
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On the psychology of environmental policy and the influence of social norms
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Current environmental challenges, such as greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution, are large-scale problems that will be difficult to solve without the intervention of governments or the coordinated cooperation of a large number of people. While governments can steer citizen behavior in a pro-environmental direction by the use of environmental policies, the implementation of such policies is often hindered by negative public opinion. In other cases, it may not be desirable for governments to regulate citizen behavior. In such situations, large-scale cooperation among citizens can be encouraged by communicating social norms in favor of pro-environmental behavior. In this thesis, I apply a psychological perspective on environmental policy research to understand how laypeople perceive policies, and how social norms can be utilized to promote environmental policy acceptability and behavior intentions. As some research on laypeople attitudes towards environmental policies use categorizations that are made on assumptions of how laypeople perceive such policies, the aim of Study 1 is to provide empirically valid categorizations of policies based on laypeople attitudes towards the policies. We assessed the attitudes of 2911 Swedish citizens towards 44 environmental policies currently in use in Sweden. An exploratory factor analysis indicated that Swedish citizens perceive three categories of policies, one consisting of push policies (regulatory and market-based policies using disincentives), one of pull policies (market-based instruments using incentives) and one of informational policies (such as labeling). Results suggest that some current policy categorizations used in research may not adequately capture how Swedish citizens perceive environmental policies. Study 2 consists of two experiments investigating how normative information, in the form of public opinion, may affect attitudes toward environmental policies when the policy issue is perceived to be polarized along ideological lines. The results of a total of 928 American citizens indicated that an outgroup norm may promote acceptability of environmental policies when the policy is perceived to ideologically belong to the person’s in-group. For example, when conservatives are positive toward a perceived liberal policy, liberals become more positive towards the policy. Conversely, we found that conservatives became more positive toward a perceived liberal policy when exposed to information that other conservatives were positive toward the policy. This is suggestive of a positive effect of an in-group norm when the policy is perceived as an outgroup policy. These results suggest that careful use of the public opinion from different political groups may be used to promote environmental policy acceptability in a polarized context. Study 3 investigates whether the influence of descriptive norms is moderated by perceptions that normative behavior is performed due to either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. We hypothesized that pro-environmental descriptive norms would be more influential when attributing others’ pro-environmental behavior as intrinsically rather than extrinsically, motivated. Over two experiments (N = 1326), we compared participants’ intention to purchase pro-environmental products between four conditions: control condition vs intrinsic norm vs extrinsic norm (Exp. 1) vs injunctive norm (Exp. 2). Results consistently showed a significant increase in pro-environmental purchase intention in the intrinsic norm condition compared to both extrinsic norm condition (Exp. 2) and no-information control condition (Exp. 1 & 2).
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| 12. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Push, Pull, or Inform - An Empirical Taxonomy of Environmental Policy Support in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Policy. - 0143-814X. ; 42:3, s. 529-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on environmental policy support utilises different categorisations of policies, for example, differentiating between policies assumed to be perceived as rewarding or punishing. Do citizens' perception of environmental policies also lend itself to this categorisation? Based on an exhaustive sample of active policies in Sweden, this study presents a taxonomy of environmental policy support in Sweden. A fairly representative Swedish sample (N = 2911) rated the acceptability of 44 environmental policies. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that participants' acceptability of policies forms three categories: push policies consisting of regulatory and market-based disincentives, pull policies consisting mainly of market-based incentives, and informational policies, such as ecolabeling. Sociodemographics had small but consistent effects on attitudes towards the three categories, while political ideology had a larger effect across the categories. This study indicates that current academic categorisations may not adequately capture laypeople's perceptions, and discusses the importance of research on driving mechanisms behind the current taxonomy. © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Why are they eco-friendly? Attributing eco-friendly descriptive norms to intrinsic motivation increases pro-environmental purchase intention
- 2022
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People perform pro-environmental behaviors not only out of intrinsic motivation, but also due to external factors such as expected social approval or financial gain. To the extent that people use their own motivations to infer the motivation of others, people may view descriptive norms favoring pro-environmental behavior as extrinsically motivated. This may in turn decrease the normative influence of the norm, as conformity can be negatively affected by perceptions that others are conforming mindlessly. While descriptive norms generally promote pro-environmental behavior change, the influential power of descriptive norms varies between studies. One possible explanation for these inconclusive findings is that people interpret others' behavior as either intrinsically- or extrinsically motivated. We propose that pro-environmental descriptive norms will be more influential when attributing others' pro-environmental behavior as intrinsically (e.g., pleasure of contributing to the environment) rather than extrinsically, motivated (e.g., fear of social disapproval). In two experiments (N = 1326), we compared participants' intention to purchase pro-environmental products between four conditions: control condition vs intrinsic norm vs extrinsic norm (Exp. 1) vs injunctive norm (Exp. 2). Results consistently found a significant increase in pro-environmental purchase intention in the intrinsic norm condition compared to both extrinsic norm condition (Exp. 2) and no-information control condition (Exp. 1 & 2). These studies highlight that attribution of behavior is vital for the adoption of pro-environmental norms.
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| 16. |
- Reinholdsson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Nudging green food: The effects of a hedonic cue, menu position, a warm-glow cue, and a descriptive norm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Behaviour. - : Wiley. - 1472-0817 .- 1479-1838. ; 22:3, s. 557-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meat consumption is associated with both public health risks and substantial CO2 emissions. In a large-scale field-experiment, we applied four nudges to the digital menus in 136 hamburger restaurants. The nudges promoted vegetarian food purchases by either (1) changing the menu position of vegetarian food, or aligning vegetarian food with (2) a hedonic, taste-focused nudge, (3) the warm-glow effect, or (4) a descriptive social norm. These nudges were thus aimed to shift salience toward a certain goal or the salience of a specific alternative. Vegetarian food purchases were measured in two datasets analyzing if nudges affected customers' "route " to ordering vegetarian food (29,640 observations), and the total number of vegetarian food sold during the intervention (346,081 observations). Results showed that the position nudge affected customers route to buying vegetarian food. More specifically, making the "green category " more accessible made more customers order through that category. Interestingly, this did not affect the total number of vegetarian sales. However, results indicate that nudges that utilize the salience of goals, in particular hedonic goals, may have an overall positive effect on total vegetarian sales.
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