| 1. |
- Hedström, Brita, et al.
(författare)
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Visby Innerstad : En användningsplan
- 1973
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sedan lång tid föreligger i stort sett enighet om att bevara innerstadens bebyggelse och att anpassa eventuella nytillskott till det redan bestående. Med den inställningen har förändringsprocessen både dämpats och mildrats men ändå inte bragts att avstanna. Förändringar sker ständigt om det också huvudsakligen i smått: de många synbart så anspråkslösa byggnadsåtgärderna adderar efterhand ihop sig till något större och mer genomgripande. Långsamt, nästan omärkligt, ändrar innerstaden sitt ansikte.Ändå är det inte själva husen som förändrats mest utan användningen av dem. Ur funktionell synpunkt har 1950 - och 60-talen har varit något av en omstörtning i innerstadens historia: den har förlorat nästan hälften av de boende, en stor del av detaljhandeln och praktiskt taget helt sin gamla roll som skolcentrum. I gengäld har ytterstaden vuxit ut till ett sammanhängande kilometerbrett bälte. Till stor del av denna funktionella förändring en följd av beslutet att bevara innerstadens bebyggelse. Vad som inte fått plats inom den gamla ramen har etablerats utandör den.Föreliggande arbete vill ge en översiktlig bild av förändringsförloppen, sedda i ett långt tidsperspektiv men med tonvikt på dagsläget. Bebyggelsen tas upp till utförlig granskning men också användningen av den. Det är just samspelet mellan husen och de funtkioner, de fyller, som kan sägas utgöra bokens huvudtema. I de flesta fall är detta sammanhang hus-användning alldeles konfliktfritt och föranleder därför inte heller någon diskussion. Vad som behandlas är de relativt få problematiska fallen, hus som borde rustas upp för att fylla sin uppgift, hus som är olämpligt nyttjade eller inte använda alls. En serie sådana fall tas upp till systematisk genomgång; samtidigt berörs också de trafik - och miljömässiga konsekvenserna. Bokens syfte är alltså klart: den ger ett underlag av fakta för arbetet med att jämka samman byggnader och användningsformer. I den meningen kan skriften kallas en anvädningsplan för Visby innanför murarna.Arkitekturskolanas arbete har bedrivitis parallellt med den kommunala Innerstadskommitténs verksamhet. Något organiserat samarbete har inte förekommit med de informella kontakterna har varit både täta och goda. Att likheterna mellan Innerstadskommittén och Arkitekturskolans slutsatser blivit så pass stora, kan tillskrivas en gemensam helhetssyn.En av Arkitekturskolans elever, arkitekt Lars-Ingvar Larsson, har tidigare självständigt genomfört en undersökning av förändringar i innerstaden 1945-70- Denna studie publicerats separat och bör uppfattas som ett komplement till den hör föreliggande.Förutom de i innehållsförteckningen nämnda har ytterligare några aktivt medverkat i arbetet. Studiet av trafikfrågorna i innerstaden, i hamnen och öster om ringmuren leddes av Åke Claesson, I fältstudier och diskussioner medverkande Göran Månsson.Arkitekturskolan har fått god hjälp av ett antal initierade personer i Visby. Särskild tacksamhet är vi skyldiga byggnadsnämnden ordförande Henning Jacobson, kommunalrådet C B Stenström, stadsarkitekten Måns Hagbergm f. länsbostadsdorektören Åke Malmberg och landsantikvarien Gunnar Svahnström. I boken publiceringskostnaderna har ekonomiskt bidrag lämnats av Gotlands kommun och Riksantikvarieämbetet.Boken har redigerats av Sture Balgård och Ann Mari Westerlind med hjälp av Henrik O Andersson, Bo Ek, Göran Lindahl, Fredrik von Platen, John Sjöström Gunnar Westerlind och Hans Wetterfors.Skeppsholmen, Stockholm, sommaren 1973.Arkitekturskolans lärare och elever.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bohgard, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Pedagogisk förändring av arbetsvetenskapskurser i några olika utbildningsprogram vid LTH
- 2003
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Ingår i: Pedagogisk inspirationskonferens LTH 27 maj 2003. - Lund : Lunds tekniska högskola, Lunds universitet. ; , s. 14-17
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vi har genomfört genomgripande förändringar i obligatoriska grundkurser i arbetsvetenskap. Förändringarna har genomförts som en utvecklingsprocess i vilken samtliga lärare som deltagit i kurserna har medverkat. Processen startade med konsulthjälp från Universitetspedagogiskt centrum vid Lunds universitet, fortsatte med kompetensutveckling av oss själva och följdes av några utvecklingsprojekt, varefter från grunden förändrade kurser genomfördes under fyra år. Den nya uppläggningen medförde att vi fick positiva attityder i studentenkäterna när det gällde två av kurserna i årskurs 2 i vilken medodiken genomfördes fullständigt. I en kurs, som gavs i årskurs 1 och i vilken den nya uppläggningen endast delvis genomfördes blev studentattityderna negativa.
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| 5. |
- Ek, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Transitioning from conventional photon therapy to proton therapy for primary brain tumors
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). - 1651-226X. ; 62:4, s. 391-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Proton radiation therapy (PT) has become a treatment option alongside photon therapy (XRT) for lower-grade gliomas (LGG). In this single-institution retrospective study, we investigate the patient characteristics and treatment outcomes, including pseudo-progression (PsP), for LGG patients selected for PT. Method: Adult patients with grade 2–3 glioma consecutively treated with radiotherapy (RT) from May 2012 to December 2019 were retrospectively included in this cohort study. Tumor characteristics and treatment data were collected. The groups treated with PT and XRT were compared regarding treatment characteristics, side effects, occurrence of PsP, and survival outcomes. PsP was defined as new or growing lesions followed by either decrease or stabilization during a 12 month-period with no treatment. Results: Out of 143 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, 44 were treated with PT, 98 with XRT and one with mixed PT + XRT. The patients receiving PT were younger, had a lower tumor grade, more oligodendrogliomas and received a lower mean brain and brainstem dose. PsP was observed in 21 out of 126 patients, with no difference between XRT and PT (p =.38). The rate of fatigue in immediate connection to RT (zero to three months after) was higher for XRT than for PT (p =.016). The PT patients had a significantly better PFS and OS than the XRT patients (p =.025 and.035), but in multivariate analysis radiation modality was non-significant. Higher average dose to both brain and brainstem was associated with inferior PFS and OS (p <.001). Median follow-up time were 69 months and 26 months for XRT and PT patients, respectively. Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies, there was no difference in risk of PsP for XRT and PT. PT was associated with lower rates of fatigue <3 months after RT. The superior survival outcomes for PT indicates that the patients with the best prognosis were referred to PT.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hermes, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Irinotecan plus carboplatin versus oral etoposide plus carboplatin in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase III trial.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; 26:26, s. 4261-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: A Japanese randomized trial showed superior survival for patients with extensive-disease (ED) small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) receiving irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin. The present trial evaluated the efficacy of irinotecan plus carboplatin (IC) compared with oral etoposide plus carboplatin (EC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with ED SCLC were randomly assigned to receive either IC, which consisted of carboplatin (area under the curve = 4; Chatelut formula) and irinotecan (175 mg/m2) intravenously both on day 1, or EC, which consisted of carboplatin as in IC and etoposide (120 mg/m(2)/d) orally on days 1 through 5. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks with four cycles planned. Doses were reduced by one third in patients with a WHO performance status (PS) of 3 to 4 and/or age older than 70 years. Primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were quality of life (QOL) and complete response (CR) rate. RESULTS: Of 220 randomly assigned patients, 209 were eligible for analysis (IC, n = 105; EC, n = 104). Thirty-five percent were older than 70 years, and 47% had a PS of 2 to 4. The groups were well balanced with respect to prognostic factors. OS was inferior in the EC group (hazard ratio = 1.41; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.87; P = .02). Median survival time was 8.5 months for IC compared with 7.1 months for EC. One-year survival rate was 34% for IC and 24% for EC. CR was seen in 18 IC patients compared with seven EC patients (P = .02). There were no statistically significant differences in hematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Grade 3 or 4 diarrhea was more common in the IC group. QOL differences were small, with a trend toward prolonged palliation with the IC regimen. CONCLUSION: IC prolongs survival in ED SCLC with slightly better scores for QOL.
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| 8. |
- Illergård, Josefin, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions of Hydrophobically Modified Polyvinylamines : Adsorption Behavior at Charged Surfaces and the Formation of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with Polyacrylic Acid
- 2010
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 2:2, s. 425-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure and adsorption behaviors of two types of hydrophobically modified polyvinylamines (PVAm) containing substituents of hexyl and octyl chains were compared to a native polyvinylamine sample. The conformation of dissolved polyvinylamines was studied in aqueous salt solutions using dynamic light scattering. Modified PVAm showed hydrodynamic diameters similar to native PVAm, which indicated that all PVAm polymers were present as single molecules in solution. The adsorption of the polyvinylamines, both native and hydrophobically modified, from aqueous solution onto negatively charged silica surfaces was studied in situ by reflectometry and quartz crystal microgravimetry with dissipation. Polyelectrolyte multilayers; (PEM) with up to nine individual layers were formed together with poly(acrylic acid). Obtained PEM structures were rigid and showed high adsorbed amounts combined with low dissipation, with similar results for both the modified and unmodified PVAm. This suggests that electrostatics dominated the PEM formation. At lower salt concentrations, the hydrophobically modified PVAm produced multilayers with low water contents, indicating that secondary interactions induced by the hydrophobic constituents can also have a significant influence on the properties of the formed layers. The surface structure of PEMs with nine individual layers was imaged in dry state using atomic force microscopy in a dynamic mode. Modified PVAm was found to induce a different structure of the PEM at 100 mM, with larger aggregates compared to those of native PVAm. From these results, it is proposed that modified PVAm can induce aggregation within the PEM, whereas PVAm remains as single molecules in solution.
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| 9. |
- Karalija, Nina, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiovascular factors are related to dopamine integrity and cognition in aging
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2328-9503. ; 6:11, s. 2291-2303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aging brain undergoes several changes, including reduced vascular, structural, and dopamine (DA) system integrity. Such brain changes have been associated with age‐related cognitive deficits. However, their relative importance, interrelations, and links to risk factors remain elusive.Methods: The present work used magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with 11C‐raclopride to jointly examine vascular parameters (white‐matter lesions and perfusion), DA D2‐receptor availability, brain structure, and cognitive performance in healthy older adults (n = 181, age: 64–68 years) from the Cognition, Brain, and Aging (COBRA) study.Results: Covariance was found among several brain indicators, where top predictors of cognitive performance included caudate and hippocampal integrity (D2DR availability and volumes), and cortical blood flow and regional volumes. White‐matter lesion burden was negatively correlated with caudate DA D2‐receptor availability and white‐matter microstructure. Compared to individuals with smaller lesions, individuals with confluent lesions (exceeding 20 mm in diameter) had reductions in cortical and hippocampal perfusion, striatal and hippocampal D2‐receptor availability, white‐matter microstructure, and reduced performance on tests of episodic memory, sequence learning, and processing speed. Higher cardiovascular risk as assessed by treatment for hypertension, systolic blood pressure, overweight, and smoking was associated with lower frontal cortical perfusion, lower putaminal D2DR availability, smaller grey‐matter volumes, a larger number of white‐matter lesions, and lower episodic memory performance.Interpretation: Taken together, these findings suggest that reduced cardiovascular health is associated with poorer status for brain variables that are central to age‐sensitive cognitive functions, with emphasis on DA integrity.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Koch, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of celecoxib on survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer : A double blind randomised clinical phase III trial (CYCLUS study) by the Swedish Lung Cancer Study Group
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-8049 .- 1879-0852. ; 47:10, s. 1546-1555
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been associated with poor prognosis. Experimental and clinical phase II trials have indicated that the addition of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib to palliative chemotherapy might increase survival time in patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre phase III trial at 13 centres in Sweden. Three hundred and nineteen patients with advanced NSCLC stage IIIB-IV and performance status 0-2 were randomised to receive celecoxib 400 mg b.i.d. or placebo in addition to palliative chemotherapy. The primary objective was to compare overall survival. Other end-points were quality of life, progression-free survival, toxicity, cardiovascular events and biological markers. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, No. NCT00300729. Findings: Three hundred and sixteen patients were included in the analysis, 158 in each treatment group. Median survival time was 8.5 months. There was no survival difference between the treatment arms. Small but not statistically significant differences in global quality of life and pain were seen favouring the celecoxib group. No increased incidence of cardiovascular events was observed in the celecoxib group. Interpretation: This study failed to demonstrate a survival benefit of the addition of celecoxib to palliative chemotherapy.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Ljungman, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence and Survival Analyses in Children with Solid Tumours Diagnosed in Sweden 1983-2007.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 100:5, s. 750-757
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Solid tumours constitute 40% of childhood malignancies. The Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry is population-based and includes all children with cancer reported from the six paediatric oncology centres in Sweden. The aim was to investigate incidence and survival. Methods: We used the new WHO ICCC-3 for reclassification of the patients. Incidence and survival analyses were performed in the study population. Results: 2 487 children (< 15 years) were diagnosed with solid tumours in Sweden 1983 - 2007. The distribution of diagnoses was similar to that reported in other studies. The annual incidence was 65.3/million children. The survival rates at 10 years follow up have improved significantly when comparing the two time periods 1983-95 and 1995-2007 (76 vs. 82%; p<0.01). Conclusions: The mean annual incidence of solid tumours in children was 65.3/ million and has been stable during the study period. Survival rates for solid tumours at 5, 10 and 20 years follow up were 80, 79 and 76%, respectively.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Ljungman, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence and survival analyses in children with solid tumours diagnosed in Sweden between 1983 and 2007
- 2011
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 100:5, s. 750-757
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Solid tumours constitute 40% of childhood malignancies. The Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry is population based and includes all children with cancer reported from the six paediatric oncology centres in Sweden. The aim was to investigate incidence and survival. Methods: We used the new WHO ICCC-3 for reclassification of the patients. Incidence and survival analyses were performed in the study population. Results: Two thousand four hundred and eighty-seven children (< 15 years) were diagnosed with solid tumours in Sweden between 1983 and 2007. The distribution of diagnoses was similar to that reported in other studies. The annual incidence was 65.3 per million children. The survival rates at 10 years of follow-up have improved significantly when comparing the two time periods, 1983-1995 and 1995-2007 (76 vs. 82%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: The mean annual incidence of solid tumours in children was 65.3/million and has been stable during the study period. Survival rates for solid tumours at 5, 10 and 20 years follow-up were 80, 79 and 76%, respectively.
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| 17. |
- Nilsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A 9-band WCDMA/EDGE transceiver supporting HSPA evolution
- 2011
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 0193-6530. ; , s. 366-368
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future of cellular radio ICs lies in the integration of an ever-increasing number of bands and channel bandwidths. This paper presents a transceiver together with the associated discrete front-end components. The transceiver supports 4 EDGE bands and 9 WCDMA bands (l-VI and Vlll-X), while the radio can be configured to simultaneously support the 4 EDGE bands and up to 5 WCDMA bands: 3 high bands (HB) and 2 low bands (LB). The RX is a SAW-less homodyne composed of a main RX and a diversity RX. To reduce package complexity with so many bands, we chose to minimize the number of ports by using single-ended RF interfaces for both RX and TX. This saves seve ral package pins, but requires careful attention to grounding. The main RX has 8 LNA ports and the diversity RX has 5, with some LNAs supporting multiple bands. On the TX side, 2 ports are used for all EDGE bands and 4 for the WCDMA bands.
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| 18. |
- Westman, Eva-Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Antibacterial Properties of Polyvinylamine (PVAm) with Different Charge Densities and Hydrophobic Modifications
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 10:6, s. 1478-1483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrophobically modified and unmodified polyvinylamines (PVAm), including a total of five polymers, were tested against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria for antimicrobial activity. The assessment of PVAm in solution against bacteria is described, and the influence of the charge density and of the hydrophobic modification of the polyelectrolyte is discussed. The antimicrobial activity was found to depend upon the concentration of PVAm and also on the type of bacteria used. The results also indicated that no direct relationship exists between antimicrobial activity and charge density of the different PVAms. It was, however, observed that an alkyl chain length of six or eight alkane units had a substantial effect on the bacteria investigated. The best combined antibacterial activity for the two bacteria tested was achieved for PVAm with a C-6 alkane substituent (PVAm C-6). To evaluate the antimicrobial activity on a solid substrate, PVAm C-6 was further studied after being deposited onto a glass slide and the results show a large reduction in bacterial infection.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Abbasi, Rasha, et al.
(författare)
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IceCube search for neutrinos from GRB 221009A
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2023). - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- GRB 221009A is the brightest Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) ever observed. The observed extremelyhigh flux of high and very-high-energy photons provide a unique opportunity to probe the predictedneutrino counterpart to the electromagnetic emission. We have used a variety of methods to searchfor neutrinos in coincidence with the GRB over several time windows during the precursor, promptand afterglow phases of the GRB. MeV scale neutrinos are studied using photo-multiplier ratescalers which are normally used to search for galactic core-collapse supernovae neutrinos. GeVneutrinos are searched starting with DeepCore triggers. These events don’t have directionallocalization, but instead can indicate an excess in the rate of events. 10 GeV - 1 TeV and >TeVneutrinos are searched using traditional neutrino point source methods which take into accountthe direction and time of events with DeepCore and the entire IceCube detector respectively. The>TeV results include both a fast-response analysis conducted by IceCube in real-time with timewindows of T0 − 1 to T0 + 2 hours and T0 ± 1 day around the time of GRB 221009A, as well asan offline analysis with 3 new time windows up to a time window of T0 − 1 to T0 + 14 days, thelongest time period we consider. The combination of observations by IceCube covers 9 ordersof magnitude in neutrino energy, from MeV to PeV, placing upper limits across the range forpredicted neutrino emission.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Ankerfors, Caroline
(författare)
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Polyelectrolyte complexes : their preparation, adsorption behaviour and effect on paper properties
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this work, the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) has been studied using a jet mixing method not previously used for mixing polyelectrolytes. The PECs were formed from two weak polyelectrolytes, i.e., polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), with different mixing times, and the results were compared with those for PECs formed using the conventional polyelectrolyte titration method. The adsorption behaviour of the formed PECs on silicon oxide substrates and pulp fibres was analysed, and the results were compared with those for polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) prepared from the same two polyelectrolytes. The results indicated that by using the jet mixer, the size of the formed PECs could be controlled, which was not the case with the polyelectrolyte titration method. The PECs produced by jet mixing were also found to be smaller than those produced by polyelectrolyte titration. From these results, a two-step mechanism for the formation of PECs was suggested: initial precomplex formation, which is a fast and diffusion-controlled process, followed by a reconformation process, during which the vigorous mixing in the jet mixer can partially limit secondary aggregation. When the complexes were adsorbed to silicon oxide or pulp fibre surfaces, adsorption studies indicated that it was impossible to reach the same adsorption levels for PECs as for PEMs. This was explained in terms of free energy, entropical, reasons rather than to any geometric limitation of the surface. Despite the smaller amount of polyelectrolyte adsorbed from the PEC treatment than from the PEM treatment of pulp fibres, the PEC treatment had the greatest effect on paper strength per adsorbed amount of polymer. This was thought to be because the three-dimensional structure of the PECs, versus the smoother structure of PEMs, allows for the formation of multiple contact points between the macroscopically rough fibres and increased molecular contact area. In the adsorption experiments, it was also found that net cationic complexes can adsorb to both anionic and cationic substrates. This phenomenon was explained by the occurrence of anionic patches on the surface of the net cationic PECs and the ability of the PECs, formed from weak polyelectrolytes, to partially change charge upon exposure to a surface of the same charge as the complex itself, due to a change of the degree of dissociation of the polyelectrolytes constituting the complex.
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| 24. |
- Backhaus, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:1, s. 19-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive disease caused by antibiotic resistant pneumococci is a worldwide problem. All invasive pneumococcal strains in an area of south-west Sweden with 1.7 million inhabitants were collected prospectively during 1998-2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test and correlated to serotypes and clinical characteristics. Of 827 strains, 744 (90%) were susceptible (S) to all agents tested and 83 (10%) were indeterminate (I) or resistant (R) to at least 1 agent. 22 isolates (2.7%) were I to penicillin (MIC >0.06 to < or = 1.0 mg/l), but none were R (MIC >1.0 mg/l). Numbers and proportions of decreased susceptibility against other agents tested were as follows: erythromycin R: 30 (3.6%), clindamycin R: 6 (0.7%), tetracycline R: 16 (1.9%), moxifloxacin R: 1 (0.1%), cotrimoxazole I: 17 (2%) and R: 31(4%). Non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent was not correlated with age, clinical manifestation, underlying diseases and outcome. The serotype distribution differed between non-susceptible and susceptible strains. The serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine covered 42% of all infections and 73% of those caused by non-susceptible strains. In conclusion, the impact of antibiotic resistance in invasive pneumococcal disease remains limited in south-west Sweden.
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| 25. |
- Bengtsson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Fibers from Wet-Spun Cellulose-Lignin Precursors Using the Cold Alkali Process
- 2022
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Ingår i: FIBERS. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-6439. ; 10:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, there has been extensive research into the development of cheaper and more sustainable carbon fiber (CF) precursors, and air-gap-spun cellulose-lignin precursors have gained considerable attention where ionic liquids have been used for the co-dissolution of cellulose and lignin. However, ionic liquids are expensive and difficult to recycle. In the present work, an aqueous solvent system, cold alkali, was used to prepare cellulose-lignin CF precursors by wet spinning solutions containing co-dissolved dissolving-grade kraft pulp and softwood kraft lignin. Precursors containing up to 30 wt% lignin were successfully spun using two different coagulation bath compositions, where one of them introduced a flame retardant into the precursor to increase the CF conversion yield. The precursors were converted to CFs via batchwise and continuous conversion. The precursor and conversion conditions had a significant effect on the conversion yield (12-44 wt%), the Young's modulus (33-77 GPa), and the tensile strength (0.48-1.17 GPa), while the precursor morphology was preserved. Structural characterization of the precursors and CFs showed that a more oriented and crystalline precursor gave a more ordered CF structure with higher tensile properties. The continuous conversion trials highlighted the importance of tension control to increase the mechanical properties of the CFs.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Bergstrand, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Blood flow measurements at different depths using photoplethysmography and laser Doppler techniques
- 2009
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Ingår i: Skin research and technology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0909-752X .- 1600-0846. ; 15:2, s. 139-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/purpose: This study has evaluated a multi-parametric system combining laser Doppler flowmetry and photoplethysmography in a single probe for the simultaneous measurement of blood flow at different depths in the tissue. This system will be used to facilitate the understanding of pressure ulcer formation and in the evaluation of pressure ulcer mattresses.Methods: The blood flow in the tissue over the sacrum was measured before, during and after loading with 37.5 mmHg, respectively, 50.0 mmHg. The evaluation of the system consisted of one clinical part, and the other part focusing on the technicalities of the probe prototype.Results: An increase in blood flow while loading was the most common response, but when the blood flow decreased during loading it was most affected at the skin surface and the blood flow responses may be different due to depths of measurement. Reactive hyperaemia may occur more frequently in the superficial layers of the tissue.Conclusion: The study showed that the new system is satisfactory for measuring tissue blood flow at different depths. The laser Doppler complements the photoplethysmography, and further development of the system into a thin flexible probe with the ability to measure a larger area is required.
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| 30. |
- Bergstrand, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Existence of Tissue Blood Flow in Response to External Pressure in the Sacral Region of Elderly Individuals - Using an Optical Probe Prototype
- 2010
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Ingår i: MICROCIRCULATION. - : Taylor and Francis. - 1073-9688 .- 1549-8719. ; 17:4, s. 311-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pandgt;Objective: The aim was to investigate the existence of sacral tissue blood flow at different depths in response to external pressure and compression in elderly individuals using a newly developed optical probe prototype. Methods: The tissue blood flow and tissue thickness in the sacral area were measured during load in 17 individuals using laser Doppler flowmetry and photoplethysmography in a combined probe, and digital ultrasound. Results: The mean age was 68.6 +/- 7.0 years. While loading, the mean compression was 60.3 +/- 11.9%. The number of participants with existing blood flow while loading increased with increased measurement depth. None had enclosed blood flow deep in the tissue and at the same time an existing more superficial blood flow. Correlation between tissue thickness and BMI in unloaded and loaded sacral tissue was shown: r = 0.68 (P = 0.003) and r = 0.68 (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Sacral tissue is highly compressed by external load. There seems to be a difference in responses to load in the different tissue layers, as occluded blood flow in deeper tissue layers do not occur unless the blood flow in the superficial tissue layers is occluded.
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| 31. |
- Bergstrand, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Pressure-induced vasodilation and reactive hyperemia at different depths in sacral tissue under clinically relevant conditions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Microcirculation. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1073-9688 .- 1549-8719. ; 21:8, s. 761-771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To characterize pressure-induced vasodilatation and reactive hyperemia at different sacral tissue depths in different populations under clinically relevant pressure exposure.METHODS: Forty-two subjects (< 65 years), 38 subjects (≥ 65 years), and 35 patients (≥ 65 years) participated. Interface pressure, skin temperature, and blood flow at tissue depths of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 10 mm (using laser Doppler flowmetry and photoplethysmography) were measured in the sacral tissue before, during, and after load in a supine position.RESULTS: pressure-induced vasodilatation and reactive hyperemia were observed at three tissue depths. At 10 mm depth, the proportion of subjects with a lack of pressure-induced vasodilatation was higher compared to superficial depths. The patients had higher interface pressure during load than the healthy individuals, but there were no significant differences in blood flow. Twenty-nine subjects in all three study groups were identified with a lack of pressure-induced vasodilatation and reactive hyperemia.CONCLUSIONS: pressure-induced vasodilatation and reactive hyperemia can be measured at different tissue depths. A lack of these responses was found in healthy individuals as well as in patients indicating an innate susceptibility in some individuals, and are potential important factors to evaluate in order to better understand the etiology of pressure ulcers.
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| 32. |
- Bergstrand, Sara, 1978-
(författare)
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Preventing pressure ulcers by assessment of the microcirculation in tissue exposed to pressure
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to combine optical methods into a system with the ability to simultaneously measure blood flow changes at different tissue depths. The goal of such a system was to reveal vascular mechanisms relevant to pressure ulcer etiology under clinically relevant conditions and in relation to the evaluation of pressure-redistribution support surfaces.This thesis consists of four quantitative, cross-sectional studies measuring blood flow responses before, during, and after pressure exposure of the sacral tissue. Two optical methods – photoplethysmography and laser Doppler flowmetry – were combined in a newly developed system that has the ability to discriminate blood flows at different tissue depths. Studies I and II explored blood flow responses at different depths in 17 individuals. In Study I the blood flow was related to tissue thickness and tissue compression during pressure exposure of ≥ 220 mmHg. In Study II, the sacral tissue was loaded with 37.5 mmHg and 50.0 mmHg, and the variation in blood flow was measured. Studies III and IV included 42 healthy individuals < 65 years, 38 healthy individuals ≥ 65 years, and 35 patients ≥ 65 years. Study III included between-subject comparisons of blood flow and pressure between individuals in the three study groups lying in supine positions on a standard hospital mattress. Study IV added within-subject comparisons while the individual was lying on four different types of mattress. The studies explored the vascular phenomena pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV) and reactive hyperemia (RH).The most common blood flow response to tissue exposure in this thesis was PIV, although a decrease in blood flow (a lack of PIV) was observed in some individuals. The patients tended to have higher interface pressure during pressure exposure than the healthy groups but no differences in blood flow responses were seen. Our results showed that pressure levels that are normally considered to be harmless could have a significant effect on the microcirculation in different tissue structures. Differences in individual blood flow responses in terms of PIV and RH were seen, and a larger proportion of individuals lacked these responses in the deeper tissue structures compared to more superficial tissue structures.This thesis identified PIV and RH that are important vascular mechanisms for pressure ulcer development and revealed for the first time that PIV and RH are present at different depths under clinically relevant conditions. The thesis also identified a population of individuals not previously identified who lack both PIV and RH and seem to be particularly vulnerable to pressure exposure. Further, this thesis has added a new perspective to the microcirculation in pressure ulcer etiology in terms of blood flow regulation and endothelial function that are anchored in clinically relevant studies. Finally, the evaluation of pressureredistribution support surfaces in terms of mean blood flow during and after tissue exposure was shown to be unfeasible, but the assessment of PIV and RH could provide a new possibility for measuring individual physiological responses that are known to be related to pressure ulcer development.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Bernerstedt, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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3500 kyrkor : Problem eller möjlighet. 8 Restuareringsexempel
- 2014
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I kyrkorna finner man de högsta kvaliteterna av arkitektur och konst som har stått i mänsklig makt att uppbringa. Kulturarvets värde är högt. Arkitektur är en konstart som förstärker funktionen/verksamheten – på samma sätt som t.ex. musik, poesi, skulptur eller måleri. Konstarterna går utöver funktionerna/verksamheterna, därför finns det alltid nya möjligheter att bearbeta. Restaureringskonstens uppgift är att tillvara arkitekturkvaliteterna, utveckla dem och förhöja dem. Det finns ungefär 3 500 kyrkor inom Svenska kyrkan, en tredjedel medeltida och entredjedel från 1950–60-talen. Sammantaget är det en komplex samling byggnader. Majoriteten av 6,4 miljoner medlemmar i Svenska kyrkan är intresserade av att kyrkobyggnaderna tas om hand. Färre säger sig vara intresserade av att aktivt delta i kyrkans kärnverksamhet. Men kyrkobyggnaden och verksamheten hänger samman; de enda byggnader som haft enoch samma användning i 1000 år är kyrkor. Att vårda och utveckla kyrkobyggnadsmiljöernaingår inte i kyrkans kärnverksamheter. Varför inte? Sedan relationsförändringen år 2000 då kyrkan skildes från staten har inga långsiktiga visioner eller strategier om förvaltningen av Sveriges mest tillgängliga kulturskatt framkommit. Inget drastiskt hände år 2000; antalet gudstjänstbesökare började minska långt tidigare. Varför ska vi vara så oroliga nu när vi inte var det förut? Våra kyrkor är i bättre skick än i något annat land i Europa, vi har aldrig haft det så bra som nu, ändå är det först nu som vi inte anser oss ha råd att sköta denna del av kulturarvet. Andra länder har en mängd olika sätt att finansiera och arbeta med kyrkobyggnader. Sverige har bara ett sätt, statsbidrag. En mängd oprövade möjligheter finns – ett gyllene ägg att förvalta! 20 studenter i Restaureringskonst har arbetat med kunskapsuppbyggnad i teori och praktik under året. Våra studier har innefattat tre innerstadskyrkor och fem andra kyrkor i Stockholms stift, praktiskt nåbara för våra studier. Vi är väl medvetna om de helt olikartade förutsättningar som finns i vårt avlånga land med Europas snabbaste urbaniseringstakt, även om vi haft ett begränsat antal fallstudier när vi tränat arbetsprocess och metodik. Året har förutom projektarbete omfattat föreläsningar, seminarier, workshops och studieresor inom restaureringshistoria, dokumentation med 3D-laserscanning, kulturhistoriskvärdering och analys, material och metoder för restaurering, gestaltning och bevarande,presentation och kommunikation. Av årets studenter är tio arkitekter, en ingenjör, sex antikvarier, två konservatorer och en förvaltare. Tack vare kursens blandade professioner är inledningdiskussionerna och det interna kunskapsutbytet en viktig del av utbildningen, liksom det nätverk som erbjuds genom inbjudna föreläsare och specialister inom praktisk restaurering och i forskningsfronten. Genom studiebesök och studieresor får studenterna kontakter ochintryck av hur restaurering tillämpas och diskuteras i olika sammanhang. I år har vi gjort studieresor till Tyskland och England samt inom Sverige. Kyrkan har i alla tider stått för högsta kvalitet i arkitektur och konst – årets kurs vill visa värdet av denna resurs och hur vi kan arbeta med uppgiften att upprätthålla och gärna öka kulturarvets kvaliteter genomrestaureringskonst.Vi tackar alla som bidragit till genomförandet av vår kurs i år; särskilt Stockholms stift och de församlingar som har gett oss tillgång till sina kyrkor.
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| 36. |
- Besnier, Francois, et al.
(författare)
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Fine mapping and replication of QTL in outbred chicken advanced intercross lines
- 2011
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Ingår i: Genetics Selection Evolution. - Paris : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0999-193X .- 1297-9686. ; 43, s. 3-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Linkage mapping is used to identify genomic regions affecting the expression of complex traits. However, when experimental crosses such as F2 populations or backcrosses are used to map regions containing a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), the size of the regions identified remains quite large, i.e. 10 or more Mb. Thus, other experimental strategies are needed to refine the QTL locations. Advanced Intercross Lines (AIL) are produced by repeated intercrossing of F2 animals and successive generations, which decrease linkage disequilibrium in a controlled manner. Although this approach is seen as promising, both to replicate QTL analyses and fine-map QTL, only a few AIL datasets, all originating from inbred founders, have been reported in the literature.METHODS: We have produced a nine-generation AIL pedigree (n = 1529) from two outbred chicken lines divergently selected for body weight at eight weeks of age. All animals were weighed at eight weeks of age and genotyped for SNP located in nine genomic regions where significant or suggestive QTL had previously been detected in the F2 population. In parallel, we have developed a novel strategy to analyse the data that uses both genotype and pedigree information of all AIL individuals to replicate the detection of and fine-map QTL affecting juvenile body weight.RESULTS: Five of the nine QTL detected with the original F2 population were confirmed and fine-mapped with the AIL, while for the remaining four, only suggestive evidence of their existence was obtained. All original QTL were confirmed as a single locus, except for one, which split into two linked QTL.CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that many of the QTL, which are genome-wide significant or suggestive in the analyses of large intercross populations, are true effects that can be replicated and fine-mapped using AIL. Key factors for success are the use of large populations and powerful statistical tools. Moreover, we believe that the statistical methods we have developed to efficiently study outbred AIL populations will increase the number of organisms for which in-depth complex traits can be analyzed.
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| 37. |
- Bi, Zhaoxia, et al.
(författare)
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InN quantum dots on GaN nanowires grown by MOVPE
- 2014
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Ingår i: physica status solidi (c). - : Wiley. - 1862-6351 .- 1610-1642 .- 1610-1634. ; 11, s. 421-424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, growth of InN quantum dots (QDs) on GaN nanowires (NWs) by metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy is demonstrated, illustrating the feasibility to combine 0D and 1D structures for nitride semiconductors. Selective area growth was used to generate arrays of c-oriented GaN NWs using Si3N4 as the mask material. In general, InN QDs tend to form at the NW edges between the m-plane side facets, but the QD growth can also be tuned to the side facets by controlling the growth temperature and the growth rate. TEM characterization reveals that I1-type stacking faults are formed in the QDs and originate from the misfit dislocations at the InN/GaN interface. Photoluminescence measurement at 4 K shows that the peak shifts to high energy with reduced dot size. (C) 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Bi, Zhaoxia, et al.
(författare)
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Self-assembled InN quantum dots on side facets of GaN nanowires
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 123:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-assembled, atomic diffusion controlled growth of InN quantum dots was realized on the side facets of dislocation-free and c-oriented GaN nanowires having a hexagonal cross-section. The nanowires were synthesized by selective area metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. A 3 Å thick InN wetting layer was observed after growth, on top of which the InN quantum dots formed, indicating self-assembly in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode. We found that the InN quantum dots can be tuned to nucleate either preferentially at the edges between GaN nanowire side facets, or directly on the side facets by tuning the adatom migration by controlling the precursor supersaturation and growth temperature. Structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy and reciprocal space mapping show that the InN quantum dots are close to be fully relaxed (residual strain below 1%) and that the c-planes of the InN quantum dots are tilted with respect to the GaN core. The strain relaxes mainly by the formation of misfit dislocations, observed with a periodicity of 3.2 nm at the InN and GaN hetero-interface. The misfit dislocations introduce I1 type stacking faults (...ABABCBC...) in the InN quantum dots. Photoluminescence investigations of the InN quantum dots show that the emissions shift to higher energy with reduced quantum dot size, which we attribute to increased quantum confinement.
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| 40. |
- Björck, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Warfarin persistence among atrial fibrillation patients – why is treatment ended?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cardiovascular Therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 1755-5914. ; 34:6, s. 468-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and AimWarfarin treatment discontinuation is significant among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Studies mainly focused on whether the proportion of warfarin persistence and discontinuationare clinically appropriate are absent. This study evaluates warfarin persistence with focus on predictors for, and reasons to, warfarin discontinuation in AF patients.MethodsFrom the national quality register AuriculA, all AF patients in Sundsvall, Sweden, on warfarin treatment on January first, 2010 were included. These 478 patients were followed until discontinuation or study-stop December 31, 2013. By going through each patient’s medical record risk factors for thromboembolism, bleeding and causes of discontinuation were obtained.ResultsProportion of warfarin persistence was 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 0.93) after one year and 0.73 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.77) after four years. Previous intracranial bleeding, excessive alcohol use, anemia and pulmonary or peripheral emboli were each associated with over two times higher risk of discontinuation (hazard ratio (HR) 5.66, CI 2.23-14.36, HR 2.54, CI 1.48-4.37, HR 2.40, CI 1.38-4.17, and HR 2.13, CI 1.02-4.46). Among patients discontinuing, 50.5% were due to questionable causes, such as sinus rhythm (33.9%), patients demand (10.1%) and falls (8.2%). The majority (43.1%) of treatment discontinuers were changed to aspirin, while 40.4% of them were left without medical stroke prophylaxis.ConclusionsAlthough persistence to warfarin among AF patients proves higher than previously reported, there is room for improvement since half of the discontinuers have questionable reasons for treatment stop and the majority of them receive no other efficient stroke prophylaxis.
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| 41. |
- Bolinsson, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure nanowires studied by cathodoluminescence
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nano Reseach. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1998-0124 .- 1998-0000. ; 7:4, s. 473-490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this report we explore the structural and optical properties of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure nanowires grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy using gold seed-particles. The optical studies were done by low-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We perform a systematic investigation of how the nanowire growth-temperature affects the total photon emission, and variations in the emission energy and intensity along the length of the nanowires. The morphology and crystal structures of the nanowires were investigated using SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In order to correlate specific photon emission characteristics with variations in the nanowire crystal structure directly, TEM and spatially resolved CL measurements were performed on the same individual nanowires. We found that the main emission energy was located at around 1.48 eV, and that the emission intensity was greatly enhanced when increasing the GaAs nanowire core growth temperature. The data strongly suggests that this emission energy is related to rotational twins in the GaAs nanowire core. Our measurements also show that radial overgrowth by GaAs on the GaAs nanowire core can have a deteriorating effect on the optical quality of the nanowires. Finally, we conclude that an in situ pre-growth annealing step at a sufficiently high temperature significantly improves the optical quality of the nanowires.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Borg, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of doping on the electronic transport in GaSb/InAs(Sb) nanowire tunnel devices
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 101:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of various doping profiles on the electronic transport in GaSb/InAs(Sb) nanowire tunnel diodes is investigated. Zn-doping of the GaSb segment increases both the peak current density and the current level in reverse bias. Top-gated diodes exhibit peak current modulation with a threshold voltage which can be controlled by Zn-doping the InAs(Sb) segment. By intentionally n-doping the InAs(Sb) segment degenerate doping on both sides of the heterojunction can be achieved, as well as tunnel diodes with peak current of 420 kA/cm(2) at V-DS = 0.16V and a record-high current density of 3.6 MA/cm(2) at V-DS = -0.5V. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4739082]
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| 46. |
- Borgström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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In Situ Etching for Total Control Over Axial and Radial Nanowire Growth
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nano Reseach. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1998-0124 .- 1998-0000. ; 3:4, s. 264-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a method using in situ etching to decouple the axial from the radial nanowire growth pathway, independent of other growth parameters. Thereby a wide range of growth parameters can be explored to improve the nanowire properties without concern of tapering or excess structural defects formed during radial growth. We demonstrate the method using etching by HCl during InP nanowire growth. The improved crystal quality of etched nanowires is indicated by strongly enhanced photoluminescence as compared to reference nanowires obtained without etching.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Brinkhoff, Petra, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Project Risk Assessment in Remediation Projects Prior to Construction: Methodology Development and Case Study Application
- 2015
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Ingår i: Remediation. - : Wiley. - 1051-5658 .- 1520-6831. ; 25:2, s. 117-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Probabilistic economic analysis, including uncertainty of probabilities and consequences of project risks, is not widely used in remediation projects. This article presents a project risk assessment (PRA) method to identify, quantify, and analyze risks in remediation projects. The suggested method is probabilistic and includes uncertainty analysis of input variables based on expert judgment. It was originally developed as a part of a sustainability assessment tool, but is viable as a stand-alone tool for remediation projects. The method is applied to a case study: a former paint factory that is being redeveloped into a residential area. The PRA method is used for analyzing and comparing the project risks associated with four remediation options, all including excavation but with different degrees of onsite treatment. The result of the case study application shows which alternative has the lowest mean risk cost, the highest probability to have the lowest risk cost, and how the risk costs are distributed, but also, importantly, helps the user to prioritize between risk-reduction measures.
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| 49. |
- Brämerson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction : The Skövde population-based study
- 2004
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Ingår i: The Laryngoscope. - : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. - 0023-852X .- 1531-4995. ; 114:4, s. 733-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives/Hypothesis: Patients with olfactory dysfunction appear repeatedly in ear, nose, and throat practices, but the prevalence of such problems in the general adult population is not known. Therefore, the objectives were to investigate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in an adult Swedish population and to relate dysfunction to age, gender, diabetes mellitus, nasal polyps, and smoking habits. Study Design: Cross-sectional, population-based epidemiological study. Methods: A random sample of 1900 adult inhabitants, who were stratified for age and gender, was drawn from the municipal population register of Skövde, Sweden. Subjects were called to clinical visits that included questions about olfaction, diabetes, and smoking habits. Examination was performed with a smell identification test and nasal endoscopy. Results: In all, 1387 volunteers (73% of the sample) were investigated. The overall prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 19.1%, composed of 13.3% with hyposmia and 5.8% with anosmia. A logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between impaired olfaction and aging, male gender, and nasal polyps, but not diabetes or smoking. In an analysis of a group composed entirely of individuals with anosmia, diabetes mellitus and nasal polyps were found to be risk factors, and gender and smoking were not. Conclusion: The sample size of the population-based study was adequate, with a good fit to the entire population, which suggests that it was representative for the Swedish population. Prevalence data for various types of olfactory dysfunction could be given with reasonable precision, and suggested risk factors analyzed. The lack of a statistically significant relationship between olfactory dysfunction and smoking may be controversial.
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| 50. |
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